Position and size of the sphenoid door jamb in the lateral orbital wall for the orbital decompression.

The aim of this study was to identify the three-dimensional topography of the sphenoid door jamb (SDJ) in the lateral orbital wall and to propose navigational guidelines for safe deep lateral decompression using surgical landmarks. The 120 orbits and SDJs of 60 subjects were three-dimensionally reconstructed using Mimics software. The mean volumes of the orbit and SDJ were 24.3 mm3 and 2.0 mm3, respectively. The mean distances from the lateral orbital margin (LOM) to the anterior and posterior margins of the SDJ were 13.2 and 36.3 mm, respectively. The mean distances from the superior orbital fissure to the LOM and to the posterior margin of the SDJ were 40.2 mm and 4.6 mm, respectively. The mean distances from the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) to the anterior and posterior margins of the SDJ were 3.8 mm and 20.5 mm, respectively. In the superior approach of the orbit, it can be predicted that the area up to 3 cm posterior from the LOM is safe, while 1 cm posterior from the safe zone could be a dangerous zone. In the inferior approach of the orbit, the safe area will be about 1 cm posterior from the anterior tip of the IOF, and the area up to 1 cm posterior from the safe zone should be approached with extreme care.

Erratum: Agrobacterium sp.-derived ß-1,3-glucan enhances natural killer cell activity in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.

[This corrects the article on p. 43 in vol. 11, PMID: 28194264.].

Variations in sural nerve formation pattern and distribution on the dorsum of the foot.

The sural nerve, a cutaneous nerve, is clinically important because it is frequently for nerve conduction testing, biopsy, and harvesting for nerve grafts. This nerve exhibits a wide variety of variation in formation, distribution on the dorsum of the foot, and so on, depending on the population observed. In this study, we examined the variation in the sural nerve in 110 Korean cadavers. Of these cadavers, 86.1% of the sural nerves corresponded to type A, where tibial and peroneal components were united to form the sural nerve. These two components most frequently united (65.9%) in the third quarter of the calf, and when the union position was expressed as a ratio to calf length, it corresponded to 0.408 in men and 0.346 in women, with a statistically significant difference. Due to this sexual dimorphism in addition to shorter calf length in females, the length of the sural nerve was shorter in females (male average length: 14.5 ± 4.8 cm; female average length: 11.4 ± 2.9 cm). In terms of distribution of the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve, the distal continuation of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot, it showed variation in association with the superficial peroneal nerve. The innervation of the sural nerve extended most frequently up to the lateral two and a half toes, solely or in conjunction with the superficial peroneal nerve. Obtaining further information regarding sural nerve variation will be useful for various clinical procedures and interpretation of sural nerve conduction results. Clin. Anat. 30:525-532, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Agrobacterium sp.-derived ß-1,3-glucan enhances natural killer cell activity in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the hypothesis that a highly pure linear ß-1,3-glucan produced by Agrobacterium sp. R259 enhances human natural killer (NK) cell activity and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In an eight-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 83 healthy adults with white blood cell counts of 4,000-8,000 cells/µL were participated and randomly assigned to take two capsules per day containing either 350 mg ß-1,3-glucan or placebo. Six participants withdrew their study consent or were excluded due to NK cell activity levels outside the normal range. NK cell activity and serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. RESULTS: NK cell activity and the serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher from baseline to week 8 in the ß-glucan group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.048, P = 0.029). Consumption of ß-1,3-glucan also significantly increased NK cell activity compared with placebo after adjusting for smoking and stress status (P = 0.009). In particular, the effect of ß-1,3-glucan on NK cell activity was greater in participants with severe stress than in those experiencing mild stress. However, the administration ß-1,3-glucan did not significantly modulate the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IgG compared with the placebo. CONCLUSION: The results showed that supplementation with bacterial ß-1,3-glucan significantly increased NK cell activity without causing any adverse effects. Additionally, the beneficial effect of ß-1,3-glucan on NK cell activity was greater in participants experiencing severe stress.

Effects of infections with five sexually transmitted pathogens on sperm quality.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the prevalence of infections with human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in the semen of Korean infertile couples and their associations with sperm quality. METHODS: Semen specimens were collected from 400 men who underwent a fertility evaluation. Infection with above five pathogens was assessed in each specimen. Sperm quality was compared in the pathogen-infected group and the non-infected group. RESULTS: The infection rates of human papillomavirus, C. trachomatis, U. urealyticum, M. hominis, and M. genitalium in the study subjects were 1.57%, 0.79%, 16.80%, 4.46%, and 1.31%, respectively. The rate of morphological normality in the U. urealyticum-infected group was significantly lower than in those not infected with U. urealyticum. In a subgroup analysis of normozoospermic samples, the semen volume and the total sperm count in the pathogen-infected group were significantly lower than in the non-infected group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that infection with U. urealyticum alone and any of the five sexually transmitted infections are likely to affect sperm morphology and semen volume, respectively.

