Virchow and Troy.

The Trojan war occupies an important place in Greek mythology. Homer describes this in detail in his epic works of "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey." The ancient town of Troy is located south of the Dardanelles Strait in Turkey. Until the late nineteenth century, scientists thought that the Trojan War was a legend. German businessman and amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) began excavations in Troy. The Turkish Empire (Ottoman Empire) granted excavation permission in 1871 on the condition that the artifacts discovered would be preserved and exhibited. Schliemann found "the treasure of the Trojan king Priam" in 1873. He smuggled the treasure to Athens. In 1874, the Ottoman government discovered this and went after the treasure. They sued Schliemann in Athens. According to archaeologists, the treasure dates back to 2600-2400 BC. The horde that Schliemann found could not have belonged to the Trojan King Priam. It was during this time that Schliemann met Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). Virchow was interested in anthropology and prehistory. The Turkish state granted Schliemann new permission to conduct excavations. Virchow stayed in Troy for a month in 1879 as an excavation site physician. He provided health care services to the excavation workers and local people and made observations. Virchow came to Troy once again in March 1890 to attend the second Trojan conference organized by Schliemann. Virchow was also an influential politician in Berlin. He was a member of the Berlin City Council. Thanks to the relations established with Chancellor Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm, Virchow ensured that the Treasure of Priam would be permanently transferred to Berlin from London (it is currently at the Victoria and Albert Museum), where it was temporarily exhibited. Trojan treasures were exhibited in the Ethnological Museum (Völkerkundemuseum) and in the Martin-Gropius Bau (formerly Kunstgewerbemuseum -The Decorative Arts Museum) until 1945. After the Soviet Army entered Berlin following the Second World War, the treasure was lost. It was discovered in 1994 that the treasure was at the Pushkin Museum.

Siegfried Oberndorfer (1874-1944) - A "prophet" not recognized in his own land.

On March 21, 1933, the German National Socialist Party banned Jewish doctors from practicing medicine in Germany. Soon after, it was decided to boycott Jewish businessmen, Jewish products and Jewish lawyers and all Jews were banned from working as civil servants. Professor Siegfried Oberndorfer was forced to retire from his post at the Munich Schwabing Hospital's Pathological Institute where he served as the director for 21 years and had to emigrate to Turkey. Obendorfer is known for his description and introduction of the term "carcinoid tumor". A brilliant pathologist, physician, and investigator, he contributed extensively to the pathology literature in many other areas. In Turkey, which he considered as his second home, he was appointed as the director of the newly created Department of General and Experimental Pathology at Istanbul University. There he continued his research and trained countless pathologists, and in 1937 he was the force behind the creation of the first Institute of Cancer of Istanbul University. Obendorfer died in 1944 due to complications of a mediastinal tumor. His wife was allowed to emigrate to Medellin, Colombia, where her three children resided. In September 2007, Obendorfer's grandson, Walter L. Castrillon-Obendorfer, a doctor in Colombia, was invited together with the son and daughter of Phillip Schwartz, another German refugee who emigrated to Turkey during the Nazi period in Europe, and were awarded a plaque in honor of their namesakes at the European Congress of Pathology held in Istanbul. The legacy of Obendorfer, who was a "prophet" that was not recognized in his own land, continues to this day.

German pathology professor Philipp Schwartz: His enduring life from Frankfurt to Istanbul during the Second World War era: A "forgotten savior".

Many scientists were forced to leave Germany mostly under challenging circumstances as a result of the pressure applied to anti-Nazi German scientists and artists (mostly from the medical field) who were or were not of Jewish origin before World War II. They emigrated primarily to the United States, Switzerland, Turkey and South America. Two eminent pathology professors, namely Prof. Philipp Schwartz (from Frankfurt) and Prof. Sigfried Oberndorfer (from Munich) came to Istanbul University. They regarded Turkey as their second homeland. They were obliged to leave Germany due to mounting pressure. Schwartz settled in his father-in-law's house in Zurich. Schwartz was an organizer. He established the "Emergency Society of German Scholars Abroad" (Notgemeinschaft) to gather German scientists and artists in his situation. During the same period, the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk wanted to apply reforms at Istanbul University to make it attain a Western structure. He invited Swiss pedagogue Prof. Malche and asked him to prepare a report for this purpose. Malche highlighted the need for Western experts is advised. Contact was made with Schwartz's organization in Switzerland. Numerous scientists specialized in almost all fields of science starting with medicine as well as many artists came to Istanbul University and other public institutions. Schwartz established the Pathology Department at Istanbul University while Prof. Oberndorfer established the Department of Experimental Pathology at the same university. Schwartz enabled pathology to gain a contemporary identity in Turkey. Pathology was mostly focused on autopsy during those years. Schwartz attached importance to the pathology training of medical students. He initiated clinico-pathology classes and encouraged surgeons to take a biopsy for surgical pathology. He produced numerous publications. Schwartz worked in Turkey for 19 years and then moved to the US. Thus, a generation of pathologists following the footsteps of Schwartz was raised in Turkey. Frankfurt University, in which he was obliged to leave, erected a stele in his memory at the entrance of the main hospital building. Schwartz thus became an unforgotten savior.

