Immunohistochemical Expression of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 and Ki67 in Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma.

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm, and surgery remains the treatment of choice, although it is controversial in advanced cases. The prognostic factors are not well established. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) is a membrane protein related to tumorigenesis, whereas Ki67 is a nuclear protein related to cell proliferation. Both are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of HER2 and Ki67 markers in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. The tumor samples were divided into four groups: largest tumor diameter less than 2.5 cm, largest tumor diameter greater than 2.5 cm, metastatic lymph nodes, and control group of non-neoplastic anal sacs. Each contained 10 samples. Immunohistochemistry was performed to verify the expression of HER2 and Ki67 markers. Positive HER2 staining was observed in 45% of the neoplastic cases and negative HER2 staining in 100% of the control group. The Ki67 expression had a median of 25% in all groups, except for the control group, which had a median of 8%. The HER2 and Ki67 expression was present in apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, making them potential therapeutic targets. However, it was not possible to determine the clinical value of either marker.

Unified topological inference for brain networks in temporal lobe epilepsy using the Wasserstein distance.

Persistent homology offers a powerful tool for extracting hidden topological signals from brain networks. It captures the evolution of topological structures across multiple scales, known as filtrations, thereby revealing topological features that persist over these scales. These features are summarized in persistence diagrams, and their dissimilarity is quantified using the Wasserstein distance. However, the Wasserstein distance does not follow a known distribution, posing challenges for the application of existing parametric statistical models. To tackle this issue, we introduce a unified topological inference framework centered on the Wasserstein distance. Our approach has no explicit model and distributional assumptions. The inference is performed in a completely data driven fashion. We apply this method to resting-state functional magnetic resonance images (rs-fMRI) of temporal lobe epilepsy patients collected from two different sites: the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the Medical College of Wisconsin. Importantly, our topological method is robust to variations due to sex and image acquisition, obviating the need to account for these variables as nuisance covariates. We successfully localize the brain regions that contribute the most to topological differences. A MATLAB package used for all analyses in this study is available at https://github.com/laplcebeltrami/PH-STAT.

Clinical Implications of Immune Checkpoints and the RANK/RANK-L Signaling Pathway in High-Grade Canine Mast Cell Tumors.

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common malignant cutaneous tumors in dogs, and they present extremely variable biological behavior. The interaction between RANK, RANK-L, and immune checkpoints is frequently detected in the tumor microenvironment, and, together, they participate in every stage of cancer development. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the molecular profiles of PD-L1, CTLA-4, RANK/RANK-L signaling pathway, and IFN-γ in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides of MCTs and metastatic lymph nodes of ten dogs were submitted to immunohistochemical investigations. The results demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment of the high-grade mast cell tumors showed moderate or intense immunolabeling of all proteins, and the lymph node metastases also showed moderate or intense immunolabeling of checkpoint proteins. In addition, MCTs larger than 3 cm were associated with intensified PD-L1 (p = 0.03) in metastatic lymph nodes and RANK-L (p = 0.049) immunoreactivity in the tumor. Furthermore, dogs with a survival time of less than 6 months showed higher PD-L1 immunoreactivity (p = 0.042). In conclusion, high-grade MCT is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment that exhibits elevated RANK/RANK-L signaling and enhanced immune checkpoint immunoreactivity, potentially facilitating intratumorally immune escape. These biomarkers show promise as clinical indicators of disease progression and might response to immunotherapy in dogs with high-grade MCTs, thus emphasizing their importance for guiding treatment decisions and improving outcomes.

Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Hemangiosarcoma: A Review Based on a Consensus Organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology, ABROVET.

Hemangiosarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm originating in the endothelial cells of blood vessels; they can be classified as non-visceral and visceral types. Non-visceral hemangiosarcomas can affect the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and muscle tissues; visceral hemangiosarcomas can affect the spleen, liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, oral cavity, bones, bladder, uterus, tongue, and retroperitoneum. Among domestic species, dogs are most affected by cutaneous HSA. Cutaneous HSA represents approximately 14% of all HSA diagnosed in this species and less than 5% of dermal tumors, according to North American studies. However, Brazilian epidemiological data demonstrate a higher prevalence, which may represent 27 to 80% of all canine HSAs and 13.9% of all skin neoplasms diagnosed in this species. Cutaneous HSA most commonly affects middle-aged to elderly dogs (between 8 and 15 years old), with no gender predisposition for either the actinic or non-actinic forms. The higher prevalence of cutaneous HSA in some canine breeds is related to lower protection from solar radiation, as low skin pigmentation and hair coverage lead to greater sun exposure. Actinic changes, such as solar dermatosis, are frequent in these patients, confirming the influence of solar radiation on the development of this neoplasm. There are multiple clinical manifestations of hemangiosarcoma in canines. The diagnostic approach and staging classification of cutaneous HSAs are similar between the different subtypes. The definitive diagnosis is obtained through histopathological analysis of incisional or excisional biopsies. Cytology can be used as a presurgical screening test; however, it has little diagnostic utility in cases of HSA because there is a high risk of blood contamination and sample hemodilution. Surgery is generally the treatment of choice for dogs with localized non-visceral HSA without evidence of metastatic disease. Recently, electrochemotherapy (ECT) has emerged as an alternative therapy for the local ablative treatment of different neoplastic types; the use of radiotherapy for the treatment of dogs with cutaneous HSA is uncommon. There is greater consensus in the literature regarding the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy in subcutaneous and muscular HSA; doxorubicin is the most frequently used antineoplastic agent for subcutaneous and muscular subtypes and can be administered alone or in combination with other drugs. Other therapies include antiangiogenic therapy, photodynamic therapy, the association of chemotherapy with the metronomic dose, targeted therapies, and natural products. The benefits of these therapies are presented and discussed. In general, the prognosis of splenic and cardiac HSA is unfavorable. As a challenging neoplasm, studies of new protocols and treatment modalities are necessary to control this aggressive disease.

Parameters of Metabolic Response to Surgical Trauma Induced via Unilateral Total Mastectomy Associated or Not to Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs.

Surgical excision of solid tumors is required for local control of neoplasms. However, surgical trauma can stimulate the release of proangiogenic growth factors, suppressing cell-mediated immunity and favoring the development of micrometastases and progression of residual disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the intensity of the metabolic response to trauma induced via unilateral mastectomy in bitches with mammary neoplasia, the consequences of its joint performance with ovariohysterectomy, and their respective effects on the organic response. Two groups of animals were evaluated in seven perioperative moments, namely, unilateral mastectomy (G1) and unilateral mastectomy associated with ovariohysterectomy (G2). Thirty-two female dogs were selected, ten clinically healthy, and twenty-two diagnosed with mammary neoplasia. Surgical trauma reduced serum concentrations of albumin and interleukin-2 but increased blood levels of glucose and interleukin-6 in the postoperative of G1 and G2 patients. Moreover, serum cortisol levels increased after unilateral mastectomy associated with ovariohysterectomy. Our findings allowed us to conclude that unilateral mastectomy induces significant metabolic alterations in female dogs with mammary neoplasms and its joint performance with ovariohysterectomy increases the organic response to trauma.

Unified Topological Inference for Brain Networks in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Using the Wasserstein Distance.

Persistent homology offers a powerful tool for extracting hidden topological signals from brain networks. It captures the evolution of topological structures across multiple scales, known as filtrations, thereby revealing topological features that persist over these scales. These features are summarized in persistence diagrams, and their dissimilarity is quantified using the Wasserstein distance. However, the Wasserstein distance does not follow a known distribution, posing challenges for the application of existing parametric statistical models. To tackle this issue, we introduce a unified topological inference framework centered on the Wasserstein distance. Our approach has no explicit model and distributional assumptions. The inference is performed in a completely data driven fashion. We apply this method to resting-state functional magnetic resonance images (rs-fMRI) of temporal lobe epilepsy patients collected from two different sites: the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the Medical College of Wisconsin. Importantly, our topological method is robust to variations due to sex and image acquisition, obviating the need to account for these variables as nuisance covariates. We successfully localize the brain regions that contribute the most to topological differences. A MATLAB package used for all analyses in this study is available at https://github.com/laplcebeltrami/PH-STAT.