"Fat Brook" in the Popliteal Fossa: Cadaveric and Clinical Investigation With Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the "fat brook" (FB) in the popliteal fossa of a cadaver and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS: Ten fresh cadaveric knees underwent magnetic resonance imaging and histologic analyses. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging images from 321 patients (108 men, 213 women; mean age, 49.8 years; age range, 5-92 years) were retrospectively reviewed. Two radiologists independently determined the presence/absence of the FB and internal derangement of the knee. RESULTS: The FB was present in all cadaveric specimens without synovial lining or joint communication. In the clinical study, the prevalence of FB was 97.8% (314/321). The FB was associated with effusion (P = 0.001) and tear of the medial meniscus (P = 0.022). There was no significant association between prevalence of FB and age or other structures. Determining FB and internal derangement of the knee had excellent interobserver agreement (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.966, 0.834-1.000). CONCLUSIONS: The FB might be a part of the superficial layer of superficial fascia and not be mistaken for a fat fracture or Morel-Lavallée lesion.

Arterial supply and anastomotic pattern of the infraspinous fossa focusing on the surgical significance.

The clinical significance of the muscular branch of the circumflex scapular artery (CSA) has been underestimated during surgery involving the scapular osteocutaneous free flap, while the suprascapular artery (SSA) is vulnerable to damage during internal fixation of a scapular fracture. This study aimed to provide navigational guidelines for the positions of the suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries at the infraspinous fossa and to identify the anastomotic pattern. Scapulae were carefully dissected following injection of liquid silicone into the suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries. The artery diameters and the distances between landmarks were measured. Scapulae were classified according to the anastomotic morphology of the arteries. The suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries had mean diameters of 1.7 and 2.1 mm, respectively. The mean horizontal distance from the root of the spine to the suprascapular artery was 90.3 mm, and the mean distance between the suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries was 45.5 mm. The circumflex scapular artery was positioned along the lateral border at 68.7% from the inferior angle. Practical navigational guidelines for the positions of the suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries have been provided, with the anastomotic pattern classified into two types and two subtypes. The results of the present study will help reduce donor-site morbidity and damage to these arteries during surgery in the scapular region.

Splenic Long-Lived Plasma Cells Promote the Development of Follicular Helper T Cells during Autoimmune Responses.

Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) develop under the help of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and reside mainly in the bone marrow. However, these cells are unusually abundant in the spleen of several autoimmune models including K/BxNsf mice, yet their pathogenic impact remains unknown. To investigate a previously unappreciated role of splenic LLPCs, we sorted splenic plasma cells (PCs) from K/BxNsf and K/BxN mice, corresponding to LLPCs and conventional short-lived PCs, respectively, and compared their phenotypes and ability to prime and induce the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into effector cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that K/BxNsf PCs had lower levels of the Ag presentation machinery and costimulators than K/BxN PCs, and also a lower CD4(+) T cell priming capacity. Autoantigen-pulsed K/BxNsf PCs selectively polarized cognate CD4(+) T cells toward the expression of molecules necessary for Tfh development and function. As a result, the K/BxNsf PC-primed CD4(+) T cells were more effective in stimulating B cells to produce autoantigen-specific IgGs than K/BxN PCs or even dendritic cells. Adoptive transfer of K/BxNsf PCs, but not K/BxN PCs, to K/BxN mice increased numbers of Tfh cells in draining lymph nodes. These results propose that abnormal accumulation of LLPCs in the spleen of autoimmune models drives the differentiation of autoantigen-primed CD4(+) T cells to Tfh cells. This positive feedback loop between splenic LLPCs and Tfh cells may contribute to the persistence of humoral autoimmunity.

Early Growth Response-1 Plays a Non-redundant Role in the Differentiation of B Cells into Plasma Cells.

Early growth response (Egr)-1 is a Cys2-His2-type zincfinger transcription factor. It has been shown to induce survival and proliferation of immature and mature B cells, respectively, but its role in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells remains unclear. To examine the effects of Egr-1 deficiency on the activation of B cells, naive B cells from Egr1 (-/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were activated to proliferate and differentiate, and then assayed by FACS. Proportions of cells undergoing proliferation and apoptosis did not differ between Egr1 (-/-) and WT mice. However, Egr1 (-/-) B cells gave rise to fewer plasma cells than WT B cells. Consistently, Egr1 (-/-) mice produced significantly lower titer of antigen-specific IgG than their WT littermates upon immunization. Our results demonstrate that Egr-1 participates in the differentiation program of B cells into plasma cells, while it is dispensable for the proliferation and survival of mature B cells.

