[Intracellular brain regeneration: a new view].

Mechanism of neuron regeneration in the cortex was discovered. Heterokaryon, a cell with two distinct nuclei, is formed by the fusion of neuron with oligodendrocyte. We showed that oligodendrocyte nucleus in heterokaryons is exposed to neuron-specific reprogramming. Oligodendrocyte nucleus becomes similar to neuron nucleus and in result of reprogramming is undefined from it according to morphology (size, shape, chromatin structure). Reprogrammed oligodendrocyte nuclei begin to express the neural specific markers NeuN and MAP2. Rate of transcription in the oligodendrocyte nuclei increases as in neurons. After completion of neuron-specific reprogrammin, second nucleus appears in neuron which increases the functional capacity of the cell. We present evidence that this process is the basis of physiological and reparative regeneration of the brain.

[A simple method for quantification of modified low-density lipoproteins].

A simple method for quantification of modified low-density lipoproteins (mLDL) in the blood serum containing 8.9% polyvinylpyrrolidone solution 12600 +/- 2700 has been developed. The results show that 10 min incubation of serum in a buffer containing 8.9% PVP leads to complete aggregation mLDL. Atherogenicity of aggregated mLDLs is experimentally confirmed by two independent tests (mLDLs bind and activate the complement system of a guinea pig (pro-inflammatory effect) and cause platelet hyperaggregation (thrombogenic effect)). The proposed method is simple and involves only two steps: mixing the serum with a solution of PVP and recording the turbidity. The method allows to register the presence of mLDL directly in serum without its prior fractionation.

[The regeneratory potential of platelet in local brain inflammation under microgravity].

A hemorrhagic stroke model that provides the long-term presence of test materials in the focus has been constructed. A lesion is induced in the motor cerebral cortical region. The lesion location and locomotor dysfunction are reproducible. The presence of platelets in the focus reduces the extent and volume of hemorrhages, increases the number and diameter of newly formed vessels, and attracts a macrophage population not found in the control, which is identified from green granules and perivascular location. Motor function is restored more rapidly than in the control. The impact of microgravity is opposite to that of platelets. There are increases in blood congestion, hemorrhage area and postoperative mortality and a reduction in the population of macrophages with green granules. No motor function recovery was observed during a 7-day follow-up.

[Structural and functional features of the rats' prefrontal cortex following 14-day suspension].

Effects of 14-d suspension on the processes of rats' nervous cells conjugation in the brain cognitive cortex were studied. Signs of cognitive functions degradation and decrease of the number of conjugated nervous cells were found in the experimental group after suspension. This evidence are qualified as a negative effect of suspension on memory and physiological regeneration of neurons.

Fluorescent microscopic study of endocytosis of nanoparticles by platelets.

We propose a method of precise measurement of the content of nanoparticles carrying a fluorescent label in platelets. Examination under a broadband filter does not allow distinguishing platelets containing and not containing nanoparticles despite different staining of platelets and nanoparticles. Print Screen image of the sample made at the moment of sample motion divides the colors of nanoparticles and platelets and yields two clear-cut spots of different colors on the monitor indicating the presence of nanoparticles in platelets.

The role of cell fusion in physiological and reparative regeneration of the cerebral cortex.

The prefrontal (cognitive) cerebral cortex of rats was studied by morphological and physiological methods 56 days after stroke induced by photothrombosis. The cognitive capacity impaired after the intervention was completely restored by this time. The count of fused cells (dikaryons) increased significantly in experimental and sham-operated (control) animals in comparison with the early period (7 days) after surgery. Normalization of the dikaryon and mononuclear cell structure was observed after 56 days. Presumably, cell fusion promotes their morphological restoration and regeneration of the lost functional capacity. Fusion is regarded as a manifestation of physiological and reparative regeneration of the cortex.

Radioautographic study of palatine tonsillar cells.

Proliferative and functional (protein producing) activities of palatine tonsillar cells were studied by light radioautography (semithin sections). 3H-Thymidine incorporation demonstrated the dynamics of renewal of palatine tonsillar cell populations in various pathological states. 3H-Uridine labeling objectively evaluated functional activity of different cells and more accurately showed distribution of destructive processes in the organ.

