Performance of the SolWat system operating in static mode vs. dynamic for wastewater treatment: Power generation and obtaining reclaimed water.

Two hybrid SolWat systems operating in static (without flow circulation) versus dynamic (with flow circulation) mode were simultaneously compared. This work aims to demonstrate the viability of SolWat in dynamic mode to: a) adapt to the operation of the WWTP with a continuous flow, in which the wastewater flows continuously for treatment, b) treat a larger volume of water in the system and c) increase the cooling of the PV modules thanks to the cooling of the temperature of the water sample to improve the energy efficiency in the system. Real secondary wastewater effluents from wastewater treatment plants were used, using solar energy for water disinfection and photovoltaic energy production, in order to use the SolWat systems and implement it as a tertiary treatment. A total of five experiments were performed during autumn, winter, spring and summer. Solar disinfection of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens was assessed, and physicochemical parameters were also analysed. The UV dose received by the SolWat systems was the same, but not for the microorganisms in the water sample. The static SolWat irradiated a particle (microorganism) for 4 h, while the dynamic SolWat irradiated intermittently, so the latter system received a shorter UV exposure time, and therefore a lower UV dose. Results indicated that, although the microorganisms did not obtain the absolute bacterial inactivation during the SODIS treatment in any SolWat system, adequate inactivation levels were achieved to allow the reuse of the water for various uses (Royal Decree 1620/2007, Regulation (EU) 2020/741), although to a lesser extent for SolWat in dynamic mode, which treated twice the volume of water and reached cooler temperatures. C. perfringens proved to be the most resistant bacterium tested. The total photovoltaic energy production in the dynamic mode system was more energy efficient than the static mode, being even more efficient than the single PV reference system during the spring (3.5%) and summer (2.7%) test, due to the compensating effect by the cooling of the water on the photovoltaic module against the losses caused by radiation.

Deactivating environmental strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens from a real wastewater effluent using UV-LEDs.

Environmental bacteria strains are known to be more resistant but studies on UV-LEDs are scarce, especially for Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus faecalis. UV-LEDs of different wavelengths (268 nm, 279 nm and 307 nm) have been used for treating real wastewater from the effluent of the municipal plant in Linares (Spain), with real organic matter content, for E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens disinfection. Experimental results demonstrate that 268 nm was the most effective wavelength for inactivation of the three different bacteria strains: E. coli showed an inactivation rate of 0.561 at 268 nm vs. 0.245 at 279 nm and 0.0029 for 307 nm; E. faecalis inactivation rate was 0.313 at 268 nm, 0.231 at 279 nm and 0.0023 at 307 nm; and C. perfringens inactivation rate was 0.084 at 268 nm, 0.033 at 279 nm and 6.9e-4 at 307 nm. In general, 307 nm wavelength showed a significantly lower inactivation rate so it would not be recommended for practical applications. C. Perfringens required higher UV doses and longer times to achieve complete inactivation.

Clinical and genetic linkage analysis of a large Venezuelan kindred with Usher syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To undertake a comprehensive investigation into the very high incidence of congenital deafness on the Macano peninsula of Margarita Island, Venezuela. METHODS: Numerous visits were made to the isolated island community over a 4-year-period. During these visits, it became apparent that a significant number of individuals complained of problems with hearing and vision. Socioeconomic assessments, family pedigrees and clinical histories were recorded on standard questionnaires. All individuals underwent thorough otolaryngologic and ophthalmologic examinations. Twenty milliliters of peripheral venous blood was obtained from each participant. A genome-wide linkage analysis study was performed. Polymorphic microsatellite markers were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and separated on polyacrylamide gels. An ABI 377XL sequencer was used to separate fragments and LOD scores were calculated by using published software. RESULTS: Twenty-four families were identified, comprising 329 individuals, age range 1-80 years, including 184 children. All families were categorized in the lower two (least affluent) socioeconomic categories. A high incidence of consanguinity was detected. Fifteen individuals (11 adults, 4 children) had profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular areflexia and retinitis pigmentosa. A maximum LOD score of 6.76 (Linkage >3.0), between markers D11s4186 and D11s911, confirmed linkage to chromosome 11q13.5. The gene myosin VIIA (MYO7A) was confirmed in the interval. Clinical and genetic findings are consistent with a diagnosis of Usher syndrome 1B for those with hearing and vision problems. CONCLUSIONS: We report 15 Usher syndrome 1B individuals from a newly detected Latin American socio-demographic origin, with a very high prevalence of 76 per 100,000 population.