Review of cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse.

Ginseng has long been used as a functional food or therapeutic supplement and it is empirically known to be safe and nontoxic. During recent decades, a number of in vitro and in vivo experiments, as well as human studies have been conducted to prove the safety of various types of ginseng samples and their components. Clinical trials, case reports, and in vitro and in vivo research articles addressing the safety, toxicity, and other adverse events of ginseng application were selected and reviewed. Patient risks associated with ginseng abuse and misuse such as affective disorder, allergy, cardiovascular and renal toxicity, genital organ bleeding, gynecomastia, hepatotoxicity, hypertension, reproductive toxicity, and anticoagulant-ginseng interaction were reviewed and summarized. There are some cases of patient risk associated with ginseng abuse and misuse depending on patients' conditions although further investigation in more cases is required to clarify these issues.

Foxp3+ regulatory T cells ensure B lymphopoiesis by inhibiting the granulopoietic activity of effector T cells in mouse bone marrow.

Foxp3(+) Treg cells are crucial for maintaining T-cell homeostasis, but their role in B-cell homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we found that Foxp3 mutant scurfy mice had fewer B-lineage cells and progenitors, including common lymphoid progenitors and lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors, but higher myeloid-lineage cell numbers in BM compared with WT littermates. Homeostasis within the HSC compartment was also compromised with apparent expansion of long- and short-term HSCs. This abnormality was due to the lack of Treg cells, but not to the Treg-cell extrinsic functions of Foxp3 or cell-autonomous defects. Among cytokines enriched in the BM of scurfy mice, IFN-γ affected only B lymphopoiesis, but GM-CSF, TNF, and IL-6 collectively promoted granulopoiesis at the expense of B lymphopoiesis. Neutralization of these three cytokines reversed the hematopoietic defects on early B-cell progenitors in scurfy mice. Treg cells ensured B lymphopoiesis by reducing the production of these cytokines by effector T cells, but not by directly affecting B lymphopoiesis. These results suggest that Treg cells occupy an important niche in the BM to protect B-lineage progenitor cells from excessive exposure to a lymphopoiesis-regulating milieu.

Dietary supplementation with rice bran fermented with Lentinus edodes increases interferon-γ activity without causing adverse effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with rice bran fermented with Lentinus edodes (rice bran exo-biopolymer, RBEP), a substance known to contain arabinoxylan, enhances natural killer (NK) cell activity and modulates cytokine production in healthy adults. METHODS: This study was designed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group format. Eighty healthy participants with white blood cell counts of 4,000-8,000 cells/µL were randomly assigned to take six capsules per day of either 3 g RBEP or 3 g placebo for 8 weeks. Three participants in the placebo group were excluded after initiation of the protocol; no severe adverse effects from RBEP supplementation were reported. NK cell activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured using nonradioactive cytotoxicity assay kits and serum cytokine concentrations included interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured by Bio-Plex cytokine assay kit. This study was registered with the Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0000536). RESULTS: Supplementation of RBEP significantly increased IFN-γ production compared with the placebo group (P = 0.012). However, RBEP supplementation did not affect either NK cell activity or cytokine levels, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α, compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in this study indicate that RBEP supplementation increases IFN-γ secretion without causing significant adverse effects, and thus may be beneficial to healthy individuals. This new rice bran-derived product may therefore be potentially useful to include in the formulation of solid and liquid foods designed for treatment and prevention of pathological states associated with defective immune responses.

The medial synovial fold of the posterior cruciate ligament: cadaveric investigation together with magnetic resonance imaging and histology.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of our study were to analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cadaveric findings concerning the medial synovial fold of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and to classify the types of fold according to anatomic location. METHODS: Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed MR images of 17 cadaveric knees to classify the types of medial fold of the PCL by consensus. The MRI types were divided into 3 groups. In type A, there was no definitive medial fold; and in type B, inferior-short type, there was a small protrusion of the medial border. Type C, inferior-long type, had a long enough fold to exceed the imaginary line, which is connecting between the medial tibial condyle and posterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle. Correlations were sought between the findings derived from the MRI studies and cadaveric dissections. Histologic analyses of the medial fold were also performed. RESULTS: On MRI, the most common type of medial fold was type B (76.4%), followed by type C (11.8%) and type A (11.8%). In the cadaveric investigation, the medial folds of both types B and C were found to project into the medial femorotibial joint. Moreover, there was also a protruding medial fold at the superior aspect of the PCL in the A. Histologic examination of the medial folds revealed collagenous tissue surrounded by synovial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Medial folds of the PCL are normal synovial structures that can be seen by MRI and in cadaveric studies in a large proportion of the population.