Geographic Distribution, Number, and Types of Papers Published in International Cytopathology Journals in the Last 5.5 Years: A Preliminary Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the geographic distribution and number of papers published in international and Science Citation Index (SCI)-indexed cytology journals based on their country of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A country-based geographic analysis of studies published over a 5.5-year period from January 2016 to June 2021 in 5 cytopathology journals indexed as SCI and SCI-E with an impact factor higher than 1 (Cancer Cytopathology, Cytopathology, Diagnostic Cytopathology, Acta Cytologica, and CytoJournal) and papers categorized as "original" and "other" was performed. RESULTS: A total of 3,063 papers were found, with 1,466 (47.8%) categorized as "original" papers and 1,597 (52.1%) designated as "other" papers. These papers were submitted from 62 different countries. The five countries with the greatest number of papers were the USA (38.4%), India (16.8%), Japan (7.4%), Italy (5.5%), and Brazil (3.1%). A general subgroup analysis was also performed on the original studies without a country breakdown. Cytomorphological, cytomorphological-immunohistochemical, and molecular assessments compose 38.5%, 45.7%, and 15% of the subgroups, respectively. CONCLUSION: The number of academic papers originating from developing countries in the field of cytopathology has increased in recent years. Although most scientific papers are produced in developed countries, the rate in these countries is much lower than that in some developing countries as the rate of academic growth in developed countries has stabilized. Despite the widespread and sophisticated implementation of cytology in daily practice in Western European countries outside the UK, such as Germany and the Netherlands, and in Scandinavian countries and other developed countries, such as Australia and Canada, these countries rank in the middle to lower end of countries producing cytology papers. Meanwhile, there has been an increase in the number of cytology papers published by authors from Southern European countries, such as Italy (ranked 4th) and Spain (ranked 6th), and Turkey (ranked 8th). There is a remarkable increase in cytology papers originating from Asia, particularly India, Japan, and China. SUMMARY: We aimed to present a basic survey of the geographic distribution of manuscript submissions to high-impact cytopathology journals and to point out emerging trends in cytology utilization and basic research. However, our results show that the landscape of cytology is changing and suggest geographic regions that are ripe for the production of novel "points of view" and new research findings.

Diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration cytology and core biopsy histopathology with or without immunohistochemical staining in the subtyping of the non-small cell lung carcinomas: Experience from an academic centre in Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective morphological study compared the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, haematoxylin-eosin (HE)-stained samples and immunohistochemical (IHC)-stained core needle biopsy (CNB) histology samples for primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtyping. We assessed the diagnostic utility of these methods to investigate the contribution of each method to NSCLC subtyping. We also identified the point at which NSCLC subtyping could be performed using histomorphology alone without IHC. METHODOLOGY: Concurrent FNA and CNB specimens obtained via a single computed tomography-guided procedure and diagnosed as NSCLC in the Pathology Department of our university within 3 years were reviewed. The results of FNA samples, HE-stained biopsies and IHC-stained biopsies were compared according to subtype. RESULTS: A total of 141 subjects were enrolled in the study. For subtyping, FNA provided an accurate diagnosis in 70 (55.1%) of 127 eligible subjects after the exclusion of 14 cases determined as not otherwise specified. CNB histology without IHC achieved a diagnosis in 53 (41.7%) of 127 subjects, which was a significant difference (P < .05). The compatibility rate between HE-stained biopsy samples and IHC-stained biopsy samples was 41.7% (53/127). CONCLUSION: The diagnosis rates achieved using FNA, HE-stained CNB samples and IHC-stained CNB samples were 54.6% (77/141), 37.6% (53/141) and 90.1% (127/141), respectively. The subtype was identified in 55.1% of the subjects evaluated using FNA and 41.7% of subjects assessed using HE-stained biopsy samples without IHC. FNA provided a better result for squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma (55.1% vs 47.6%), but the diagnosing of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma using HE-stained biopsy samples was similar (42% vs 41.7%).

Mutual influences in the development of pathology and medicine in Austria and Turkey.