[Primary renal lymphoma in a patient with IgM monoclonal gammapathy]. / Linfoma renal primario en paciente con gammapatía monoclonal IgM.

Reports on primary renal lymphoma are scarce in the urological literature, the most part of them are secondary on a lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys. We report the case of a 77 year old man with an incidental mass on the kidney. After radiological studies (CT), we practise nephrectomy with a pathological result of a non-Hodgking B primary lymphoma. The patient present a IgM monoclonal gammapathy who need complementary treatment with chemotherapy. A literature review on currently recommended diagnostic and treatment practices in presented.

Linfoma renal primario en paciente con gammapatía monoclonal IgM / Primary renal lymphoma in a patient with IgM monoclonal gammapathy

Son infrecuentes los casos de linfoma renal primario, ya que la afectación renal por un proceso linfoproliferativo es, por lo general, secundaria a una enfermedad sistémica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 77 años que acude por hallazgo ecográfico incidental de una masa en su riñón izquierdo. Después de realizar estudios (TC), se practica nefrectomía cuyo resultado anatomopatológico fue de linfoma no-hodking B primario renal. Asimismo el paciente presentaba una gammapatía monoclonal IgM asociada, por lo que precisó tratamiento quimioterápico sistémico. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica centrándonos en los criterios diagnósticos y terapéuticos actuales (AU)

Reports on primary renal lymphoma are scarce in the urological literature, the most part of them are secondary on a lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys. We report the case of a 77 year old man with an incidental mass on the kidney. After radiological studies (CT), we practise nephrectomy with a pathological result of a non-hodking B primary lymphoma. The patient present a IgM monoclonal gammapathy who need complementary treatment with chemotherapy. A literature review on currently recommended diagnostic and treatment practices in presented (AU)

Telangiectasia nevoide unilateral / Unilateral telangiectasia nevoid

Se presenta una paciente de 34 años, que después del segundo embarazo comenzó la ingesta de anovulatorios (Etinilestradiol-levonorgestrel durante 5 años, en el transcurso del tercer año notó la aparición del cuadro de telangiectasia nevoide unilateral, que actualmente se lo relaciona con cambios estrogénicos fisiológicos o patalogicos, sin embargo su fisiopatología no esta totalmente aclarada.

Telangiectasia nevoide unilateral / Unilateral telangiectasia nevoid

Se presenta una paciente de 34 años, que después del segundo embarazo comenzó la ingesta de anovulatorios (Etinilestradiol-levonorgestrel durante 5 años, en el transcurso del tercer año notó la aparición del cuadro de telangiectasia nevoide unilateral, que actualmente se lo relaciona con cambios estrogénicos fisiológicos o patalogicos, sin embargo su fisiopatología no esta totalmente aclarada. (AU)

Using a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey to supplement findings of an outbreak investigation: cholera prevention measures during the 1991 epidemic in Peru.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effectiveness of the cholera prevention activities of the Peruvian Ministry of Health, we conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey in urban and rural Amazon communities during the cholera epidemic in 1991. METHODS: We surveyed heads of 67 urban and 61 rural households to determine diarrhoea rates, sources of cholera prevention information, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding ten cholera prevention measures. RESULTS: Twenty-five per cent of 482 urban and 11% of 454 rural household members had diarrhoea during the first 3-4 months of the epidemic. Exposure to mass media education was greater in urban areas, and education through interpersonal communication was more prevalent in rural villages. Ninety-three per cent of rural and 67% of urban respondents believed they could prevent cholera. The mean numbers of correct responses to ten knowledge questions were 7.8 for urban and 8.2 for rural respondents. Practices lagged behind knowledge and attitudes (mean correct response to ten possible: urban 4.9, rural 4.6). Seventy-five per cent of respondents drank untreated water and 91% ate unwashed produce, both of which were identified as cholera risk factors in a concurrently conducted case-control study. CONCLUSIONS: The cholera prevention campaign successfully educated respondents, but did not cause many to adopt preventive behaviours. Direct interpersonal education by community-based personnel may enhance the likelihood of translating education into changes in health behaviours. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices surveys conducted with case-control studies during an epidemic can be an effective method of refining education/control programmes.

