Dual educational rationality and acculturation in Mapuche people in Chile.

Even though Mapuche people represent the largest indigenous population in Chile, the "logic of double rationality" in their educational knowledge and its link with acculturation dynamics, has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between the attitudes toward school education and the acculturation orientations of 468 Mapuche people, with ages from 17 to 53 years (M = 16.19; SD = 7.0). Participants were students of secondary schools and universities from urban and rural areas of different regions of Chile. Results showed that most of the participants presented a bicultural orientation (39.4%), followed by a group of segregated or ethnic identity profile (23.5%), while those who preferred assimilation (17.5%), and marginalization (20.7%) represented a minority. Results indicated that people identified as bicultural scored higher in the components of dual Mapuche/ Chilean Mestizo educational rationality than the other acculturation profiles. Also, the fluency in speaking Mapuche language was positively associated with the perception of cultural differences in knowledge and education between Mapuche and Chilean culture, the evaluation of the teaching of Mapuche culture, the perception of school as a factor of assimilation, the valuation of bicultural practices, and the justification of double rationality. Findings' contributions to the development of pertinent educational practices in contexts of social and cultural diversity are discussed.

Posttraumatic growth in people affected by an occupational accident: A longitudinal multilevel model of change.

This study analyzed a predictive model of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a cohort of 244 workers affected by an occupational accident. A longitudinal design with three points in time (i.e., 1, 6, and 12 months after the accident) was used. PTG, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), subjective severity of the event, deliberate rumination, and seeking social support were evaluated. In addition, time since the accident, age, and gender were included as predictors in our model. Deliberate rumination and seeking social support significantly predicted PTG trajectory in a multilevel model. Practical conclusions from the results suggest that work accident victims should be encouraged to seek social support and to positively reframe their experience.

Social representations of a dictatorial past and current support of authoritarianism / Representações sociais de um passado ditatorial e apoio ao autoritarismo no presente / Representaciones sociales de un pasado dictatorial y apoyo actual al autoritarismo

This study analyzed the structure of social representations of an authoritarian regime in Brazil (Military Regime, 1964-1985), the variables associated with reporting different emotions about that past, and support for authoritarian solutions in the present. A sample of 200 participants aged 18 to 85 years (M = 31.54; SD = 13.84) responded to a free word association task in which they indicated three words that came to mind about the Military Regime. A prototypical analysis showed a critical representation as the majority. However, positive representations and a mute zone effect (silence of controversial opinions) were found. Participants also answered several questions about the regime, the emotions they feel, and the support for its restoration. Regression analyses showed different variables predicting positive and negative emotions, and positive representations strongly predicting support for a current authoritarian solution. (AU)

Este estudo analisou a estrutura das representações sociais de um regime autoritário no Brasil (Regime Militar, 1964-1985), as variáveis associadas ao relato de diferentes emoções sobre esse passado e o apoio a soluções autoritárias no presente. Uma amostra composta por 200 participantes de 18 a 85 anos (M = 31,54; DP = 13,84) respondeu à uma tarefa de associação livre de palavras na qual indicavam três palavras que lhes vinham à mente sobre o Regime Militar. Uma análise prototípica mostrou uma representação crítica como majoritária. Entretanto, foram encontradas representações positivas e um efeito de zona muda (silêncio de opiniões polêmicas). Os participantes também responderam a diversas questões sobre o regime, as emoções que sentiam e o apoio à sua volta. Análises de regressão mostraram diferentes variáveis prevendo emoções positivas e negativas, e que as representações positivas previam fortemente o apoio à uma solução autoritária atual. (AU)

Este estudio analizó la estructura de las representaciones sociales de un régimen autoritario en Brasil (Régimen Militar, 1964-1985), las variables asociadas al reporte de emociones sobre ese pasado y el apoyo a soluciones autoritarias. Una muestra de 200 participantes de entre 18 y 85 años (M = 31,54; SD = 13,84) respondieron a una tarea de asociación libre en la que indicaron tres palabras que les venían a la mente sobre el Régimen Militar. Un análisis prototípico demostró que la representación crítica es mayoritaria. Sin embargo, se encontraron representaciones positivas y un efecto de zona muda (silencio de opiniones polémicas). Los participantes también respondieron a varias preguntas sobre el régimen, las emociones que sentían y el apoyo a su regreso. Los análisis de regresión mostraron diferentes variables que predecían las emociones positivas y negativas, y que las representaciones positivas predecían el apoyo a una solución autoritaria. (AU)

Superordinate identities and self-transcendent emotions: Longitudinal study in Spain and Chile.

