Additional Non-contrast CT to Portal Venous Phase is not Relevant for Patients referred for Colonic Diverticulitis or Sigmoiditis Suspicion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of unenhanced CT added to the portal venous phase in the diagnostic accuracy of acute colonic diverticulitis/sigmoiditis. METHODS: Between January 1st and December 31st, 2020, all consecutive adult patients referred to the radiology department for clinical suspicion of acute colonic diverticulitis/sigmoiditis were retrospectively screened. To be included, patients must have undergone a CT with both unenhanced (UCT) and contrast-enhanced portal venous phase CT (CECT). CT examinations were assessed for features of diverticulitis, complications, differential diagnosis and incidental findings using UCT + CECT association, medical management, and follow-up as the reference. Radiation doses were recorded on our image archiving system and assessed. RESULTS: Of the 114 patients included (mean age was 67±18 years; 60% were female), 46 had acute colonic diverticulitis/sigmoiditis. No diagnosis of sigmoiditis/diverticulitis, complication or differential diagnosis was missed with the CECT alone. Apart from diverticulitis, only one 2 mm meatal urinary microlithiasis was missed with no impact on patient management. The confidence level in diagnosis was not increased by UCT. The average DLP of CECT was 450 mGy.cm, and 382 mGy.cm for UCT. The use of a single-phase CECT acquisition allowed a reduction of 45.9% of the irradiation. CONCLUSION: Unenhanced CT is not necessary for patients addressed with clinical suspicion of acute colonic diverticulitis/sigmoiditis, and CECT alone protocol must be used.

Fat-containing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: proposal of a diagnostic modification regarding enhancement characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop and validate an algorithm for the non-invasive diagnosis of these fat-containing HCCs. METHODS: Eighty-four cirrhotic patients with 77 fat-containing HCCs and 11 non-HCC fat-containing nodules were retrospectively included. All MRIs were reviewed; nodule characteristics, European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and LI-RADS classifications, and survival were collected. One of the major features of LI-RADS v2018 (non-rim-like arterial phase hyperenhancement [APHE]) was changed to include different enhancing patterns at arterial phase and a new fat-LI-RADS algorithm was created for fat-containing nodules in cirrhosis. Its diagnostic performance was evaluated in both a derivation and external validation cohort (external cohort including 58 fat-containing HCCs and 10 non-HCC fat nodules). Reproducibility of this new algorithm was assessed. RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, 54/77 (70.1%) fat-containing HCCs had APHE, 62/77 (80.5%) had enhancement compared to the nodule itself at arterial phase (APE), 43/77 (55.8%) had washout, and 20/77 (26.0%) had an enhancing capsule. EASL and LI-RADS had a sensitivity of 37.7% (29/77) and 36.4% (28/77), respectively, for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC and both had a specificity of 100% (11/11). The new fat-LI-RADS algorithm increased sensitivity to 50.6% (39/77) without decreasing the specificity of 100% (11/11). The validation cohort confirmed the increased sensitivity, with a slight decrease in specificity. The concordance for the diagnosis of HCC for fat-LR5 was 85.3% (58/68). CONCLUSION: The new fat-LI-RADS algorithm proposed here significantly improves the performance of the non-invasive diagnosis of fat-containing HCC and thus could reduce the number of biopsies conducted for fat-containing HCCs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The European Association for the Study of the Liver and LI-RADS guidelines are poorly sensitive for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC, mainly because of the low rate of arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) displayed by fat-containing HCC. Using all types of enhancement instead of APHE improves sensitivity of LI-RADS. KEY POINTS: • Fat-containing HCCs on MRI account for 7.5% of HCCs and have different imaging characteristics from non-fatty HCCs. • The European Association for the Study of the Liver and LI-RADS algorithms for the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC have low sensitivity for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC with MRI (37.7% and 36.4%, respectively). • The new fat-LI-RADS, which includes a slight modification of the "arterial enhancement" criterion, improves the sensitivity for the diagnosis of fat-containing HCC using MRI, without degrading the specificity.