Características e diagnóstico laboratorial das infecções causadas pelo hantavírus: revisão integrativa / Characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by hantavirus: integrative review

A hantavirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial que utiliza como vetores roedores, musaranhos, toupeiras e morcegos. Os sintomas da infecção pelo hantavírus assemelham-se aos de diversas doenças, por isso o diagnóstico laboratorial é crucial para o tratamento precoce. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre as características e diagnóstico laboratorial da hantavirose. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com base no modelo PRISMA, com seleção de estudos nas bases de dados Portal de Periódicos da Capes, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, ScienceDirect e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram empregados os descritores: hantavírus, diagnóstico laboratorial, exames e zoonose, em português e inglês, no período de 2015 a 2022, sendo selecionados 19 artigos científicos em atendimento aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados e Discussão: Diversas técnicas diagnósticas podem ser empregadas em casos de hantavirose, sendo a biologia molecular a mais empregada, conjuntamente com a imunologia. Há outros recursos utilizados para monitoramento e evolução da doença, como a bioquímica, a hematologia e a imagenologia. Para a ocorrência de hantavirose é necessário um ambiente propício, clima específico e contato com hospedeiro suscetível, podendo evoluir para quadros assintomáticos ou sintomáticos com complicações graves. Conclusão: O diagnóstico dessa doença é desafiador e requer investigação detalhada que inclua a sintomatologia do paciente, o histórico de exposição a animais reservatórios e os resultados de exames laboratoriais. Como desfechos negativos da hantavirose incluem-se a febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal, a síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus e o óbito

Hantavirus is a worldwide distributed zoonosis that uses rodents, shrews, moles and bats as vectors. The symptoms of hantavirus infection resemble those of many diseases, so laboratory diagnosis is crucial for early treatment. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct a literature review on the characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus. Methods: This is an integrative literature review based on the PRISMA model, with a selection of studies in the Capes Portal de Periódicos, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Virtual Health Library databases, using the descriptors: hantavirus, laboratory diagnosis, exams, and zoonosis, in portuguese and english, from 2015 to 2022, and nineteen scientific articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Results and Discussion: Several techniques can be used in cases of hantavirus, with molecular biology being the most evidenced along with immunology. There are other parameters that are used for monitoring and evolution of the disease, such as biochemistry, hematology, and imaging. For the hantavirus disease, an adequate environment, specific climate and contact with a susceptible host are necessary, which may lead to asymptomatic conditions or symptoms with more serious complications. Conclusion: The diagnosis of this disease is challenging and requires detailed investigation that includes the patient's symptoms, the history of exposure to reservoir animals and the results of laboratory tests. Negative outcomes of hantavirus infection include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and death

Masticatory Myoelectric Side Modular Ratio Asymmetry during Maximal Biting in Women with and without Temporomandibular Disorders.

There is no consensus on the role of electromyographic analysis in detecting and characterizing the asymmetries of jaw muscle excitation in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). To analyze the TMD patients (n = 72) in comparison with the healthy controls (n = 30), the surface electromyography (sEMG) of the temporalis anterior muscle (TA) and masseter muscle (M) was recorded while a maximal biting task was performed. The differences in the asymmetry of the relationship between the masseter muscles were assessed in a module to determine the sensitivity (Sn) of binomial logistic models, based on the dominance of the TA or the M muscle, in accurately predicting the presence of TMD. All assumptions were met, and comparisons between the groups showed significant differences for the TA muscle ratio (p = 0.007), but not for the M muscle ratio (p = 0.13). The left side was predominant over the right side in the TMD group for both the TA (p = 0.02) and M muscles (p = 0.001), while the non-TMD group had a higher frequency of the right side. Binary logistic regression showed a significant model (χ2 = 9.53; p = 0.002) for the TA muscle with Sn = 0.843. The model for the M muscle also showed significance (χ2 = 8.03; p = 0.005) with Sn = 0.837. The TMD patients showed an increased TA muscle ratio and asymmetry of left dominance, compared to the healthy subjects. Both of the binomial logistic models, based on muscle dominance TA or M, were moderately sensitive for predicting the presence of TMD.

Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors.

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are hematopoietic neoplasms composed of mast cells. It is highly common in dogs and is extremely important in the veterinary oncology field. It represents the third most common tumor subtype, and is the most common malignant skin tumor in dogs, corresponding to 11% of skin cancer cases. The objective of this critical review was to present the report of the 2nd Consensus meeting on the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors, which was organized by the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET) in August 2021. The most recent information on cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs is presented and discussed.

Efficacy of cryotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous horn associated with papillomatosis in a dog.

Cutaneous horn is a skin disease with low incidence and few citations in the literature. This report describes a dog with multiple cutaneous lesions of papillomatosis and one giant cutaneous horn on the face. Two sessions of cryotherapy achieved complete remission of the lesions.

La corne cutanée est une maladie de la peau à faible incidence et peu citée dans la littérature. Cet article décrit un chien avec de multiples lésions cutanées de papillomatose et une corne cutanée géante sur la face. Deux séances de cryothérapie ont permis d'obtenir une rémission complète des lésions.

Los cuernos cutáneos son una lesion patológica de baja incidencia y con escasas menciones en la literatura. Este artículo describe un caso de un perro con multiples lesiones cutáneas de papilomatosis y un cuerno cutáneo gigante en la cara. Dos sesiones de crioterapia consiguieron una remisión completa de las lesiones.

O corno cutâneo é uma doença cutânea com baixa incidência e poucas citações na literatura. Este relato descreve um cão com múltiplas lesões cutâneas características de papilomatose e um corno cutâneo gigante na face. Houve remissão completa das lesões após duas sessões de crioterapia.

Capsulitis adhesiva del hombro. Comparación entre métodos de tratamiento conservador / Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: Comparison between conservative treatment methods

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados funcionales de tres protocolos distintos de tratamiento conservador en pacientes con capsulitis adhesiva del hombro. Materiales y Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes tratados por capsulitis adhesiva en nuestra institución, entre enero de 2016 y enero de 2019. Se compararon tres protocolos diferentes de tratamiento: grupo 1, bloqueo del nervio supraescapular con un anestésico local y corticoide, analgésicos y fisioterapia después del alivio del dolor; grupo 2, bloqueo del nervio supraescapular con anestésico local sin corticoide, analgésicos y fisioterapia; grupo 3, analgésicos y fisioterapia, sin bloqueo del nervio supraescapular. Se determinaron los resultados funcionales con la escala ASES y el resultado subjetivo con el SSV. Resultados: Se dividió en tres grupos a 46 pacientes tratados por capsulitis adhesiva. Los pacientes del grupo 3 tuvieron, en promedio, más sesiones de fisioterapia (30,31 ± 21,07). Los del grupo 2 recibieron la mayor cantidad promedio de bloqueos del nervio supraescapular (3,27 ± 1,22). Los resultados de los puntajes funcionales fueron: grupo 1 (15 pacientes): media 84 ASES y 84 SSV; grupo 2 (15 pacientes): media 93,40 ASES y 91,67 SSV; grupo 3 (16 pacientes): media 79,4 ASES y 80,63 SSV. Conclusiones: Las distintas formas de tratamiento conservador para la capsulitis adhesiva logran excelentes resultados. La analgesia mediante bloqueos seriados del nervio supraescapular con un anestésico y corticoide logró mejores resultados funcionales y subjetivos, y disminuyó la necesidad de administrar analgésicos y de sesiones de fisioterapia (grupo 1). Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To evaluate the functional outcomes of three different conservative treatment protocols in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Materials and Methods: Reviews of medical records were carried out on patients treated at the institution for adhesive capsulitis in the period between January 2016 and January 2019. 3 different treatment protocols were compared. Group 1; Suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) with local anesthetic and corticosteroid, analgesics, and physiotherapy after pain reduction. Group 2: SSNB with local anesthetic without corticosteroids, analgesics, and physiotherapy, and group 3: analgesics and physiotherapy, without SSNB. The functional outcomes were determined with the ASES scale and the subjective results were assessed with the SSV. Results:A total of 46 patients treated for adhesive capsulitis were divided into 3 groups. Group 3 presented a higher mean number of physiotherapy sessions (30.31±21.07). Group 2 had the highest mean number of SSN blocks (3.27±1.22). The results of the functional scores were: group 1 (15 patients): mean ASES 84 and mean SSV 84; group 2 (15 patients): mean ASES 93.40 and mean SSV 91.67; group 3 (16 patients): mean ASES 79.4 and mean SSV 80.63. Conclusion: The various forms of conservative treatment for adhesive capsulitis achieve excellent outcomes. Analgesia through serial blocks of the suprascapular nerve with an anesthetic and corticosteroid achieved better functional and subjective outcomes and decreased the need to administer analgesics and physiotherapy sessions (group 1). Level of Evidence: IV