[Morphological radioautographic study of the palatine tonsils in chronic tonsillitis and healthy subjects].

A pilot morphological (radioautographic) study of healthy and affected palatine tonsils (in hypertrophy and toxic-allergic form of chronic tonsillitis) in children and adults has shown that intensity of biosynthetic processes (protein-synthetic -- RNA synthesis and proliferative activity -- DNA synthesis) in the cells of palatine tonsils and structural changes of their tissues depend on characteristics of pathological process. Microbial penetration into the tonsils with formation of an active focus of chronic infection is traced.

Proliferative activity of adipocytes in adipose tissue tumors.

Electron-autoradiographic study of normal and tumor-transformed adipose tissue (common lipoma and destructive lipoma, i.e. infiltrating and degrading lipoma) showed the capacity of adipose tissue cells in lipomas, especially in destructive lipomas, to proliferation and differentiation. In vivo synthesis of DNA in mature adipocytes not observed previously is described. The role of microvascular wall cells as mesenchymal multipotent precursors in the formation of the adipose tissue is discussed. The involvement of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in this process cannot be ruled out.

[Proliferation of fat cells in lipomas]. / O proliferatsii zhirovykh kletok v lipomakh.

Common lipomas and destructive ones (intramuscular, infiltrating, necrotizing and destroying surrounding tissues) were studied in 9 patients electron-microscopically and radioautographically. The adequacy of necrotizing processes and regeneration was observed: normal fat tissue-lipoma-destructive lipoma. In the latter besides pronounced destruction of tissue (adipocytes, vessels, muscles at the border with tumour), there was accelerated differentiation of preadipocytes from the cells-precursors (fibroblasts and undifferentiated cells of the vascular wall), hypertrophy of preadipocytes (their size and number of nuclei increase) and their proliferation. The process of malignant transformation in a destructive lipoma may be so much pronounced that DNA synthesis may be observed in the mature lipocyte (this has not been described so far).

Morphological changes in the anterior abdominal wall of rats with peritonitis and implanted synthetic film.

Histological study and electron microscopy of the anterior abdominal wall and laparotomy wound closed using a polytetrafluoroethylene film was performed on rats with experimental peritonitis. We studied 4 types of polytetrafluoroethylene films differing in the size of micropores and technology of treatment. The tissue response differed after implantation of various films. A multilayer film with minimum size of pores was optimal to repair the laparotomy wound.

[Efficacy of clinical-serologic diagnosis of wound infection in burned patients]. / Izuchenie éffektivnosti kliniko-serologicheskoi diagnostiki ranevoi infektsii u obozhzhennykh.

Titer of antibodies to microorganisms obtained from wound and blood of 46 patients with burns of IIIAB--IV degree was studied. The majority of the burned patients have ability to synthesize antibodies. Agglutination of the bacteria by antibodies promoted location of infectious agent in primary focus and impeded bacteria to spread into blood and generalization of process. Not all microorganisms of wound provoke antibodies synthesis, i.e. wound infection. Therefore bacteriologic study must be supplemented by serum diagnosis. Detection of bacteria in the blood without serologic data do not permit to consider these bacteria as etiologic factor of wound infection.

[Immune status in diabetic patients with pyo-necrotic lesions of lower extremities]. / Sostoianie immuniteta u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom s gnoino-nekroticheskim porazheniem nizhnikh konechnostei.

Long-term and severe pyonecrotic processes in diabetic patients testify to severe disorders of immune system in this disease. High titer of antibodies to tested autostrain demonstrated its etiologic role in infectious process. The study group consisted of 29 patients (with diabetic pyonecrotic foot lesions), control group--17 patients with burns of III a, b--IV stage affecting from 20 to 60% of body surface. In diabetic patients antibodies titer to the most encountered infectious agents Staphilococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was lower than in burn patients with immunity deficiency. Decrease of antibodies titer in diabetic patients testifies to high insufficiency of B-immunity.