Effect of dietary legumes on bone-specific gene expression in ovariectomized rats.

In previous studies, we found that the consumption of legumes decreased bone turnover in ovariectomized rats. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether the protective effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and the microarchitecture of a diet containing legumes are comparable. In addition, we aim to determine their protective actions in bones by studying bone specific gene expression. Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats are being divided into six groups during the 12 week study: 1) rats that underwent sham operations (Sham), 2) ovariectomized rats fed an AIN-93M diet (OVX), 3) ovariectomized rats fed an AIN-93M diet with soybeans (OVX-S), 4) ovariectomized rats fed an AIN-93M diet with mung beans (OVX-M), 5) ovariectomized rats fed an AIN-93M diet with cowpeas (OVX-C), and 6) ovariectomized rats fed an AIN-93M diet with azuki beans (OVX-A). Consumption of legumes significantly increased BMD of the spine and femur and bone volume of the femur compared to the OVX. Serum calcium and phosphate ratio, osteocalcin, expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), and the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) ratio increased significantly, while urinary excretion of calcium and deoxypyridinoline and expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced in OVX rats fed legumes, compared to OVX rats that were not fed legumes. This study demonstrates that consumption of legumes has a beneficial effect on bone through modulation of OPG and RANKL expression in ovariectomized rats and that legume consumption can help compensate for an estrogen-deficiency by preventing bone loss induced by ovarian hormone deficiency.

Comparative analyses of influenza virus receptor distribution in the human and mouse brains.

Accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between influenza A virus infection and the occurrence of influenza-associated neurological disorders. As influenza infection is mediated by specific receptors on the host cell surface, it is important to understand the distribution patterns of influenza receptors in target organs. We carried out comprehensive experiments to localize influenza receptors in the brains of two different mouse strains and the human brain for comparison using lectin histochemistry. We further compared the brain regions in which influenza receptors were expressed and the regions in which experimental influenza infection was observed. Our results show that the expression patterns for influenza receptors in mouse and human brains are different. In the mouse brain, human influenza virus receptors (HuIV-R) were expressed in part of brainstem and cerebellar white matter while avian influenza virus receptors (AIV-R) were expressed in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In contrast, in the human brain, many neurons and glia in widespread regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum, express both AIV-R and HuIV-R. Importantly, vascular endothelial cells, choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells in both mouse and human brains express high levels of HuIV-R and AIV-R. The regional reciprocity was not observed when comparing regions with influenza receptor expression and the regions of influenza infection within the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate a differential influenza receptor expression pattern in mouse and human brains, and a disparity between influenza receptor distribution and regions with actual influenza infection.

The morphology and origin of the skeletal muscle bundles associated with the human mustache.

The arrector pili muscle is a smooth muscle bundle that attaches to the bulge region of the hair follicle and extends to its superior attachment in the upper dermis or epidermis. However, the morphology and origin of the muscle associated with the human mustache is different, having a general smooth arrector pili muscle. The purpose of the present study was to identify the morphology of the muscle associated with the human mustache using three-dimensional reconstruction. The skin of the superior part of the upper lip region from human cadavers were fixed, processed using routine histological methods, serially sectioned at a thickness of 10 µm, and then stained with Masson's trichrome. The serial sections were reconstructed three-dimensionally using 'Reconstruct' software. The present study confirmed skeletal muscle fibers in this area, but they did not attach to the follicle of the human mustache. Although the follicle of the mustache was surrounded with some muscle fibers, they just ran obliquely to the skin surface from the deeper orbicularis oris muscle regardless of the follicle. There was no muscle associated with the human mustache. The voluntary or involuntary mobility of the human mustache has been lost evolutionally forever.

Morphology of the zygomaticus minor and its relationship with the orbicularis oculi muscle.