Recent studies suggest that identification with all humanity (IWAH), apart from being related to universalistic values, could also be related to self-transcendent emotions (STE). In this scenario, the general objective of this cross-cultural longitudinal study is to examine the relationship between identification with proximate categories (i.e., community and country) and superordinate one (all humanity), and their association with positive self-oriented and STEs during a traumatic global phenomenon such as COVID-19 pandemics. Additionally, we explore variations regarding the patterns of those associations in different cultural contexts (Chile and Spain) and examine whether they change among two different time points (T1-T2). The total sample was composed of 403 participants, of whom 224 were residents in Chile (M = 39.25, SD = 12.56; range 18-71 years; 49.6% women) and 179 were residents in Spain (M = 36.35, SD = 12.12; range 18-68 years; 59.8% women). Data collection was carried out in September (T1) and November (T2) 2020, through online surveys administered via Survey Monkey® platform. Overall, results show, as expected, greater identification with proximate categories rather than superordinate ones, and an association between STEs and IWAH, but also with national and community identification. IWAH, but not STEs decreased significantly (T1-T2) in both countries. Thereafter, these emotional and behavioral responses decline as a symptom of growing fatigue with the pandemic situation, and also reflect a shift from broader to more local concerns. Analysis regarding comparisons between countries indicated higher levels of identification with community and with all humanity in Spain and with country in Chile. The results are discussed in the context of new developments in studies on IWAH.

Social Support, Stress and Emotional Symptoms Among LGBTQ+ College Students in Chile.

Objective: to compare the relationships between emotional symptomatology and perceived social support according to gender identity and sexual orientation in LGBTQ+ university students. Methods: 322 Chilean LGBTQ+ college students answered an online survey based on sociodemographic information and validated instruments. Analysis of variance and linear regressions were made. Results: Transgender people have more emotional symptoms and stress and less perceived social support from family than the rest of LGBTQ+ students. Depression and anxiety are negatively associated with perceived social support from friends and family. Conclusions: Perceived social support decreases emotional symptomatology even when controlling for current stress in LGBTQ+ students.

Social Identity, Perceived Emotional Synchrony, Creativity, Social Representations, and Participation in Social Movements: The Case of the 2019 Chilean Populist Protests.

This paper analyzes the socio-cognitive and emotional processes related to collective action in the context of the 2019 populist social movement in Chile. It proposes an integrative explanation of populism as social movements and collective gatherings along with their relation with creativity and social representations of mass movements. A comprehensive online survey was used (n = 262) that included measures of participation in demonstrations, identification with protesters or the government, agreement with social movement grievances, collective efficacy, perceived emotional synchrony, collective action, self-reported cognitive creativity, and individuals' proposals for improvement of society and ideas associated with stimuli (e.g., the concepts of majority or minority). Our results revealed that identification with demonstrators, agreement with protesters' grievances, a high perceived emotional synchrony or collective effervescence, and higher creativity responses were associated with an active participation in the social movement. Higher participation and factors conducive to participation were associated with lexical clusters of responses to stimuli that include words such as rights, justice, injustice, bravery, dignity, or hope, which were conceived of as positive social representations of the populist social movement. These findings are discussed within the neo-Durkheimian framework of collective gatherings and the perspective of populism as a social movement that seeks to renew and expand democracy.

Subjective Well-Being and Its Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Correlates in High Performance Executives: A Study in Chilean Managers Empirically Revisiting the Bifactor Model.

This study analyzes the relationship between work satisfaction, family satisfaction, and general well-being in high performance managers in Santiago, Chile. The importance of the satisfaction of intrinsic and extrinsic needs and motivations was examined to advance in the development of a positive organizational psychology, which investigates the factors that reinforce well-being. Seventy-five executives from large and medium-sized companies were surveyed and 8 in-depth interviews were carried out. The main predictors of well-being are, from family satisfaction, the family's ability to cope with stress and, from work satisfaction, extrinsic aspects such as material conditions of the job and stability, and intrinsic aspects such as recognition and the ability to organize one's own work. The more general regression model shows that extrinsic job and family satisfaction predict general well-being, not intrinsic satisfaction. The results are discussed in the framework of classical models of motivation, such as Herzberg's, their relationship to Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory, and the current study of well-being in organizations.

Subjective Well-Being and Parenthood in Chile.