Development and validation of core entrustable professional activities for abdominal radiology.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate European entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for sub-specialised hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal (HB/GI) diagnostic imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both European Society of Radiology and national curricula in HB/GI diagnostic radiology were thoroughly reviewed, resulting in preliminary EPAs drafted by a pilot group of expert radiologists in 2 different countries. Each EPA was fully described with 7 components (Specification/limitations; Potential risks of failing; Relevant domains of competence; Required experience, knowledge, skills, attitude and behaviour; Assessment information sources to assess progress and ground a summative entrustment decision; Entrustment for which level of supervision is to be reached; and Expiration date). The modified Delphi method with 3 Delphi rounds was chosen for validation. Content validity index (CVI) and median values were used for validation. RESULTS: There were 15 preliminary EPAs, some of them divided according to 2 levels: resident and fellow level. The 37 members of the Delphi group were based in 2 different European countries with a background experience of 10 represented countries. Subsequent to the first Delphi round, 6 EPAs were accepted (CVI ≥ 0.8, median ≥ 4), 6 needed major revisions (CVI 0.7-0.79, median ≥ 4), 3 were rejected (CVI < 0.7) and 1 was added. After the second Delphi round, both the 6 revised EPAs and the additional one met the validation criteria (CVI ≥ 0.8, median ≥ 4). Finally, 13 EPAs were validated during the 3rd Delphi round with an agreement percentage of 95-100%. CONCLUSION: This study creates and validates EPAs for sub-specialised HB/GI diagnostic imaging. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Thirteen EPAs for sub-specialised hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal diagnostic imaging were created with a strong methodology, and as a first example set in sub-specialised diagnostic imaging, they provide a template for others to be created. KEY POINTS: • The competence-based teaching in medical studies has recently been reintroduced through EPAs. • Thirteen EPAs have been developed for hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal sub-specialised diagnostic imaging. • These EPAs were validated using a Delphi modified method and provide a template for other to be created.

Detection of arterial phase hyperenhancement of small hepatocellular carcinoma with MRI: Comparison between single arterial and multi-arterial phases and between extracellular and hepatospecific contrast agents.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the detection rate of arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) in small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) between single arterial phase (single-AP) and triple hepatic arterial (triple-AP) phase MRI and between extracellular (ECA) and hepato-specific (HBA) contrast agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 109 cirrhotic patients with 136 HCCs from seven centers were included. There were 93 men and 16 women, with a mean age of 64.0 ± 8.9 (standard deviation) years (range: 42-82 years). Each patient underwent both ECA-MRI and HBA (gadoxetic acid)-MRI examination within one month of each other. Each MRI examination was retrospectively reviewed by two readers blinded to the second MRI examination. The sensitivities of triple- and single-AP for the detection of APHE were compared, and each phase of the triple-AP sequence was compared with the other two. RESULTS: No differences in APHE detection were found between single-AP (97.2%; 69/71) and triple-AP (98.5%; 64/65) (P > 0.99) at ECA-MRI. No differences in APHE detection were found between single-AP (93%; 66/71) and triple-AP (100%; 65/65) at HBA-MRI (P = 0.12). Patient age, size of the nodules, use of automatic triggering, type of contrast agent, and type of sequence were not significantly associated with APHE detection. The reader was the single variable significantly associated with APHE detection. For triple-AP, best APHE detection rate was found for early and middle-AP images compared to late-AP images (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003). All APHEs were detected with the combination of early-AP and middle-AP images, except one that was detected on late-AP images by one reader. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that both single- and triple-AP can be used in liver MRI for the detection of small HCC especially when using ECA. Early AP and middle-AP are the most efficient phases and should be preferred for detecting APHE, regardless of the contrast agent used.

Evaluation of washout using subtraction MRI for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with spontaneously T1-hyperintense nodules.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of subtraction imaging on post-arterial phase images (i.e., portal venous, delayed/transitional and hepatobiliary phases) for the non-invasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in spontaneously hyperintense nodules on T1-weighted imaging in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients with a total 55 hepatic nodules that were spontaneously hyperintense on T1-weighted images were initially retrieved. All patients underwent MRI examination of the liver using extracellular agent. Each nodule was assessed for sensitivity and specificity using LI-RADS (Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System) during two reading sessions performed first without then with subtraction images on post-arterial phase images. The final standard of reference was defined by a step-by-step algorithm previously published combining histology, typical imaging, alfa fetoprotein and follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-six nodules (26 HCC) in 39 patients with cirrhosis were analyzed. Using LI-RADS, the sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of HCC were 64% (95% CI: 41-83) and 67% (95% CI: 41-87) without subtraction; and 73% (95% CI: 50-89) (P > 0.999) and 33% (95% CI: 13-59) (P = 0.553) on subtraction imaging using extracellular contrast agent. Fifty-five percent (22/40) of nodules displayed a washout without subtraction and 70% (28/40) did so on subtraction imaging obtained with extracellular contrast agent. Twenty nodules out of 40 (50%) were classified LI-RADS 5 without subtraction, and 28 out of 40 nodules (70%) with subtraction. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the use of subtraction imaging on post-arterial phase images (i.e., PVP, DP/TP and HBP) is not relevant for the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC for spontaneously hyperintense nodules on T1-weighted images in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Validation of a screening algorithm for hepatic fibrosis by Doppler ultrasound and elastography in a general population.