PIP: The authors conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey in urban and rural Amazon communities during the 1991 cholera epidemic to assess the effectiveness of the Peruvian Ministry of Health's cholera prevention activities. Diarrhea rates, sources of cholera prevention information, and knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding 10 cholera prevention measures were determined by surveying the heads of 67 urban and 61 rural households. 25% of 482 urban and 11% of 454 rural household members had diarrhea during the first 3-4 months of the epidemic. Exposure to mass media education was greater in urban areas, while education through interpersonal communication prevailed in rural villages. 93% of rural and 67% of urban respondents believed they could prevent cholera. Rural respondents were slightly more knowledgeable than urban respondents about cholera. Overall, however, practices did not reflect their knowledge and attitudes; 75% of respondents drank untreated water and 91% ate unwashed produce.

Epidemic cholera in the Amazon: the role of produce in disease risk and prevention.

Epidemic cholera struck Peru in January 1991 and spread within a month to the Amazon headwaters. A case-control study was done in the Amazonian city of Iquitos, Peru. Cholera-like illness was associated with eating unwashed fruits and vegetables (odds ratio [OR] = 8.0; 95% confidence limits [CL] = 2.2, 28.9) and drinking untreated water (OR = 2.9; 95% CL = 1.3, 6.4). Consumption of a drink made from toronja, a citrus fruit, was protective against illness (OR = 0.4; 95% CL = 0.2, 0.7). Illness was inversely associated with the quantity of toronja drink consumed (P < .01). Produce has not previously been convincingly documented as a risk factor for cholera; this study underscores the importance of washing produce before eating it. Acidic juices, such as toronja drink (pH 4.1), inhibit vibrio growth and may make contaminated water safer. Wild citrus fruits such as toronja are abundant, cheap, and popular in the Amazon region. Promoting the consumption of toronja drink may be a useful cholera prevention strategy in this region.

Linfedema congenito no familiar / Non familiar congenital lymphedema

Se presenta una niña de tres años de edad que tiene un linfedema congenito unilateral no familiar,comprobandose la falta de linfaticos en miembros del lado izquierdo.Realizamos una revision de los linfedemas primitivos respecto a su clinica,pronostico y complicaciones.

Linfedema congenito no familiar / Non familiar congenital lymphedema

Se presenta una niña de tres años de edad que tiene un linfedema congenito unilateral no familiar,comprobandose la falta de linfaticos en miembros del lado izquierdo.Realizamos una revision de los linfedemas primitivos respecto a su clinica,pronostico y complicaciones.AU

Estadios de melanomas primarios que evolucionaron a metastasicos / Stadia of primary melanomas evolving metastasis

Realizamos el analisis de 75 melanomas primarios(25 por ciento ) que dieron metastasis,de una serie continua de 296 con el objeto de catalogarlos segun su estadio. Analizamos edad,sexo color de piel y de ojos,lesiones pigm,entadas previas,sindrome del nevo displasico,melanomas multiples,melanomas familiares,localizacion del primitivo,tipo,nivel,espesor,ulceracion,tipo celular predominante,indice miotico,infiltrado linfositario,regresion,estadio,tiempo que transcurre hasta el diagnostico del primario y de este al final del seguimiento.El estadio se determino segun la clasificacion utilizada por la American Joint Committee on Cancer-Union Internationale contre le Cancer(A.J.C.C.-U.I.C.C.) corregida en 1992. En nuestra serie obtuvimos los siguientes en 65 casos:estadop 1,7,(IA:pt1 No Mo y IB 5 pt2 No Mo);II,19,(IIA:7 pt3 No Mo y IIB 12 pt4 No Mo);III,30,(cualquier pt N1 Mo 11,cualquier pt N2 Mo 8 y en 11 casos no se determ,ino el tamanio de las metastasis ganglionares);IV,9,(cualquier pt,cualquier N,M1): Fueron esxcluidos 10 melanomas porque a)dicha clasificacion no contempla ciertas situaciones:ocular(2),recaida(2),secundario a nevo intradermico (1) y a nevo azul(1),polipoide(1),y escrotal(1),[por invacion del musculo dartoico,b)por falta de detreminacion del espesor (2). La clasificacion de la A.J.C.C.-U.I.C.C.tiene como objeto uniformar estadios para permitir obtener resultados equiparables,con el fin de podercomparar la eficacia terapeutica. Es sucinta y concreta. Seria deseable agregar datos sobre el estudio clinico de la piel,factores desencadenantes ,lesiones precursoras,genetica e inmunologia. Es solo aparentemente multidisciplinaria,aunque creemos sigue siendo la mas util