Being a parent plays an important role in people's life trajectory and identity. Though the general cultural perception is that having children is a source of subjective well-being, there is evidence that, at least in some societies, the subjective well-being of those who are parents is worse, in some aspects, than that of those who are not. This gap has been the object of interest and controversy. The aim of this study was to compare Chilean adults with and without children in a broad set of well-being indicators, controlling for other sociodemographic variables. A public national probabilistic database was used. The results show that, in terms of positive and negative affect, those who are not parents achieve greater well-being than those who have children. Other results also pointed in that direction. The implications of the social context and gender, which are aspects that pose a burden for the exercise of parenthood in Chile, are discussed.

Reflecting upon the years of political violence in Peru: An experimental study to promote a culture of peace in higher education.

This article analyzes the effect of a pedagogic module, designed to help reflect on political violence in Peru, facilitating political and social attitudes directed toward promoting a culture of peace in higher education settings. As a main source of information for developing the module, Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) report was used. The effects of the module implementation were assessed with a 2 × 2 experimental design, with an experimental group (n = 59) and a control group (n = 62), with pre and post evaluations. Results show the effectiveness of the intervention with significant increases in self-reported knowledge about the TRC and its work, and an agreement that the CVR represented a viable and integrative view of the era of violence. Even more, the pedagogic module attained a reduction of attitudes favorable to violence, and also a reduction of conservative ideological discourses that appear as a risk factor in the expression of new conflicts due to collective motives in post-conflict societies. Nevertheless, the effects observed were limited in some aspects, and the article discusses the need for new dissemination mechanisms about the era of violence to complement the positive effects of the module in the aim of generating a culture of peace.

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in Chilean Adults Exposed to Stressful Events.

Among the different ways of coping with stress, religious coping has shown particularly the promising results; nonetheless, there are few validated instruments to assess it in non-English language. This article presents the psychometric properties of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in Chilean adults exposed to stressful events. The scale shows a reliability, test-retest stability, and confirmatory factor analysis support structural validity. The scale also shows concurrent validity with another measure of religious coping. Finally, confirming predictive criterion validity, negative religious coping predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms 6 months after, but not posttraumatic growth. Positive religious coping was associated with posttraumatic growth enhancement. This study shows Brief-RCOPE as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring religious coping in this population.

Exploring Determinants of Sexual Satisfaction in a Chilean Representative Sample.

This article examines the relationship between sexual satisfaction and gender, age, social status, being in stable relationships, intercourse frequency, and satisfaction with physical attractiveness (physical appearance and sex appeal). A self-report questionnaire was applied in a representative sample of 767 residents of Santiago (Chile), over 18 years old and that have had, at least, one sexual relation (with penetration) during their lives. Higher sexual satisfaction was predicted negatively by age and positively by higher satisfaction with sex appeal, higher intercourse frequency and having a stable relationship. Among women, the principal predictors are satisfaction with sex appeal and intercourse frequency. Among men to the above, it is necessary to add satisfaction with physical appearance and having a stable relationship - at odds with supposed higher relevance for women of body satisfaction and sensibility to social relationships. Discussion emphasizes the controversial nature of the gender differences found regarding the Latin American culture.

Social Support and Substance Use as Moderators of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents.

Literature reports that depressive symptoms may precede suicidal ideation. Several studies have identified social support and substance use as moderators of this relationship. However, no study has evaluated these variables together by testing how substance use can affect the moderating effect of social support in this relationship. The purpose of this article is to individually evaluate dimensions of social support (friends, family, significant others, and school) and substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs), as moderators of the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, as well as analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderation exerted by social support in this relationship. This study, quantitative and cross-sectional, considered 775 adolescents [Average age = 15.48 (SD = 0.96), 45.9% women], from 20 randomly selected schools in Santiago de Chile. Simple moderation models were used to analyze possible moderators separately, and double moderation models were used to analyze the moderating role of substance use in the moderating effect of social support. The results show that the four dimensions of social support moderate the relationship between depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation, showing the strongest interaction in the case of family support, followed by support of a significant person, support at school, and support of friends, in that order. On the other hand, alcohol was the only drug that moderated the relationship in question. In addition, the results show that the use of alcohol limits the moderating effect of social support in the fields of family, significant person, and school support, but not in the case of support of friends. The use of marijuana and other illicit drugs did not affect the moderating effects of social support for any of the areas evaluated. The results are discussed according to the different roles that alcohol use can play in adolescence, and how these, together with perceived social support, are related to the emergence of suicidal ideation from depressive symptoms.