BACKGROUND: Early detection can prevent the initial stages of fibrosis from progressing to cirrhosis. PURPOSE: To evaluate an algorithm combining three echographic indicators and elastographic measurements to screen for hepatic fibrosis in an unselected population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From May 2017 to June 2018, all patients with no history and no known chronic liver disease who were referred for an ultrasound (US) were prospectively included in eight hospitals. The indicators being sought were liver surface irregularity, demodulation of hepatic veins, and spleen length >110 mm. Patients presenting at least one of these underwent elastography measurements with virtual touch quantification (VTQ) or supersonic shear imaging (SSI). If elastography was positive, patients were referred to hepatologist for fibrosis evaluation. Reference standard was obtained by FibroMeterVCTE or biopsy. A FibroMeterVCTE result >0.384 indicated a "necessary referral" to a hepatologist. RESULTS: Of the 1501 patients included, 504 (33.6%) were positive for at least one US indicator. All of them underwent US elastography, with 85 being positive. Of the patients, 58 (3.6%) had a consultation with a liver specialist: 21 had positive FibroMeterVCTE and nine had an indication of biopsy for suspicion of fibrosis. This screening algorithm made it possible to diagnose 1.6% of patients in our population with unknown fibrosis. Of the patients, 50% referred to the liver specialist were "necessary referrals." CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that three simple US indicators with no systematic elastographic measurement could be applied in day-to-day practice to look for hepatic fibrosis in an unsuspected population allowing relevant referrals to a hepatologist.

The Angers CT Score is a Risk Factor for the Failure of the Conservative Management of Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction: A Prospective Observational Multicentric Study.

BACKGROUND: Identifying the 30% of adhesive small bowel obstructions (aSBO) for which conservative management will require surgery is essential. The association between the previously described radiological score and failure of the conservative management of aSBO remains to be confirmed in a large prospective multicentric cohort. Our aim was to assess the risk factors of failure of the conservative management of aSBO considering the radiological score. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective observational study took place in 15 French centers over 3 months. Consecutive patients experiencing aSBO with no early surgery were included. The six radiological features from the Angers radiological computed tomography (CT) score were noted (beak sign, closed loop, focal or diffuse intraperitoneal liquid, focal or diffuse mesenteric haziness, focal or diffuse mesenteric liquid, and diameter of the most dilated small bowel loop > 40 mm). RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy nine patients with aSBO were screened. Sixty patients (21.5%) underwent early surgery, and 219 (78.5%) had primary conservative management. In the end, 218 patients were included in the analysis of the risk factors for conservative treatment failure. Among them, 162 (74.3%) had had successful management while for 56 (25.7%) management had failed. In multivariate analysis, a history of surgery was not a significant risk factor for the failure of conservative treatment (OR = 0.11; 95%CI = 0-1.23). A previous episode of aSBO was protective against the failure of conservative treatment (OR = 0.36; 95%CI = 0.15-0.85) and an Angers CT score ≥ 5 as the only individual risk factor (OR = 2.39; 95%CI = 1.01-5.69). CONCLUSION: The radiological score of aSBO is a promising tool in improving the management of aSBO patients. A first episode of aSBO and/or a radiological score ≥5 should lead physicians to consider early surgical management.