The aim of this study was to examine in detail the anatomic variations in the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc) and relationship of the zygomaticus minor muscle (ZMi) with the OOc, thereby providing an anatomic basis for explaining facial animation and attachment to the periorbital muscle. Sixty-one hemifaces from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (34 males, 27 females; age range, 45-85 years; mean age, 62.6 years) were used in this study. The prevalence of cases in which the ZMi did not run straight from the upper lip, rather running straight to the corner of the levator labii superioris, was 36.1% (22/61), because the origin of ZMi covered the inferior border of the OOc. The prevalence of mixing of the belly of the orbital part of the outer edge of the OOc with the ZMi was 88.5%, and that of blending of the ZMi band into the lower inner corner of the OOc was 55.7%. The area of blending of the OOc and ZMi was located 17.8 mm down from the Frankfort plane and 8.9 mm lateral to the vertical line between the lateral canthus and the Frankfort plane in the lateral part of the OOc. At this position, the mixed belly extends medially for a distance of 16 mm. This research has identified the exact location where the ZMi and OOc blend and determined the relationship between the ZMi and the suborbicularis oculi fat. This result will be given as basic data for understanding facial expressions and for performing composite rhytidectomy.

Compatibility of the HINTEGRA prostheses with Korean ankles as evaluated on the basis of cadaveric measurements.

The purpose of this study was to obtain anatomical measurements of the distal tibia and talus of Korean ankles and to evaluate, based on those measurements, the compatibility of the HINTEGRA prostheses in the context of total ankle replacement (TAR). We measured the length, width, height, and angles of the distal tibia and talus of 51 cadavers and compared these measurements with the corresponding dimensions of the HINTEGRA prostheses. The male ankles were larger than the female ones as was expected, but their overall shapes did not differ, which fact validates use of the prostheses irrespective of patients' sex. The dimensions of the talus itself did not differ significantly from those previously reported for American whites and blacks and South African whites. This might suggest a possibility that the HINTEGRA prostheses, being used in these countries, would be compatible to Korean ankles, too. In fact, the length range of the talar components was generally compatible with those derived from cadaveric measurements of the trochlea. However, the widths of the tibial and talar components were not completely compatible to Korean ankles. Above all, the length of the large-sized tibial components was much longer than the largest ankles, which would confine the choice of prosthesis mainly to small-sized ones for arthroplasty in Korea. Even though these prostheses are currently used, some modifications are needed to extend their usability in Korea, such as shortening and width/length ratio adjustment of the tibial component, and of the talar component accordingly.

Consumption of legumes improves certain bone markers in ovariectomized rats.

Soybeans are known to protect against osteoporosis, but other legumes frequently consumed in Asia have not been studied to learn if they have a similar protective effect. This study investigated the hypothesis that consumption of soybean, mung bean, cowpea, and adzuki bean has beneficial effects on bone biomarkers in ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham operated (sham; n = 7) or surgically ovariectomized and then fed a regular AIN-93M diet (OVX; n = 7) or AIN-93M containing soybean (n = 7), mung bean (n = 7), cowpea (n = 7), or adzuki beans (n = 7) for 10 weeks. No bean consumption significantly altered the body, subcutaneous fat, or uterus weight; however, consumption significantly increased the serum calcium/phosphorous ratio and decreased urinary calcium excretion compared with those of the OVX group. Serum concentration of 17ß-estradiol was significantly lower in the OVX group compared with that of the sham group and was lowest in the group fed OVX diet containing soybean. Serum osteocalcin concentration was significantly higher in all OVX rats given a diet with beans compared with the same diet without, but urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion was lowest in the group fed OVX diet containing cowpea. There were no significant differences in bone mineral density or bone mineral content of the right femur, tibia, or lumbar spine or in the trabecular bone volume of the tibia among the diet groups. In conclusion, the consumption of soybean, mung bean, cowpea, and adzuki bean in OVX rats improved osteocalcin, but only those fed cowpea showed decreased bone resorption biomarker, suggesting that cowpea may have the most protective effect on bone in OVX rats.

Variations in the trabecular bone ratio of the maxilla according to sex, age, and region using micro-computed tomography in Koreans.

These cortical and trabecular bones maintain general bone structure. Bone mineral density (BMD) changes according to increasing age, sex, and teeth loss. From previous studies, the evaluation of BMD changes depended on conventional radiographic analysis. This study investigated the trabecular bone ratio (TBR) in maxillary bone samples based on data obtained by micro-computed tomography and estimated variations in BMD according to age, sex, and tooth loss. Thirty-eight specimens were scanned with micro-computed tomography and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Sections were made parallel to the axis of each tooth, and the TBR was measured. Data were statistically analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests (α=0.05). The TBR differed significantly (P<0.05) in each tooth region in the dentate group but not in the edentulous group. The mean TBR was higher in men than in women. The TBR reduced more with increasing age in the dentate group than in the edentulous group. The TBR varies according to the presence of teeth, sex, and age in specific teeth regions.