[Relationship between the evaluation of the health system personnel by their users and their subjective well-being: A cross-sectional study]. / Relación entre la evaluación del personal del sistema de salud por sus usuarios y su bienestar subjetivo: estudio transversal.

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study sought to examine the relationships between the perception of efficiency and quality of the service provided by the staff of the health system with users well-being (satisfaction with life), in the Chilean context. Based on the literature review, we hypothesized that satisfaction with the services provided by the health system would be associated with the well-being of its users. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the evaluation of the health system, medical staff, and perceived efficiency, with users subjective well-being. METHODS: On a sample of 1,201 respondents (52.4% women, mean age 42.82 years), descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, and a structural equation model were performed between the evaluation of the health system, medical staff, and perceived efficiency with users subjective well-being. RESULTS: These three variables are positively related to each other and have effects on subjective well-being. DISCUSSION: Health systems also influence the subjective well-being of their users and can be associated with indicators of quality of life. Some implications and considerations related to the Chilean health system are discussed. Also, some of the possible limitations of the study are mentioned. Lastly, the importance of the health systems as part of the state and government functions is discussed.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente estudio examina las posibles relaciones entre la percepción de eficiencia y la calidad de la atención por parte del personal de salud y el bienestar de los usuarios en el contexto chileno. Basados en la literatura, se hipotetiza que, a mayor satisfacción con el sistema de salud, se experimenta mayor bienestar por parte de la ciudadanía que utiliza sus servicios. OBJETIVOS: Determinar las relaciones entre la evaluación del sistema de salud, el personal médico y la eficiencia percibida en las prestaciones por parte de los usuarios y su bienestar subjetivo. MÉTODOS: Utilizando un diseño de corte transversal, y considerando una muestra de 1201 personas (52,4% mujeres, media de la edad de 42,82 años), se realizaron diferentes análisis descriptivos, bivariados, junto con un modelo de ecuación estructural en relación con la evaluación del sistema de salud, la evaluación del personal médico, y la eficiencia percibida en las prestaciones médicas por parte de los usuarios y su relación con el indicador de bienestar subjetivo de satisfacción con la vida. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que estas tres variables se relacionan positivamente entre sí y tienen efectos sobre el bienestar subjetivo. DISCUSIÓN: Los sistemas de salud poseen también una función sobre el bienestar subjetivo de sus usuarios, pudiendo asociarse a indicadores de calidad de vida. Se comentan en la discusión algunas implicancias y consideraciones relacionadas con el sistema de salud chileno. También se comentan las posibles limitaciones del presente estudio. Finalmente, se menciona la importancia que tienen los sistemas de salud como parte del aparato estatal y gubernamental.

Relación entre la evaluación del personal del sistema de salud por sus usuarios y su bienestar subjetivo: estudio transversal / Relationship between the evaluation of the health system personnel by their users and their subjective well-being: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente estudio examina las posibles relaciones entre la percepción de eficiencia y la calidad de la atención por parte del personal de salud y el bienestar de los usuarios en el contexto chileno. Basados en la literatura, se hipotetiza que, a mayor satisfacción con el sistema de salud, se experimenta mayor bienestar por parte de la ciudadanía que utiliza sus servicios. OBJETIVOS: Determinar las relaciones entre la evaluación del sistema de salud, el personal médico y la eficiencia percibida en las prestaciones por parte de los usuarios y su bienestar subjetivo. MÉTODOS: Utilizando un diseño de corte transversal, y considerando una muestra de 1201 personas (52,4% mujeres, media de la edad de 42,82 años), se realizaron diferentes análisis descriptivos, bivariados, junto con un modelo de ecuación estructural en relación con la evaluación del sistema de salud, la evaluación del personal médico, y la eficiencia percibida en las prestaciones médicas por parte de los usuarios y su relación con el indicador de bienestar subjetivo de satisfacción con la vida. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que estas tres variables se relacionan positivamente entre sí y tienen efectos sobre el bienestar subjetivo. DISCUSIÓN: Los sistemas de salud poseen también una función sobre el bienestar subjetivo de sus usuarios, pudiendo asociarse a indicadores de calidad de vida. Se comentan en la discusión algunas implicancias y consideraciones relacionadas con el sistema de salud chileno. También se comentan las posibles limitaciones del presente estudio. Finalmente, se menciona la importancia que tienen los sistemas de salud como parte del aparato estatal y gubernamental.