Two-Phase MDCT Protocol for the Screening of Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Screening programmes for cirrhotic patients are based on ultrasound (US) examinations at 6-month intervals, but a US sensitivity of 47% has recently been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate a two-phase MDCT protocol in terms of hepatic nodule detection within a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening situation and to evaluate a reduction in irradiation dose for the 6-monthly checks compared to the classic four-phase protocol. In total, 373 patients with 498 nodules that were suspected to be HCC and ranged from 10 to 30 mm in size were prospectively included. All patients underwent four-phase MDCT with an unenhanced phase, arterial phase (AP), portal phase (PP) and delayed phase (DP). The cumulative irradiation from the repeated 6-monthly MDCT protocol was calculated. Of the 498 nodules, only 4 (0.008%) were only seen in the PP and not in the AP or AP. Of the 319 HCC nodules, 270 (84.6%) had AP hyperenhancement, while 115 had washout in the PP and 224 had washout in the DP. Overall, 222 of the 224 (99.1%) HCC nodules with typical features were seen in the AP and DP. The dose reduction was estimated at 55.4% when using the two-phase protocol (AP and DP). The cumulative irradiation of the two-phase protocol, which was performed every 6 months over 5 years, was 96.5 mSv. MDCT with the two-phase protocol could offer an alternative to ultrasound screening with an interesting risk-benefit trade-off.

Cystic liver lesions: a pictorial review.

Hepatic cysts (HC) are sac-like structures mainly filled with liquid and showing a distinct membrane. They are usually found incidentally through imaging. A wide spectrum of imaging patterns may be observed for common and uncommon, neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. While simple hepatic cysts occur frequently and do not require any treatment or follow-up, non-typical cysts should be carefully analysed to avoid misdiagnosing a lesion that would require appropriate management. Therefore, adequate knowledge of all the relevant imaging patterns is critical to secure an accurate diagnosis. The aim of this review is to describe the imaging features of the different types of hepatic cysts.

Reliability of extracellular contrast versus gadoxetic acid in assessing small liver lesions using liver imaging reporting and data system v.2018 and European association for the study of the liver criteria.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The diagnostic accuracy of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) v.2018 and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria for the diagnosis of HCC have been widely evaluated, but their reliability should be investigated. We aimed to assess and compare the reliability of LI-RADS v.2018 and EASL criteria for the diagnosis of HCC using MRI with extracellular contrast agents (ECAs) and gadoxetic acid (GA) and determine the effect of ancillary features on LI-RADS reliability. APPROACH & RESULTS: Ten readers reviewed MRI studies of 92 focal liver lesions measuring <3 cm acquired with ECAs and GA <1 month apart from two prospective trials, assessing EASL criteria, LI-RADS major and ancillary features, and LI-RADS categorization with and without including ancillary features. Inter-reader agreement for definite HCC diagnosis was substantial and similar for the two contrasts for both EASL and LI-RADS criteria. For ECA-MRI and GA-MRI, respectively, inter-reader agreement was k = 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63-0.81) and k = 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63-0.80); for nonrim hyperenhancement, k = 0.63 (95% CI, 0.54-0.72) and k = 0.57 (95% CI, 0.48-0.66); and for nonperipheral washout, k = 0.49 (95% CI, 0.40-0.59) and k = 0.48 (95% CI, 0.37-0.58) for enhancing capsule. The inter-reader agreement for LI-RADS after applying ancillary features remained in the same range of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Agreement for definite HCC was substantial and similar for both scoring systems and the two contrast agents in small focal liver lesions. Agreement for LI-RADS categorization was lower for both contrast agents, and including LI-RADS ancillary features did not improve agreement.

Nasogastric tube after small bowel obstruction surgery could be avoided: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The safety and feasibility of early removal of nasogastric tube (NGT) after small bowel obstruction (SBO) surgery have not yet been assessed. Such a practice could allow to implement enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols after acute SBO surgery. The aims of this study were to assess the safety of early NGT removal by comparing the short-term outcomes of patients with postoperative NGTs and those with no postoperative NGT. METHODS: All patients undergoing surgery for strangulation or adhesive SBO between January the 1st of 2014 and December the 31st of 2017 were retrospectively included. RESULTS: Among the 123 included, NGT was removed immediately after the end of the procedure in 26 cases (21.1%) and 19 patients required NGT replacement (15.4%). In univariate analysis, early removal of NGT was significantly associated with a reduction of overall morbidity, severe morbidity and postoperative ileus occurrence. Multivariate analysis confirmed that NGT left in place was a risk factor for postoperative ileus [Odd Ratio (OR) 4.9, Confidence Interval (CI) 95% 1.3-19.2; p = 0.02], while it has no incidence on severe morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Early NGT removal after ASBO surgery seemed to be feasible, safe and efficient, at least in selected patients. This primary study represents the initial foundations for building the implementation of ERAS protocols after ASBO surgery.