Brazilian Government Strategies to Protect Women.

In 2018, 22,000,000 Brazilian women experienced some type of violence (either physical or psychological), and 42% of these episodes occurred in the domestic environment. Therefore, government strategies have been developed to solve this problem. This study aimed to (a) carry out a survey of Brazilian government strategies for the protection of women after the creation of the Maria da Penha Law (Law No. 11.340, 2006) and (b) discuss these strategies from the concept of cultural design. Sixteen laws, five decrees, and two ordinances were found and analyzed. In a general way, the analysis suggests that they are not effective cultural plans because most do not show long-term results, and some of the laws that typify crimes and those that relate to the aggressor's behavior do not specify the target behaviors, so there is no explicit contingency. Despite this, such strategies are relevant, as they end up providing the protective context for women from a social, legal, and political point of view. Finally, it is expected that the discussions raised in the present work can help prepare interventions that favor socially beneficial cultural practices.

Slip and momentum transfer mechanisms mediated by Janus rods at polymer interfaces.

As an incipient but preeminent technology for multiphase nanomaterials/fluids, exact compatibilizing mechanisms of Janus particles in polymer blends and the consequent morphology remain unknown. The contributions of Janus nanorods to slip suppression and momentum transfer across the interface have been explored through dissipative particle dynamics simulations under shear flow at unentangled polymer-polymer interfaces. Rods have been then grafted with flexible polymer chains to unveil interfacial structure-property relationships at a molecular level when compared with flexible diblock copolymer surfactants. When Janus rods are sparsely grafted with necessarily longer grafts, they favor a greater degree of graft interpenetration with polymer phases. This yields less effective momentum transfer that impacts droplet coalescence processes; dynamic heterogeneities at complex interfaces; and helps map their efficiency as compatibilizers.

Dynamic Interfacial Trapping of Janus Nanorod Aggregates.

Taking advantage of both shape and chemical anisotropy on the same nanoparticle offers rich self-assembly possibilities for nanotechnology. Through dissipative particle dynamics calculations, in the present work, the directed assembly of Janus nanorod aggregates and their capability to assemble into metastable novel structures at an interfacial level have been assessed. Symmetric Janus rods become kinetically trapped and exhibit either parallel or antiparallel alignment with respect to their long axis (different compositions). This depends on several factors that have been mapped herein and that can be precisely tuned: Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ between polymer phases; concentration; shear rate; and even aggregate shape. Ultimately, two different aggregate structures result from rod tumbling that are not observed under quiescent conditions: monolayer-like aggregates exhibiting trapped rods with antiparallel configuration; and stacked nanorod arrays similar to superlattice sheets. These different structures can be controlled by the likelihood with which tumbling Janus rods encounter other aggregate portions showing parallel alignment. Hence, the present study offers fundamental insight into relevant parameters that govern the directed assembly of Janus nanoparticles at an interfacial level. Novel applications may potentially derive from the resulting aggregate structures, such as peculiar displays and sensors.

