RESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185984.].
RESUMO
The impact of substituents on the photochemical and biological properties of tetraphenylporphyrin-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT) as well as photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (PDI) was examined. Spectroscopic and physicochemical properties were related with therapeutic efficacy in PDT of cancer and PDI of microbial cells in vitro. Less polar halogenated, sulfonamide porphyrins were most readily taken up by cells compared to hydrophilic and anionic porphyrins. The uptake and PDT of a hydrophilic porphyrin was significantly enhanced with incorporation in polymeric micelles (Pluronic L121). Photodynamic inactivation studies were performed against Gram-positive (S. aureus, E. faecalis), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens) and fungal yeast (C. albicans). We observed a 6 logs reduction of S. aureus after irradiation (10 J/cm2) in the presence of 20 µM of hydrophilic porphyrin, but this was not improved with incorporation in Pluronic L121. A 2-3 logs reduction was obtained for E. coli using similar doses, and a decrease of 3-4 logs was achieved for C. albicans. Rational substitution of tetraphenylporphyrins improves their photodynamic properties and informs on strategies to obtain photosensitizers for efficient PDT and PDI. However, the design of the photosensitizers must be accompanied by the development of tailored drug formulations.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/química , Antineoplásicos/química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/química , Porfirinas/química , Anti-Infecciosos/síntese química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Transporte Biológico , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida albicans/efeitos da radiação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Desenho de Fármacos , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterococcus faecalis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos da radiação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli/efeitos da radiação , Halogenação , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Luz , Micelas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/síntese química , Fármacos Fotossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Poloxâmero/química , Porfirinas/síntese química , Porfirinas/farmacologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos da radiação , Serratia marcescens/efeitos dos fármacos , Serratia marcescens/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Serratia marcescens/efeitos da radiação , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos da radiação , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
Quantitative PCR studies need proper reference genes with expression stability exclusively validated under certain experimental conditions. The expression stability of several genes commonly used as references was tested under 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) and temperature treatment. Different statistical approaches (qBase(PLUS), BestKeeper, NormFinder) were used to prepare rankings of expression stability in two species of an economic importance: common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Candidate reference genes were shown to be regulated differentially in these two plant species. The maximum stability values indicated that the expression stability was higher in T. aestivum. Taking into account of all ranks it seems that TBP-1 and UBI in ryegrass and ACT, ADP and EF1A in wheat should be used as reference genes in the brassinosteroids and temperature involving studies.