Estadios de melanomas primarios que evolucionaron a metastasicos / Stadia of primary melanomas evolving metastasis

Realizamos el analisis de 75 melanomas primarios(25 por ciento ) que dieron metastasis,de una serie continua de 296 con el objeto de catalogarlos segun su estadio. Analizamos edad,sexo color de piel y de ojos,lesiones pigm,entadas previas,sindrome del nevo displasico,melanomas multiples,melanomas familiares,localizacion del primitivo,tipo,nivel,espesor,ulceracion,tipo celular predominante,indice miotico,infiltrado linfositario,regresion,estadio,tiempo que transcurre hasta el diagnostico del primario y de este al final del seguimiento.El estadio se determino segun la clasificacion utilizada por la American Joint Committee on Cancer-Union Internationale contre le Cancer(A.J.C.C.-U.I.C.C.) corregida en 1992. En nuestra serie obtuvimos los siguientes en 65 casos:estadop 1,7,(IA:pt1 No Mo y IB 5 pt2 No Mo);II,19,(IIA:7 pt3 No Mo y IIB 12 pt4 No Mo);III,30,(cualquier pt N1 Mo 11,cualquier pt N2 Mo 8 y en 11 casos no se determ,ino el tamanio de las metastasis ganglionares);IV,9,(cualquier pt,cualquier N,M1): Fueron esxcluidos 10 melanomas porque a)dicha clasificacion no contempla ciertas situaciones:ocular(2),recaida(2),secundario a nevo intradermico (1) y a nevo azul(1),polipoide(1),y escrotal(1),[por invacion del musculo dartoico,b)por falta de detreminacion del espesor (2). La clasificacion de la A.J.C.C.-U.I.C.C.tiene como objeto uniformar estadios para permitir obtener resultados equiparables,con el fin de podercomparar la eficacia terapeutica. Es sucinta y concreta. Seria deseable agregar datos sobre el estudio clinico de la piel,factores desencadenantes ,lesiones precursoras,genetica e inmunologia. Es solo aparentemente multidisciplinaria,aunque creemos sigue siendo la mas util

Epidemic cholera in the Amazon: the challenge of preventing death.

Epidemic cholera struck Peru in January 1991, and spread rapidly. The national cholera case-fatality rate (CFR) was less than 1% in the first six months of the epidemic, but in some rural areas, the CFR exceeded 10%. We investigated cholera mortality in the rural Amazon region, an area with a CFR of 6.3%. We conducted a case-control study, comparing 29 decedents with 61 survivors of recent cholera-like diarrheal illness in 12 villages with a combined CFR of 13.5%. Of 29 decedents, 28 (96%) died in the village or en route to a health facility. Death occurred within 36 hours of illness onset for 83% of the decedents. In 11 (92%) villages, the first or second recognized case was fatal. Death was associated with receiving treatment only at home (odds ratio indeterminate; 95% confidence interval 3.5, indeterminate). Treatment with oral rehydration salts (ORS) was not protective against death for patients who received treatment only at home. Treatment with homemade sugar-salt solution (SSS) was also not protective; fewer than one-third of respondents knew the correct SSS recipe. Most decedents experienced multiple barriers to health care. Cholera victims died rapidly and early in village outbreaks, and few patients had access to health care. Provision of threatened villages with ORS supplies and education in their use before cholera strikes is essential to reducing cholera mortality in this region.

Cholera in Piura, Peru: a modern urban epidemic.

In late January 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in Peru. Within 2 months, 7922 cases and 17 deaths occurred in Piura, a Peruvian city of 361,868. A hospital-based culture survey showed that 79%-86% of diarrhea cases were cholera. High vibriocidal antibody titers were detected in 34% of the asymptomatic population. A study of 50 case-patients and 100 matched controls demonstrated that cholera was associated with drinking unboiled water (odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-8.9), drinking beverages from street vendors (OR, 14.6; CI, 4.2-51.2), and eating food from street vendors (OR, 24.0; CI, 3.0-191). In a second study, patients were more likely than controls to consume beverages with ice (OR, 4.0; CI, 1.1-18.3). Ice was produced from municipal water. Municipal water samples revealed no or insufficient chlorination, and fecal coliform bacteria were detected in samples from 6 of 10 wells tested. With epidemic cholera spreading throughout Latin America, these findings emphasize the importance of safe municipal drinking water.