Feasibility and performance of a frameless stereotactic system for targeting subcortical nuclei in nonhuman primates.

OBJECTIVE: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for different neurological diseases, despite the lack of comprehension of its mechanism of action. The use of nonhuman primates (NHPs) has been historically important in advancing this field and presents a unique opportunity to uncover the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS, opening the way for optimization of current applications and the development of new ones. To be informative, research using NHPs should make use of appropriate electrode implantation tools. In the present work, the authors report on the feasibility and accuracy of targeting different deep brain regions in NHPs using a commercially available frameless stereotactic system (microTargeting platform). METHODS: Seven NHPs were implanted with DBS electrodes, either in the subthalamic nucleus or in the cerebellar dentate nucleus. A microTargeting platform was designed for each animal and used to guide implantation of the electrode. Imaging studies were acquired preoperatively for each animal, and were subsequently analyzed by two independent evaluators to estimate the electrode placement error (EPE). The interobserver variability was assessed as well. RESULTS: The radial and vector components of the EPE were estimated separately. The magnitude of the vector of EPE was 1.29 ± 0.41 mm and the mean radial EPE was 0.96 ± 0.63 mm. The interobserver variability was considered negligible. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal the suitability of this commercial system to enhance the surgical insertion of DBS leads in the primate brain, in comparison to rigid traditional frames. Furthermore, our results open up the possibility of performing frameless stereotaxy in primates without the necessity of relying on expensive methods based on intraoperative imaging.

O uso da membrana amniótica como substituto do tendão calcaneano: estudo experimental / Using amniotic membrane to replace calcaneus tendon. An experimental study

Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento biológico da membrana amniótica, através de análise histológica, após implantação como enxerto do tendão calcaneano de coelhos. Métodos: Foi produzida uma lesão cirúrgica completa, com ressecção de 2cm do tendão calcaneano, na pata traseira direita de 60 coelhos machos jovens. A lesão foi tratada com enxerto de membrana amniótica humana em 30 animais (grupo A) e nos 30 restantes (grupo B) serviu como controle. A resolução da lesão foi acompanhada por seis, oito e 12 semanas, após o que os animais foram sacrificados e as peças submetidas a análise macroscópica e microscópica (técnicas histológicas, histoquímicas e imunomarcação). Na análise microscópica foi observado que, com o tempo de resolução, o colágeno, de início desorganizado, se reorganizou, a reação inflamatória desapareceu, embora em um animal do subgrupo de 12 semanas notou-se o aparecimento de células gigantes de corpo estranho e, em alguns animais com oito semanas, ocorreu uma reação alérgica representada pelo grande número de mastócitos na área tendão-membrana. Não houve a participação de miofibroblastos no processo de remodelação, demonstrando que a vasculogênese foi adequada; com aumento temporário de proteoglicanas ácidas durante a etapa de fibrilogênese em áreas do tendão e pouca participação de fibras elásticas e glicoproteínas neutras durante o processo. Resultado: A membrana amniótica comportou-se como biocompatível diferenciando-se em tecido semelhante ao preexistente (tendinoso). Conclusão: A membrana amniótica humana, quando usada em experimento, em animais, mostrou-se eficiente como elemento reparador de lesões tendinosas...

A inconsequencia de Helleborus / The Helleborus' inconsequence

A partir da iniciativa de alguns alunos do Curso de Pos-Graduacao em Homeopatia da APH, com finalidade de dramatizacao e apresentacao de materia medica, comecamos a estudar o medicamento Helleborus niger. a escolha deste foi praticamente casual, e muito surpresos ficamos quando percebemos a gama de sintomas caracteristicos que se apresentavam, e que existia uma ligacao, um eixo, que os unia. Com isto conseguimos, segundo estes parametros, determinar uma dinamica teorica bastante interessante, inteiramente baseada nos sintomas descritos na materia medica