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study sought to examine the relationships between the perception of efficiency and quality of the service provided by the staff of the health system with users' well-being (satisfaction with life), in the Chilean context. Based on the literature review, we hypothesized that satisfaction with the services provided by the health system would be associated with the well-being of its users. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the evaluation of the health system, medical staff, and perceived efficiency, with users' subjective well-being. METHODS: On a sample of 1,201 respondents (52.4% women, mean age 42.82 years), descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, and a structural equation model were performed between the evaluation of the health system, medical staff, and perceived efficiency with users' subjective well-being. RESULTS: These three variables are positively related to each other and have effects on subjective well-being. DISCUSSION: Health systems also influence the subjective well-being of their users and can be associated with indicators of quality of life. Some implications and considerations related to the Chilean health system are discussed. Also, some of the possible limitations of the study are mentioned. Lastly, the importance of the health systems as part of the state and government functions is discussed.

Validation of the Sexual Personal Well-being Index (PWI-Sex).

Objective: The purpose of this study is the validation of a proposed additional item for the PWI-7 scale for measuring sexual satisfaction as a dimension of Personal Well-being.Methodology: An adaptation of the PWI-7 questionnaire was administered to adult inhabitants of urban areas of Santiago, Chile. Analysis consisted of exposition of descriptive statistics, item-scale correlation, item-item correlation, multiple linear regression with the Overall Life Satisfaction Scale (OLS), moderation analysis and, confirmatory factor analysis. All analyses were divided by gender due to significant differences in sexual satisfaction found in literature reviewed.Results: All items were significantly and positively associated with the PWI. Internal consistency was satisfactory for Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.884 for males and α = 0.877 for females). After conducting a Confirmatory Factor Analysis using maximum likelihood (ML) as estimator, adequate levels of adjustment were obtained.Discussion: Results indicate that adding a new item on sexual satisfaction might be a contribution for the measurement of life satisfaction. The scale shows adequate internal consistency once the item is added and the new item on sexual satisfaction has a better fit than the one regarding satisfaction with spiritual life. Factor structure was invariant for males and females.

Cyberaggression in Adolescents of Bolivia: Connection with Psychopathological Symptoms, Adaptive and Predictor Variables.

Concern about the increase of cyberbullying underlies this study, which had four objectives: (1) to calculate the prevalence of cyberaggressors; (2) to compare non-cyberaggressors with cyberaggressors in other bullying/cyberbullying roles, in psychopathological symptoms, and in self-image of masculinity/femininity, happiness, and empathy; (3) to analyze whether cyberaggressors consulted with a psychologist more than non-cyberaggressors; and (4) to identify predictor variables of cyberaggression. Participants were 1558 Bolivian students aged 13 to 17 years. Seven evaluation instruments were administered, using a descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional methodology. Results: (1) 32.7% of cyberaggressors (27.4% occasional, 5.3% severe) were found, with a higher percentage of males; (2) compared to non-cyberaggressors, cyberaggressors engaged in more face-to-face bullying behaviors, suffered more face-to-face victimization and cybervictimization, had more psychopathological symptoms (depression, somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, paranoid ideation, psychoticism), higher overall level of psychopathology, had requested psychological assistance in a greater proportion, self-defined with many attributes associated with masculinity, and felt less happiness and less empathy; and (3) being or having been a cybervictim, being or having been an aggressor of face-to-face bullying, low empathetic joy, and a self-image based on attributes associated with masculinity were predictors of cyberaggression. The need for therapeutic intervention with all those involved and the importance of prevention in the school context are discussed.

Suicidal Ideation Mediates the Relationship Between Affect and Suicide Attempt in Adolescents.

Suicide, as one of the leading causes of death for the adolescent population, both in Chile and globally, remains a complex and elusive phenomenon. This research studies the association between positive and negative affect in relation with suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, given that affectivity is a fundamental basis on which people make evaluations on their satisfaction with life. First, it examines the reliability, structure, and validity of Watson's positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) scale in a representative random sample of Chilean high school students (N = 4,568). The scale evidences strong reliability coefficients and a confirmatory factor analysis, excluding one positive (excited) and one negative (nervous) item. The scale shows a satisfactory goodness of fit. Secondly, it investigates the association of PANAS positive and negative affect scores with suicidal ideation as well as reported attempt in adolescents, controlling for the potential effect of age and sex (N = 420 high school students). Low positive and high negative affect, but not sex and age, show a significant association with suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation totally mediates the association of affect with suicide attempt, as expected. Results are discussed regarding prevention and it considers how positive and negative affect can be relevant as indicators for prevention and treatment using widely available technology.