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BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgery is becoming more common and transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement is offered to older patients with multiple comorbidities. Sternotomy is not required but patients must lie flat and still for up to 2-3 h. This procedure is increasingly being performed under conscious sedation with supplementary oxygen, but hypoxia and agitation are commonly observed. METHODS: In this randomised controlled trial, we hypothesised that high-flow nasal oxygen would provide superior oxygenation as compared with our standard practice, 2 l min-1 oxygen by dry nasal specs. This was administered using the Optiflow THRIVE Nasal High Flow delivery system (Fisher and Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand) at a flow rate of 50 l min-1 and FiO2 0.3. The primary endpoint was the change in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) during the procedure. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of oxygen desaturation, airway interventions, the number of times the patient reached for the oxygen delivery device, incidence of cerebral desaturation, peri-operative oxygen therapy duration, hospital length of stay and patient satisfaction scores. RESULTS: A total of 72 patients were recruited. There was no difference in change in pO2 from baseline using high-flow compared with standard oxygen therapy: median [IQR] increase from 12.10 (10.05-15.22 [7.2-29.8]) to 13.69 (10.85-18.38 [8.5-32.3]) kPa vs. decrease from 15.45 (12.17-19.33 [9.2-22.8]) to 14.20 (11.80-19.40 [9.7-35.1]) kPa, respectively. The percentage change in pO2 after 30 min was also not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.171). There was a lower incidence of oxygen desaturation in the high-flow group (p = 0.027). Patients in the high-flow group assigned a significantly higher comfort score to their treatment (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that high flow, compared with standard oxygen therapy, does not improve arterial oxygenation over the course of the procedure. There are suggestions that it may improve the secondary outcomes studied. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 13,804,861. Registered on 15 April 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN13804861.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Preoperative localization of the pituitary gland with imaging in patients with macroadenomas has been inadequately explored. The pituitary gland enhancing more avidly than a macroadenoma has been described in the literature. Taking advantage of this differential enhancement pattern, our aim was to evaluate the role of high-resolution dynamic MR imaging with golden-angle radial sparse parallel reconstruction in localizing the pituitary gland in patients undergoing trans-sphenoidal resection of a macroadenoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 17 patients who underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary macroadenoma. Radial volumetric interpolated brain examination sequences with golden-angle radial sparse parallel technique were obtained. Using an ROI-based method to obtain signal-time curves and permeability measures, 3 separate readers identified the normal pituitary gland distinct from the macroadenoma. The readers' localizations were then compared with the intraoperative location of the gland. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the interobserver agreement and correlation with operative findings. RESULTS: The normal pituitary gland was found to have steeper enhancement-time curves as well as higher peak enhancement values compared with the macroadenoma (P < .001). Interobserver agreement was almost perfect in all 3 planes (κ = 0.89). In the 14 cases in which the gland was clearly identified intraoperatively, the correlation between the readers' localization and the true location derived from surgery was also nearly perfect (κ = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms our ability to consistently and accurately identify the normal pituitary gland in patients with macroadenomas with the golden-angle radial sparse parallel technique with quantitative permeability measurements and enhancement-time curves.
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Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Hipófise/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Meios de Contraste , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
We tested the hypothesis that continuous infusion of native GnRH into mares during the estrous cycle, at a dose of 100 µg/h, would elevate circulating concentrations of LH without disrupting the endogenous, episodic pattern of LH release. Ten cyclic mares were assigned to one of two groups (n = 5/group): (1) Control (saline) and (2) GnRH in saline (100 µg/h). On experimental day 0 (3 to 6 d after ovulation), osmotic pumps containing saline or GnRH were placed subcutaneously and connected to a jugular infusion catheter. Blood samples were collected from jugular catheters daily and at 5-min intervals from catheters placed in the intercavernous sinus (ICS) for 8 h on experimental day 4 (luteal phase; 7 to 10 d after ovulation), followed by an additional 6-h intensive sampling period 36 h after PGF(2α)-induced luteal regression (experimental day 6; follicular phase). Treatment with GnRH increased (P < 0.001) concentrations of LH by 3- to 4-fold in the peripheral circulation and 4- to 5-fold in the ICS. Continuous GnRH treatment accelerated (P < 0.01) the frequency of LH release and decreased the interepisodic interval during both luteal and follicular phases. Treatment with GnRH during the luteal phase eliminated the low-frequency, long-duration pattern of episodic LH release and converted it to a high-frequency, short-duration pattern reminiscent of the follicular phase. These observations appear to be unique to the horse. Further studies that exploit this experimental model are likely to reveal novel mechanisms regulating the control of gonadotrope function in this species.