Evaluation of the Hepatorenal B-Mode Ratio and the "Controlled Attenuation Parameter" for the Detection and Grading of Steatosis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatorenal index ratio of Supersonic Imagine (B-mode ratio) and the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) of FibroScan for the noninvasive diagnosis and grading of steatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two centers prospectively included patients who underwent liver biopsy, B-mode ratio and CAP evaluation all on the same day between June 2017 and July 2019. MRI and histological morphometry were also performed in center 1. Histology (classic semiquantitative score and morphometry) was used as the reference. RESULTS: Concerning the B-mode ratio, the AUROCs for ≥ S1, ≥ S2 and ≥ S3 were respectively 0.896 ±â€Š0.20, 0.775 ±â€Š0.30 and 0.729 ±â€Š0.39 with the best cut-off values being 1.22 for ≥ S1 (Se = 76.4 %, Sp = 93.2 %), 1.42 for ≥ S2 (Se = 70.2 %, Sp = 71.2 %) and 1.54 for ≥ S3 (Se = 68.4 %, Sp = 69.8 %). The correlation between the B-mode ratio and morphometry was moderate (Rs = 0.575, p < 0.001) and the correlation between the B-mode ratio and MRI was good (Rs = 0.613, p < 0.001). Concerning the CAP, the AUROCs for ≥  S1, ≥ S2 and ≥ S3 were 0.926 ±â€Š0.18, 0.760 ±â€Š0.30 and 0.701 ±â€Š0.40, respectively, with the best cut-off values being 271 dB/m for ≥ S1 (Se = 84 %, Sp = 88.2 %), 331 dB/m for ≥ S2 (Se = 64.5 %, Sp = 74.7 %) and 355 dB/m for ≥ S3 (Se = 55.3 %, Sp = 75.1 %). The correlation between the CAP and morphometry and between the CAP and MRI was moderate in both cases (Rs = 0.526, p < 0.001 and Rs = 0.397, p < 0.001, respectively). The B-mode ratio was better at ruling in and the CAP was better at ruling out the disease. CONCLUSION: B-mode ratio and CAP show similar and good performance for the diagnosis of steatosis (≥ S1). However, both techniques are limited with respect to differentiating mild to moderate (≥ S2) or severe (≥ S3) steatosis.

Liver fibrosis staging by computed tomography: Prospective randomized multicentric evaluation of image analyses.

AIM: Liver fibrosis staging is essential. We prospectively evaluated the liver fibrosis staging performance of computed tomography (CT). METHODS: 70 hepato-gastroenterology clinicians were randomized into three stratified groups with different image analyses of radiological semiology, i.e., on raw images (group 1) and on expert-annotated (group 2) and computerized-morphometry-enriched (group 3) images. Radiological fibrosis staging based on seven simple descriptors into four stages equivalent to Metavir stages (F0/1, F2, F3, F4=cirrhosis) was determined at baseline and after image analyses in 10 patients with chronic liver diseases (two per F) concordant for four independent fibrosis stagings including Metavir. 23,800 CT images were analysed, providing 1400 fibrosis stagings. RESULTS: Fibrosis staging: overall (3 groups) accuracy (correct classification rate) was, baseline: 43%, post-analysis: 60% (p < 0.001) without significant progression in group 1 (6%, p = 0.207) contrary to groups 2 (34%, p < 0.001) and 3 (13%, p = 0.007). Cirrhosis diagnosis: overall accuracy was, baseline: 84%, post-analysis: 89% (p < 0.001) without significant progression in group 1 (0%, p = 1) contrary to groups 2 (8%, p = 0.009) and 3 (7%, p = 0.015). Baseline AUROCs were good (≥0.83) for marked fibrosis (F≥3 or cirrhosis) in all groups. Post-analysis AUROCs became excellent (≥0.89) in group 2 for all diagnostic targets (≥0.98 for F≥3 and cirrhosis) and in group 3 for cirrhosis. In post-analysis group 2, discrimination between all F was excellent (especially, F1 from F0) with an Obuchowski index at 0.87. Negative and positive predictive values for marked fibrosis were 98% and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Simple CT descriptors accurately discriminate all Metavir liver fibrosis stages.

Non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up of hyperferritinaemia.