Foliculitis perforante y eritema nudoso atipico en curso de una hepatitis cronica persistente a virus no A - no B / Perforating folliculitis and atypical erythema nodosum persistent chronic hepatictis a virus non A non B

Se comunica un caso de H.C.P. a virus no A - no B asociada a un E.N.A. en su fase prodrómica - ictérica. Desde el inicio de la H.N.A.N.B. aparecen lesiones papulosas que clínica e histológicametne correspondían a una típica F.P.. No hemos hallado referencia bibliográficas de las manifestaciones cutáneas de la H.C.P. tipo N.A.N.B., siendo creemos el primer caso de F.P. asociada a esta patología sistémica en un paciente no hemodializado y no diabético

Foliculitis perforante y eritema nudoso atipico en curso de una hepatitis cronica persistente a virus no A - no B / Perforating folliculitis and atypical erythema nodosum persistent chronic hepatictis a virus non A non B

Se comunica un caso de H.C.P. a virus no A - no B asociada a un E.N.A. en su fase prodrómica - ictérica. Desde el inicio de la H.N.A.N.B. aparecen lesiones papulosas que clínica e histológicametne correspondían a una típica F.P.. No hemos hallado referencia bibliográficas de las manifestaciones cutáneas de la H.C.P. tipo N.A.N.B., siendo creemos el primer caso de F.P. asociada a esta patología sistémica en un paciente no hemodializado y no diabético (AU)

Granuloma anular gigante en napa, factor de error diagnostico / Giant anular granuloma in layer, diagnostic error factor

Con el objetivo de recordar la forma de granuloma anular gigante en napa se presentan dos observaciones con diagnóstico erróneo de lepra indeterminada y sarcoidosis respectivamente. Esta forma clínica ha sido motivo de atención bibliográfica desde 1930 a 1950. La tendencia actual de la misma es buscar las diferencias histológicas entre el granuloma anular localizado y el generalizado, del cual el gigante en napa es sólo una de sus formas con un aspecto característico. Su imagen clínica debe ser recordada para orientar a la histopatología

Granuloma anular gigante en napa, factor de error diagnostico / Giant anular granuloma in layer, diagnostic error factor

Con el objetivo de recordar la forma de granuloma anular gigante en napa se presentan dos observaciones con diagnóstico erróneo de lepra indeterminada y sarcoidosis respectivamente. Esta forma clínica ha sido motivo de atención bibliográfica desde 1930 a 1950. La tendencia actual de la misma es buscar las diferencias histológicas entre el granuloma anular localizado y el generalizado, del cual el gigante en napa es sólo una de sus formas con un aspecto característico. Su imagen clínica debe ser recordada para orientar a la histopatología (AU)

Purpura anafilactoide tipo sindrome Schonlein-Henoch: diez casos en un período de dos meses / Anaphylactoid purpura type Schonlein-Henoch syndrome: 10 cases in a period of months

Diez pacientes, seis de sexo femenino y cuatro masculino con edades entre 15 y 69 fueron atendidos en nuestra consulta en el corto plazo de dos meses. En siete casos hubo antecedentes de infección de vías aéreas superiores y medicamentos y tres solo tenían antecedentes de medicamentos: ocho iniciaron su patología en invierno y dos habían tenido episodios previos. Las lesiones dermatológicas fueron púrpura palpable (8 casos), máculas eritematosas (2 casos), lesiones ampollares hemorrágicas (1 caso), púrpura palpable y necrosis central (1 caso). La localización de las lesiones fue: miembros inferiores (6 casos) con extensión a gluteos y abdomen (4 casos). Dolor abdominal (4 casos), renal (5 casos), osteoarticular (3 casos). La eritrosedimentación fue elevada (7 casos), antiestreptolisina "O" elevada (3 casos), microhematuria (5 casos), proteinuria (1 caso). La histopatología fue de una angeitis alérgica leucocitoclásica en todos los casos. Fueron internados tres casos, se usó corticoterapia en cuatro casos y en el resto se le realizo control clínico y laboratorial que continúa