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Ciclo Estral/metabolismo , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/farmacologia , Cavalos/metabolismo , Hormônio Luteinizante/metabolismo , Hipófise/metabolismo , Animais , Dinoprosta/farmacologia , Ciclo Estral/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Ovulação/sangue , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovulação/fisiologia , Hipófise/irrigação sanguínea , Hipófise/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/sangueRESUMO
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: To improve the understanding of exercise related sudden death in Thoroughbred racehorses. OBJECTIVES: To describe the post mortem findings in cases of sudden death associated with exercise in 268 Thoroughbred racehorses. METHODS: Gross and histological post mortem findings of 268 cases of sudden death were collated and reviewed. Cases originated from 6 racing jurisdictions around the world. Sudden death was defined as acute collapse and death in a closely observed and previously apparently healthy Thoroughbred racehorse, during, or within one hour after, exercise. Cause of death as determined by the attending pathologist was categorised as definitive, presumptive or unexplained and compared between the different populations. Cardiopulmonary lesions recorded at post mortem examination were compared between different populations. RESULTS: Pathologists recorded a definitive cause of death in 53% (143/268) of cases. Major definitive causes of sudden death included cardiac failure, apparent pulmonary failure, pulmonary haemorrhage, haemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures or with idiopathic blood vessel rupture, and spinal cord injury. A presumptive cause of death was made in 25% (67/268) of cases and death remained unexplained in 22% (58/268) of cases. There were several statistically significant inter-population differences in the cause of death and in reporting of cardiopulmonary lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Sudden death can be attributed to a variety of causes. Causes of sudden death and the lesions found in cases of exercise-related sudden death are similar in different racing jurisdictions. However, the lesions are often not specific for the cause of death and determination of the cause of death is therefore affected by interpretation by the individual pathologist.
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Morte Súbita/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/etiologia , Cavalos , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/lesões , Morte Súbita/etiologia , Feminino , Cardiopatias/complicações , Cardiopatias/veterinária , Pneumopatias/complicações , Pneumopatias/veterinária , Masculino , Choque Hemorrágico/complicações , Choque Hemorrágico/veterináriaRESUMO
We developed whole-body exposure systems for in-vivo study at cellular (848.5 MHz) and Personal Communication System (PCS, 1,762.5 MHz) frequency, utilizing reverberation chamber. The field uniformities in the test area of the designed chambers were verified by simulation and measurement. In the whole-body exposure environment, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distributions inside of mice were calculated using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation. Key results are presented in this article.
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Telefone Celular , Ondas de Rádio , Irradiação Corporal Total/instrumentação , Absorção/efeitos da radiação , Animais , Camundongos , Modelos AnimaisRESUMO
Anabolic steroids (ABS) boldenone (BL; 1.1 mg/kg) and stanozolol (ST; 0.55 mg/kg) were administered i.m. to horses and the plasma samples collected up to 64 days. Anabolic steroids and androgenic steroids (ANS) in plasma were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limit of detection of all analytes was 25 pg/mL. The median absorption (t1/2 partial differential) and elimination (t1/2e) half-lives for BL were 8.5 h and 123.0 h, respectively, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCho) was 274.8 ng.h/mL. The median t1/2e for ST was 82.1 h and the was 700.1 ng.h/mL. Peak mean (X+/-SD) plasma concentrations (Cmax) for BL and ST were 1127.8 and 4118.2 pg/mL, respectively. Quantifiable concentrations of ABS and ANS were found in 61.7% of the 988 plasma samples tested from race tracks. In 17.3% of the plasma samples two or more ABS or ANS were quantifiable. Testosterone (TES) concentrations mean (X+/-SE) in racing and nonracing intact males were 241.3+/-61.3 and 490.4+/-35.1 pg/mL, respectively. TES was not quantified in nonracing geldings and female horses, but was in racing females and geldings. Plasma concentrations of endogenous 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone; NA) from racing and nonracing males were 50.2+/-5.5 and 71.8+/-4.6 pg/mL, respectively.
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Anabolizantes/farmacocinética , Androgênios/farmacocinética , Dopagem Esportivo , Cavalos/metabolismo , Estanozolol/farmacocinética , Testosterona/análogos & derivados , Anabolizantes/administração & dosagem , Anabolizantes/sangue , Androgênios/administração & dosagem , Androgênios/sangue , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Feminino , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Masculino , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estanozolol/administração & dosagem , Estanozolol/sangue , Testosterona/administração & dosagem , Testosterona/sangue , Testosterona/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: There are only a few reports on harmful effects of 20 kHz sine waves; however, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate the potentially harmful effect of triangular signals at the same frequency. Therefore, in this study, effects of long-term exposure to 20 kHz magnetic fields was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups (half male and female in each sham and exposed groups), and they were exposed to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields at 6.25 microT rms for 8 h/day for 12 or 18 months. Urinalysis [pH, glucose, protein, ketone bodies, red blood cells (RBC), nitrogen, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and specific gravity], hematological analysis (RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, thrombocyte count, and leucocyte count), blood biochemistry (total protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase), and histopathological analysis of organs (thymus, stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, testis, ovary, spleen, brain, heart, and lung) were performed. RESULTS: No significant differences were seen between 20 kHz magnetic-fields exposed rats and sham-exposed rats in body and organ weights, hematological analysis, blood biochemistry, urinalysis data, and histopathological examination, except for the numbers of neutrophiles and lymphocytes in female rats. The number of neutrophiles was significantly increased in female rats on the 12th month after exposure, and the number of lymphocytes in female rats was significantly decreased on the 18th month. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure of rats to 20 kHz triangular magnetic fields did not induce any significantly harmful effects, except changes in neutrophiles at 12 months and lymphocytes at 18 months of exposure in female rats. These hematological changes need to be investigated again at a higher intensity of 20 kHz magnetic fields.