Increased serum ferritin is a very frequent cause of referral for which thorough evaluation is required to avoid unnecessary exploration and inaccurate diagnosis. Clinicians must thus know factors and tools that are relevant in this setting. Several biochemical and radiological tools drastically improved the diagnosis work-up of increased serum ferritin. Because serum ferritin value can be altered by many cofounding factors, scrutiny in the initial clinical evaluation is crucial. Alcohol consumption, and the metabolic syndrome are the most frequent causes of secondary increased ferritin. Serum transferrin saturation level is a pivotal test, and if increased prompt testing for HFE C282Y patients in Caucasian population. In most cases further tests are require to establish whether increased ferritin is associated or not to iron overload. Magnetic resonance imaging is the reference method allowing to accurately establish liver iron content which indirectly reflect body iron load. Second line genetic testing for rare forms of iron overload or increased serum ferritin are available in reference center and should be discussed if diagnosis is equivocal or remain uncertain after careful evaluation. Definite genetic diagnosis is worthwhile as it allows family screening and refining long term management of the patient. Liver biopsy remains seldom useful to assess liver fibrosis, mostly in patients with severe iron overload.

Diagnosis of single adhesive bands versus matted adhesions in small bowel obstructions: a radiological predictive score.

PURPOSE: The objective was to develop a radiological score obtained from multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) to differentiate between single band adhesion (SBA) and matted adhesions (MA) as the etiology of small bowel obstruction (SBO). METHODS: All consecutive patients who underwent surgery from January 2013 to June 2018 for adhesion-induced SBO were retrospectively included. RESULTS: Among the 193 patients having surgery for SBO, 119 (61.6%) had SBA and 74 (38.4%) had MA surgically proven. In multivariate analysis, the presence of a beak sign (OR = 3.47, CI [1.26; 9.53], p = 0.02), a closed loop (OR = 11.37, CI [1.84; 70.39], p = 0.009), focal mesenteric haziness (OR = 3.71, CI [1.33; 10.34], p = 0.01) and focal and diffuse peritoneal fluid (OR = 4.30, CI [1.45; 12.73], p = 0.009 and OR = 6.34, CI [1.77; 22.59], p = 0.004, respectively) were significantly associated with SBA. Conversely, the presence of diffuse mesenteric fluid without focal fluid (OR = 0.23, CI [0.06; 0.92], p = 0.04) and an increase of the diameter of the most dilated loop (OR = 0.94, CI [0.90; 0.99], p = 0.02) were inversely associated with SBA. Using the significant predictive factors of SBA, we built a composite score to radiologically predict the etiology of SBO. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the score was 0.8274. For a cut-off score of -0.523, sensitivity, specificity and the percentage of patients correctly classified were 78.4%, 84.6% and 80%, respectively. If the score is ≥ 7, the probability that the mechanism of SBO is not SBA was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The present score, validated in a different population, could be a significant tool in the decision for surgical management.

Reliability Criteria of Two-Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography: Analysis of 4277 Measurements in 788 Patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) is an accurate method for the non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis. We aimed to determine the reliability criteria and the number of necessary reliable measurements for 2D-SWE. METHODS: 788 patients with chronic liver disease underwent liver biopsy and 2D-SWE examination in three centers. The 4277 2D-SWE measurements performed were 2:1 randomly divided into derivation (n = 2851) and validation (n = 1426) sets. Reliability criteria for a 2D-SWE measurement were defined in the derivation set from the intrinsic characteristics given by the device (mean liver stiffness, standard deviation, diameter of the region of interest), with further evaluation in the validation set. RESULTS: In the whole population of 4277 measurements, AUROC for bridging fibrosis was 0.825 ± 0.006 and AUROC for cirrhosis was 0.880 ± 0.006. Mean stiffness and coefficient of variation (CV) were independent predictors of bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. From these two parameters, new criteria were derived to define a reliable 2D-SWE measurement: stiffness <8.8 kPa, or stiffness between 8.8-11.9 kPa with CV <0.25, or stiffness ≥12.0 kPa with CV <0.10. In the validation set, AUROC for bridging fibrosis was 0.830 ± 0.013 in reliable measurements vs 0.667 ± 0.031 in unreliable measurements (P < .001). AUROC for cirrhosis was 0.918±0.014 vs 0.714 ± 0.027, respectively (P < .001). The best diagnostic accuracy for a 2D-SWE examination was achieved from three reliable measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Reliability of a 2D-SWE measurement relies on the coefficient of variation and the liver stiffness level. A 2D-SWE examination should include three reliable measurements according to our new criteria.

