Post-COVID 19 neurological syndrome: Implications for sequelae's treatment.

Study design Literature review. OBJECTIVES: Describe the implications of post-COVID syndrome due to neurological sequelae including treatment and the differences that may exist between this group of patients and those who present these events not associated with COVID-19. METHODS: A non-systematic review of the literature was carried out in PubMed and Science Direct databases, using the keywords "Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome"; "Neurological complications"; "Neurologic Manifestations" "COVID-19″ and "Rehabilitation", as well as synonyms, which were combined with the operators "AND" and "OR". RESULTS: The COVID-19 viral caustive agent, SARS-CoV-2, has a high affinity for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor on type II pneumocytes. This receptor is also expressed in neurons and glial cells. Based on the foregoing and other not so clear mechanisms, it is stated that SARS-CoV-2 has tropism for the nervous system, being evident through the neurological manifestations observed in patients with mild, moderate and severe phenotype of the disease such as anosmia, ageusia, headache, cerebrovascular accidents, Guillain-Barré syndrome, seizures, and encephalopathy. This can generate severe sequelae and even fatal outcomes in those affected. CONCLUSIONS: Neurological complications caused by COVID-19 are frequent and represent a risk that compromises the functional capacity and the life of patients. The suspicion of these conditions, the strict control of metabolic alterations and cardiovascular risk factors, the effective and safe treatment of these entities, are a current challenge throughout the pandemic. The rehabilitation process in these patients is a challenge. This is due to the limitations generated by multi-organ damage, as well as risk of brain death.

Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome: Brief Case Report.

The case of a term newborn diagnosed with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, a rare encephalopathy in our environment, with Mendelian inheritance pattern, characterized by a set of nonspecific neurological symptoms associated with typical findings of intracerebral calcifications. The case is presented with diagnostic imaging, in addition to elevated levels of interferon alpha and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis.

Intradiploic Pterional Epidermoid Tumor: A Case Report and Review of literature.

Intradiploic epidermoid cyst is an uncommonly occurring neoplasm, and only about 200 cases are reported in the form of isolated case report. It is presumed to occur due to ectodermal cells in inclusion in the bone tissue during embryonic life neural tube closure. It commonly remains asymptomatic or rarely presents as a bony lump in the skull bone. Authors report present an interesting case, which presented with swelling, and underwent successful surgical resection. Pertinent literature along with diagnosis and management is briefly reviewed. These lesions can erode the bone and involve the brain parenchyma due to their proximity to the brain. Radiological imaging is very helpful in accurate diagnosis of these lesions and in differentiating intradural from intradiploic varieties of epidermoid. We present an unusual case of this pathology.

Síndrome de Locked-In: Reporte de Caso y Revisión de Literatura / Locked-In Syndrome: Case Report And Review Of Literature

RESUMEN El Síndrome de Locked-In también conocido como Síndrome de Enclaustramiento, de Deseferentización o de Encerramiento, se definió por primera vez en 1966 por Plum y Posner. Las causas pueden agruparse en vasculares y no vasculares, siendo las primeras las más frecuentes. Clínicamente este síndrome se caracteriza porque la conciencia y el estado de vigila están conservados, pero existe cuadriplejía, anartria, disfagia y dificultad para coordinar la mecánica ventilatoria, representando las complicaciones pulmonares la principal causa de muerte. En la mayoría de los casos, el paciente conserva la movilidad ocular vertical, por tanto, el único método de comunicación es por medio de parpadeo ocular y movimientos verticales oculares. A continuación, se hace la presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura con los aspectos fisiopatológicos, clínicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos más relevantes.

ABSTRACT Locked-In Syndrome, also known as Enclaustration, Deseferentization, or Enclosure Syndrome, was first defined in 1966 by Plum and Posner. Causes can be grouped into vascular and non-vascular, the former being the most frequent. Clinically this syndrome is characterized by consciousness and the state of watch conserved, but there is quadriplegia, anartria, dysphagia and difficulty to coordinate the ventilatory mechanics, representing pulmonary complications the main cause of death. In most cases, the patient retains vertical eye mobility, so the only method of communication is through eye blinking and vertical eye movements. Next, a case presentation and review of the literature with the most relevant pathophysiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects is done.

Hidrocefalia De Presión Normal / Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Resumen La hidrocefalia de presión normal es una patología reversible que forma parte de las demencias. A pesar del tiempo que ha transcurrido desde su descubrimiento, su fisiopatología no ha sido claramente establecida y se han planteado dos teorías que buscan explicar el proceso. Una está basada en cambios en el flujo de líquido cefalorraquideo y la otra en el flujo sanguíneo cerebral. Además, el proceso de evaluación y diagnóstico no está determinado, puesto que no existe un método estándar y los síntomas son similares a otras patologías de sistema nervioso central, haciendo que el diagnóstico se realice gracias a la suma de los síntomas clínicos y ciertos hallazgos imagenológicos que no son siempre constantes.

Abstract Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a pathology causing dementia that is reversible. Despite the time elapsed since its discovery, its pathophysiology has not been clearly established and two theories have been proposed that try to explain the process, one based on changes in cerebrospinal fluid flow and the other on cerebral blood flow. In addition, the evaluation and diagnosis process is not determined, since there is no standard method and the symptoms are similar to other pathologies of the central nervous system, leading to the diagnosis as the summation of clinical symptoms and some findings in imaging which are not always constant.

Intra-fourth Ventricular Schwannoma in Pediatric Age Group: Report of Second Case in the Western Literature with Review of Literature.

Schwannoma originates from the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves. It accounts for about 8% of all intracranial tumors. Commonly, schwannoma is located in the extra-axial locations; intra-axial schwannomas are extremely uncommon. The schwannoma arising from fourth ventricle is extremely uncommon and authors in a detailed PubMed and MEDLINE search could find only seven cases reported in the literature in the form of isolated cases report, who were managed surgically, with only one being a pediatric case. Authors report second case of intra-fourth ventricular schwannoma occurring in the pediatric age group. The hypothesis of intraventricular schwannoma is postulated to be aberrantly placed multipotent cell during embryogenesis and later transforming into Schwann cell and producing schwannoma. Pertinent literature is reviewed along with diagnosis, and management of such rare case is discussed briefly.

[Sacrococcygeal teratoma: review of the literature]. / Teratoma sacrocoxigeo: revisión de la literatura.

Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is rare germ cell tumor composed of multiple types of cells derived from the three primitive germ cell layers. SCT is the most common tumor of germ cells. In recent years the routinely use of prenatal obstetric ultrasonography has led to increase in the prenatal diagnosis of type of malformation. Management should be multidisciplinary and integrated by pediatric neurosurgeons, pediatric surgeons, pediatricians and oncologists. The advent of fetal surgery to identify fetuses at risk has improve survival. We present a review of the literature aimed to enable better understanding of this pathology.

Hernia discal en adolescente: reporte de caso / Herniated disc in adolescents: a case report

Las hernias discales son una patología habitual dentro de la neurocirugía, pero la presentación suele producirse en la edad adulta y las series publicadas en niños son pocas y con un número de casos pequeño. (1) Presentamos el caso de un adolescente de 14 años, quien acude al servicio de neurocirugía de la Universidad de Cartagena con cuadro clínico de dolor lumboradicular de dos semanas de evolución en quién se demostró imagenológicamente una hernia discal lumbar.