[Substantiation and varieties of complex surgical treatment tactics for pyo-necrotic forms of diabetic foot]. / Obosnovanie i varianty taktiki kompleksnogo khirurgicheskogo lecheniia gnoino-nekroticheskikh form "diabeticheskoi stopy".

For the period from 1996 to 1998 in the Division of wounds and wound infection of A.V. Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery 92 patients with pyonecrotic forms of "diabetic foot" underwent thorough examination and treatment. The patients were divided into groups by the form of "diabetic foot": with pyonecrotic forms of "diabetic foot" without critical ischemia (group 1) and with it (group 2). In 18 patients of both groups the data of electron autoradiography were used to reveal peculiarities of the wound process. Group 1 patients had at admittance a large number of neutrophiles in various stages of destruction in biopsies of the wound. In patients of group 2 a great majority of the vessels in biopsies of the wound were in different stages of destruction with lost connections between their separate cells or some of their part absent. Separate cells (endotheliocytes and pericytes) which make up the walls of destroying vessels, were synthesizing RNA and were functionally active. In both groups, the studied parts of the wound before plastic repair of its defect usually represented as well developed granulation tissues with a number of microvessels and cells. Intensive synthesis of PNA in the cells of microvascular wall evidenced of their high functional activity, and the synthesis of DNA in them showed their ability for proliferation, i.g.--for growth. Thus, microangiopathy was reversible, and the solution of the problem of critical ischemia should be considered in the light of macroangiopathy. Thus, in patients of group 1 the cause of pyonecrotic damage consists in infection process, while in patients of group 2--in combination of infection with ischemia of the extremity. In both groups pyonecrotic disease of the extremity ruses at the background of severe disturbances of cellular immunity.

[A morphological and electron radioautographic study of the wound in the diabetic foot syndrome]. / Morfologicheskoe i élektronno-radioavtograficheskoe izuchenie rany pri sindrome diabeticheskoi stopy.

Two groups of patients with a grave form of diabetes mellitus type I and II with diabetic foot syndrome have been examined. Group 1 (21 cases) consisted of patients whose foot was amputated. The cause of the necrotic process was ischemia produced by alteration of the arterial vessels aggravated by infection. Patients of group 2 (18 cases) were treated with resultant wound healing and foot preservation. The material was subdivided into two subgroups: 1) tissue from the "infectious" foot with great amount of bacteria and inflammation reaction; 2) tissue from the "ischemic" foot with considerable alterations of microvessels structure. In both groups well developed granulation tissue was observed after the treatment; almost all the cells of this tissue included 3H-uridin and labelling with 3H-thymidine was increased in fibroblasts, endotheliocytes and pericytes.

[Clinico-laboratory effectiveness of modern ointments with a polyethylene glycol base in the treatment of purulent wounds]. / Kliniko-laboratornaia éffektivnost' sovremennykh mazei na poliétilenglikolevoi osnove pri lechenii gnoinykh ran.

The 25-year experience with the underbandage treatment of soft tissue purulent wounds of various location and genesis with modern ointments with polyethylene glycol as the basis was analyzed. Levocin, levomecole, dioxycole, 5-percent dioxydinic, 1-percent iodopyronic, 0.5-percent quinifuryl and furagel ointments proved to preserve their high activity against aerobic grampositive and gramnegative flora. 10-percent mafenide acetate ointment had a high selective effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The new ointments nitacid and streptonitole containing nitazole and white streptocide were highly active against both aerobic and anaerobic infections. The use of the ointments with the polyethylene glycol as the basis made it possible to decrease 2 times the period of the patient hospitalization in surgical units and to shorten the terms of the systemic antibacterial therapy. The marked therapeutic effect of such ointments due to their high dehydrating capacity and broad antibacterial spectrum enabled to consider them as the drugs of choice in the local treatment of purulent wounds during the 1st phase of the wound process, trophic and decubic ulcers, infected burns, diabetic and atherosclerotic gangrene, furuncles, carbuncles, mastitis, etc. The ointments in the water soluble vehicle can be as well used with success for the prophylactic treatment of infected wounds after the suture. The multitarget effect of the ointments in the water soluble vehicle and their ability to prevent severe purulent complications permitted to consider them as the 1st order drugs in cases of emergency.