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Células Sanguíneas/efeitos da radiação , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Peso Corporal/efeitos da radiação , Campos Eletromagnéticos/efeitos adversos , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos da radiação , Irradiação Corporal Total/efeitos adversos , Animais , Células Sanguíneas/patologia , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Feminino , Masculino , Especificidade de Órgãos , Doses de Radiação , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Vísceras/patologia , Vísceras/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
We investigated the role of alterations of HDM2, the human homologue of murine mdm2, in the tumorigenesis and progression of cutaneous melanoma. A well-characterized cohort of 172 cases representing different points in the spectrum of melanocyte transformation (16 dysplastic nevi, 11 melanomas in situ, 107 invasive primaries, and 38 metastatic lesions), as well as 11 human melanoma cell lines were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting for HDM2 protein expression, and by either Southern blotting (SB) or fluorescence in situ hybridization for HDM2 gene amplification. HDM2 overexpression, defined as >20% tumor cells showing nuclear immunoreactivity, was observed in 1 of 16 (6%) dysplastic nevi, 3 of 11 (27%) melanomas in situ, and 81 of 145 (56%) invasive primary and metastatic melanomas. Comparable frequencies of HDM2 overexpression were observed among invasive primary cases with differing tumor thicknesses as well as among the metastatic cases: 21 of 40 (53%) at < or =1.5 mm; 31 of 50 (62%) at 1.6-3.9 mm; 10 of 17 (58%) at >4 mm; and 19 of 38 (50%) metastases. HDM2 amplification was observed in 1 of 88 (1%) primary cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization, and in 0 of 12 (0%) metastatic cases that overexpressed HDM2 using SB. Melanoma cell lines expressed HDM2 protein, but there was no evidence of amplification by SB. Our data suggest that HDM2 protein overexpression is common in invasive and metastatic melanoma. Observing HDM2 overexpression in noninvasive melanoma suggests that expression of this oncogene may play an early role in melanocyte transformation. HDM2 amplification occurs infrequently, and other mechanisms that up-regulate HDM2 expression are under investigation.
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Melanoma/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Estudos de Coortes , Síndrome do Nevo Displásico/genética , Síndrome do Nevo Displásico/metabolismo , Amplificação de Genes , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Melanócitos/patologia , Melanoma/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/biossíntese , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2 , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
This article describes the evolution in methods used at The Christ Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, to teach advanced cardiac life support over the past 10 years. The interactive nature of the teaching methods has improved participants' enjoyment of this course. With smaller teaching groups, instructors find this course challenging and fun to teach. This article provides outlines of teaching stations at The Christ Hospital and examples in which to implement the current advanced cardiac life support content according to the American Heart Association's teaching recommendations.
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Parada Cardíaca/terapia , Capacitação em Serviço/métodos , Recursos Humanos em Hospital/educação , Ressuscitação/educação , Ensino/métodos , Humanos , OhioRESUMO
Education Day in our hospital was created as a way of increasing attendance at annual mandatory inservices. Since beginning the program, compliance with mandatory inservice has increased from 50% to 97%. The Education Day format consolidates resources and provides consistency in the delivery of required information. The format is also flexible; it responds to changes and specialized educational needs of the nursing staff.
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Educação Continuada em Enfermagem/organização & administração , Capacitação em Serviço/organização & administração , Educação Continuada em Enfermagem/normas , Humanos , Capacitação em Serviço/normas , Licenciamento em EnfermagemRESUMO
To compare the reactions of women to educational and traditional formats of the pelvic examination, a convenience sample of 213 women with divergent demographic characteristics was selected from the practices of six nurses and physicians. After random assignment to educational or traditional groups, all subjects completed a questionnaire developed by the researchers that assessed preexisting attitudes toward pelvic examination. All subjects were then examined with either the educational or traditional method. Afterwards, all subjects completed a second questionnaire, which assessed their responses to the recent examination. The educational and traditional groups' preexisting attitudes toward pelvic examination did not differ significantly. After experiencing the pelvic examination, however, the educational group demonstrated significantly more positive attitudes toward the examination.