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma developed on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Long-term outcomes after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been poorly studied. We aim to determine the outcomes after multibipolar RFA in these patients compared to other aetiologies as well as the prognostic impact of metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: Patients who underwent multibipolar RFA as the first treatment for HCC within Milan criteria (2008-2018) were enrolled in this multicentre retrospective cohort from four tertiary centres in France. The association of MS and NAFLD with adverse events and outcomes after percutaneous RFA were assessed using Kaplan Meier method, log-rank test and uni/multivariate analysis with the Cox models. RESULTS: Among 520 patients, 390 patients (75%) had at least one component of MS including obesity (30%) and 95% had cirrhosis. Sixty-two patients (12.6%) had NAFLD-HCC, 225 (45.5%) had alcohol-related-HCC, 36 (7.3%) had HBV-HCC and 171 (34.6%) had HCV-HCC. Patients with NAFLD-HCC were significantly older (median age 72.6 years, P < .001), more obese (median BMI 30.3 kg/m2 , P < .001) and had more components of MS. Patients with NAFLD-HCC achieved a median overall survival (OS) of 79 months (1-year, 3-year and 5-year OS of 90%, 71% and 59%). There were no differences in morbidity, tumour recurrence and OS among patients with NAFLD-HCC vs other aetiologies as well as no prognostic impact of metabolic components. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous multibipolar RFA is an efficient treatment in HCC patients with NAFLD or metabolic syndrome and achieved similar long-term oncological outcomes compared to other aetiologies.

Combination of Exercise Testing Criteria to Diagnose Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease.

Objectives: Nothing is known about the interest of the combination of exercise tests to diagnose Lower-extremity Peripheral Artery Disease (LEPAD). The aim of this study was to assess if combining exercise testing criteria [post-exercise Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) + exercise-oximetry (exercise-TcPO2)] improves the detection of lower limbs arterial stenoses as compared with post-exercise ABI using American Heart Association (AHA) criteria, or exercise-TcPO2 alone. Material and Methods: In a prospective monocentric study, consecutive patients with exertional-limb pain and normal resting-ABI referred to our vascular center (Rennes, France) were assessed from May 2016 to February 2018. All included patients had a computed tomography angiography (CTA), a resting-ABI, a post-exercise ABI and an exercise-TcPO2. AHA post-exercise criteria, new validated post-exercise criteria (post-exercise ABI decrease ≥18.5%, post-exercise ABI decrease <0.90), and Delta from Rest of Oxygen Pressure (Total-DROP) ≤-15mmHg (criterion for exercise-TcPO2) were used to diagnose arterial stenoses ≥50%. For the different combinations of exercise testing criteria, sensitivity or specificity or accuracies were compared with McNemar's test. Results: Fifty-six patients (mean age 62 ± 11 years old and 84% men) were included. The sensitivity of the combination of exercise testing criteria (post-exercise ABI decrease ≥18.5%, or post-exercise ABI decrease <0.90 or a Total-DROP ≤-15mmHg) was significantly higher (sensitivity = 81% [95% CI, 71-92]) than using only one exercise test (post-exercise AHA criteria (sensitivity = 57% [43-70]) or exercise-TcPO2 alone (sensitivity = 59% [45-72]). Conclusions: Combination of post-exercise ABI with Exercise-TcPO2 criteria shows better sensitivity to diagnose arterial stenoses compared with the AHA post-exercise criteria alone or Exercise-TcPO2 criteria used alone. A trend of a better accuracy of this combined strategy was observed but an external validation should be performed to confirm this diagnostic strategy.

Focal splenic lesions: Imaging spectrum of diseases on CT, MRI and PET/CT.

The spleen can be affected by a variety of diseases. Some of them are readily identified as variations of normal or benign diseases on imaging. However, for a substantial number of focal splenic abnormalities, the diagnosis can be difficult so that histopathologic analysis may be required for a definite diagnosis. In this review, the typical splenic abnormalities that can be diagnosed with imaging with a high degree of confidence are illustrated. The complementary role of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/CT that helps make a diagnostic approach is discussed. Finally, current applications and future trends of radiomics and artificial intelligence for the diagnosis of splenic diseases are addressed.