The Imperial Medical School (Mektebi Tibbiye­i Sahane), established in Istanbul in 1839 as the first medical school, in the Western sense, took the Josephinum Military Medical Academy in Vienna as an example, and this led to a period of flourishing in terms of Austrian-Turkish medical relationships. Dr. Karl Ambros Bernard, Dr. Jacob Anton Neuer and pharmacist Jacob Hoffmann came to Istanbul in 1938 with the support of Prince Metternich, the Prime Minister of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time, and the recommendation of the private physician of the prince, a famous ophthalmologist at the University of Vienna. Subsequently, Sigmund Spitzer, who was a professor of anatomy at the University of Vienna, came to Istanbul as well. Through the efforts of Bernard and Spitzer, the new Ottoman sultan, Abdülmecid, granted authorization for the use of cadavers and autopsies for the first time in 1841, though only of Christian prisoners who had died in prison. Prof. Hyrtl, from the Medical School of Vienna, sent educational materials from his own collection for use in anatomy education. A botanist named Noe as well as Dr. Wachbicher and Prof. Lorenz Rigler also came to Istanbul. Wachbicher and Rigler worked at the school of medicine and the military hospital. This period, spanning 1839-1856, was a critical period in the Westernization of Turkish medicine. After Metternich, the Austrian government stopped sending physicians to Istanbul to assist the medical school. However, many physicians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire served in the Ottoman army until World War I. Atatürk, the founder of the modern Republic of Turkey, carried out a reform of the university system in 1933. Many scientists of Jewish origin who had escaped from Nazi oppression and many anti-Nazi German and Austrian scientists came to Turkey. An ENT professor named Erich Ruttin and a professor of radiology named Dr. Max Sgalitzer worked at Istanbul Medical School.

Role of German-speaking scholars in the development of pathology in Turkey.

The Westernization efforts initiated in the Ottoman Empire (also historically known as the Turkish Empire) in the 1800s also addressed medical training. Sultan Mahmud II opened a Western-style medical school, the Imperial School of Medicine, in Galatasaray, Istanbul, in 1839. Dr. Karl Ambros Bernard (1808-1895) from Vienna, who was educated at the Josephinum Military Medical Academy, was appointed as the director. The Sultan allowed the use of cadavers and autopsies, provided that they were carried out on deceased Christians. Dr. Sigmund Spitzer (1813-1895) from Vienna joined the medical school as an anatomy and dissection specialist in 1839. In the pre-World War I period, Professor Robert Reider (1861-1913) from the University of Bonn and Professor Georg Deycke (1865-1938) from Eppendorf Hospital in Hamburg came to Istanbul to train Turkish military doctors in postgraduate studies. The Gulhane Military Postgraduate Education & Training Hospital was opened in 1898. A student of the hospital, Hamdi Suat, was sent to Germany to specialize in pathology. He completed his education under the supervision of Professor Marchand (1846-1928). Professor Hamdi Suat Aknar (1873-1936) is regarded as the founder of pathology in Turkey. The Nazi pressure on scientists of Jewish origin during the pre-World War II period led to the emigration of scientists from Germany to Turkey. Professors P. Schwartz (1894-1977) from Frankfurt University and S. Oberndorfer (1876-1943) from Munich-the latter of whom was the first to define carcinoid tumors-took charge at Istanbul University, where they established the contemporary under-postgraduate pathology education and training system.

Erratum to: Role of German-speaking scholars in the development of pathology in Turkey.

Erratum to: WienMed Wochenschr 2019 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-019-0686-y Unfortunately, the legend of Fig. 2 contained a mistake. Please find the correct one below.The correct year dates of Dr. Rigler's stay in Istanbul, published on page 4 of the original version, must be as follows:Dr. Lorenz.

Pseudoglandular schwannoma mimicking alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: A diagnostic challenge on fine-needle cytology.

Pseudoglandular schwannoma (PGS) is a rare morphological variant of benign schwannoma. PGS is quite distinct from the somewhat better characterized glandular schwannoma variant. PGS is characterized by the presence of gland-like structures lined with pseudocolumnar or cuboidal-like neoplastic Schwann cells lining variably sized cystic space cells. Herein, we describe a rare case of PGS in a 17-year-old adolescent boy with a neck mass 8.5 cm in diameter present for 2 years with a recent increase in size. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) demonstrated abundant rhabdoid-like cuboidal cells, plasmacytoid cells, binucleation, clusters of round to oval cells with scant cytoplasm, and a lack of stromal cells with spindle or oval nuclei. These findings were challenging and were reminiscent of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma on FNA. Magnetic resonance imaging was also suggestive of malignancy. However, the histologic picture and the immunohistochemical analysis of the resected mass were consisted with PGS. The numerous rhabdoid-like cuboidal neoplastic Schwann cells with a plasmacytoid appearance, paving cystic spaces, and the lack of blunt-ended proliferating stromal cells on smears mimicked alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma on FNA. To our knowledge, cytological features of PGS have not been previously reported. This is the first published report of an unusual PGS case located in the neck region causing a diagnostic dilemma on cytology.

Simultaneous occurrence of Kaposi sarcoma and tuberculosis; Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma in the same lymph node: a report on two HIV-positive patients from Zimbabwe.

Reports of simultaneous infections and neoplasms in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are occasionally seen in the literature. However, coexistent lymphoma with tuberculosis, and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with tuberculosis occurring in the same lymph node is rare. Coexistent lesions pose diagnostic difficulties. In this article, we report two HIV-positive patients from Zimbabwe who displayed KS and tuberculosis; KS and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the same lymph node. We found only one similar case presentation in the literature, which was reported in India.

Simultaneous occurrence of Kaposi sarcoma and tuberculosis; Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma in the same lymph node: a report on two HIV-positive patients from Zimbabwe

Abstract Reports of simultaneous infections and neoplasms in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are occasionally seen in the literature. However, coexistent lymphoma with tuberculosis, and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with tuberculosis occurring in the same lymph node is rare. Coexistent lesions pose diagnostic difficulties. In this article, we report two HIV-positive patients from Zimbabwe who displayed KS and tuberculosis; KS and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the same lymph node. We found only one similar case presentation in the literature, which was reported in India.

Cytomorphological Analysis of Thyroid Nodules Diagnosed as Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Fine Needle Aspiration Study of Diagnostic Clues in 42 Cases and the Impact of Using Bethesda System in Reporting-an Institutional Experience.

Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) is the second most common subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after classical PTC (cPTC). Follicular thyroid lesions such as follicular adenomas/carcinomas, FVPTC, and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) pose some diagnostic challenges for FNAC. In this study, we aimed to explore whether FNAC can demonstrate diagnostic clues by re-evaluating cytology slides from histopathologically diagnosed FVPTC cases. A total of 42 patients were enrolled in this study: patients were diagnosed with FVPTC via surgical resection between 2006 and 2016, and all patients were subjected to preoperative FNAC, which was conducted at either a private center or at the teaching hospital of Kocaeli University and reported by the same cytopathologist (NP). Clinical and cytomorphological characteristics were reviewed by both authors .Most cases (76.2%) are diagnosed either Bethesda IV or V. The majority of cases had a high cellularity (38/42; 90.5%), and the most frequent observations were monolayer and large syncytial groups of cells (95.2%). While microfollicular structures were observed in 30 (71.4%) cases, nuclear crowding and large naked nuclei were observed in all cases. Nuclear grooves were sparsely detected in 23 (54.8%) cases, and nuclear pseudoinclusions were detected in only six (14.3%) cases. Because thyrocytes often have a mixed architecture in FVPTC, despite a distinct follicular morphology, we believe that nuclear overcrowding, enlargement, and hyperchromasia in cases presenting with increased cellularity are notable clues for the cytodiagnosis of FVPTC. We believe that the primary aim of FNAC in such cases is to give preoperative diagnosis as either category IV or V. Nuclear crowding, monolayered clusters with large syncytial formations, nuclear enlargement, and hyperchromasia are notable cytomorphologic clues for the diagnosis of FVPTC on FNAC.

Cytopathologist-performed and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology enhances diagnostic accuracy and avoids pitfalls: An overview of 20 years of personal experience with a selection of didactic cases.

Over the last few decades, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) has emerged as a SAFE (Simple, Accurate, Fast, Economical) diagnostic tool based on the morphologic evaluation of cells. The first and most important step in obtaining accurate results from FNA is to procure sufficient and representative material from the lesion and to appropriately transfer this material to the laboratory. Unfortunately, the most important aspect of this task occurs beyond the control of the cytopathologist, a key reason for obtaining unsatisfactory results with FNA. There is growing interest in the field of cytology in "cytopathologist-performed ultrasound (US)-guided FNA," which has been reported to yield accurate results. The first author has been applying FNA in his own private cytopathology practice with a radiologist and under the guidance of US for more than 20 years. This study retrospectively reviews the utility of this practice. We present a selection of didactic examples under different headings that highlight the application of FNA by a cytopathologist, accompanied by US, under the guidance of a radiologist, in the form of an "outpatient FNA clinic." The use of this technique enhances diagnostic accuracy and prevents pitfalls. The highlights of each case are also outlined as "take-home messages."