Infección por Dengue, un problema de salud pública en México / Dengue infection, a public health problem in México

Objetivo: Describir la infección por dengue, así como las dificultades técnicas y de participación ciudadana para la erradicación de este problema de Salud Pública en México. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura de los aspectos generales de la infección por dengue y las dificultades técnicas y de participación comunitaria que se presentan para su erradicación. Se eligieron artículos científicos desde 1995 hasta 2016, los cuales se identificaron en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, Scielo y Redalyc por medio de los buscadores web y Google Académico. Las palabras clave, utilizadas para la búsqueda bibliográfica en resumen o en palabras de texto completo, fueron las siguientes: dengue, infección, dificultades técnicas y participación ciudadana. La búsqueda se realizó en español e inglés. Resultados: La búsqueda en las bases de datos resultó en un total de veintidós artículos. En la totalidad de ellos se presenta información que describe la infección por dengue, el cincuenta y cuatro por ciento señalan las dificultades técnicas para la erradicación del dengue y solo el treinta y tres por ciento hacen referencia a la no participación de la población civil en la erradicación del dengue. Conclusiones: La infección por dengue es una patología que se ha descrito anteriormente y que a pesar de ello no se ha logrado su erradicación por diversas dificultades técnicas, siendo la principal: la complejidad de disminuir la presencia del mosquito Aedes aegypti, y por ciertas dificultades de participación ciudadana en dicho problema, siendo la principal: que las actividades de control y erradicación del dengue no contemplan el conocimiento previo que las personas tiene sobre el tema, ni la actitud de la población hacía dicho problema, esto ultimo podría significar resultados negativos.(AU)

Aim: To describe the dengue infection, as well as the technical difficulties and citizen participation for the eradication of this Public Health problem in Mexico. Methodology: A systematic literature review of the general aspects of dengue infection and the technical difficulties and community participation that are presented for its eradication was carried out. Scientific articles were chosen from 1995 to 2016, which were identified in the Medline, Pubmed, Scielo and Redalyc databases through web search engines and Google Scholar. The key words used for the bibliographic search in summary or in full-text words were the following: dengue, infection, technical difficulties and citizen participation. The search was conducted in Spanish and English. Results: The search in the databases resulted in a total of twenty-two articles. In all of them, information describing dengue infection is presented, fifty-four percent point out the technical difficulties for dengue eradication and only thirty-three percent refer to the non-participation of the civilian population in the dengue eradication. Conclusions: Dengue infection is a pathology that has been described previously and that despite this, its eradication has not been achieved due to various technical difficulties, the main one being: the complexity of reducing the presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, and certain difficulties. of citizen participation in said problem, the main one being that the dengue control and eradication activities do not contemplate the prior knowledge that people have on the subject, nor the attitude of the population towards said problema, The latter could mean negative results.(AU)

New Method of Production and Characterization of Haemozoin and B-Haemozoin from Meccus longipennis.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the significance of hemozoin (Hz) in the process through which Plasmodium is released from the heme group in the food vacuole during hemoglobin degradation, will allow the development of more effective drugs against malaria. Therefore, the development of methodologies to obtain Hz synthetically will facilitate an in vitro evaluation of new anti-malarial drugs. METHODS: We present a methodology with good results to obtain Hz from fecal material of blood-sucking insects Meccus longipennis. The preparation of biological cultures of the parasite (Plasmodium) transmitter of the disease is not necessary. RESULTS: The hemozoin molecule and its dimer were obtained using the method described and it was possible to validate a comparison with the positive and negative controls using different analytical techniques. CONCLUSION: The proposed method allows obtaining hemozoin and its dimer demonstrating equivalence with positive controls that demonstrate that the present procedure may be an alternative for the evaluation of antimalarial drugs.

Uncommon fungi isolated from diabetic patients toenails with or without visible onychomycoses.

Kodamaea ohmeri and Prototheca wickerhamii are rare pathogens for humans, and even more rare as cause of onychomycosis. This work reports the second case of onychomycosis by K. ohmeri and the fourth of onycoprotothecosis; it was made in public health institutions in the Hidalgo State, Mexico, studying 261 diabetic patients during 2005 and 2006. Kodamaea ohmeri was isolated from toenails of a 51-year-old female patient, and P. wickerhamii from three female patients of 48, 49, and 61 years old, respectively, all of them with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2). Identifications were done by standard microbiological methods and a commercial system. Only one patient infected with P. wickerhamii showed mixed infection with dermatophytes. Out of the total studied DM 2 patients, 1.15% presented onycoprotothecosis and 0.38% onychomycosis by K. ohmeri, high percentages if it is considered that few cases have been reported of K. ohmeri and P. wickerhamii as onychomycosis causal agents.

[Transmission risk of Trypanosoma cruzi in Metztitlán municipality from Hidalgo state, México, by characterization of domiciliary units and their entomologic indexes]. / Riesgo de transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi en el municipio de Metztitlán, estado de Hidalgo, México, mediante la caracterización de unidades domiciliares y sus índices entomológicos.

In order to determine the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by triatomines in Metztitlan municipality, Hidalgo State, Mexico, entomological indexes were calculated and the characteristics of dwellings were described. A transversal, retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was performed by means of an intentional not probabilistic and expertise sampling from January to December of 2005 in 10 localities in which presence of triatomines were investigated either intra or peridomestic environmental in 699 houses. Building material and presence of infected triatomines with T. cruzi were registered to determine entomologic indexes. The triatomine species collected were: Triatoma barberi (Usinger) and T. mexicana (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The results indicated that natural infection index varied from 7.7% to 50%; colonization index reached 80%; infestation index varied from 7.7% to 25%; dispersion index was 70%. Stone-walled houses were more infested. We can conclude that it is necessary to establish T. cruzi transmission control measures against triatomines in localities from Metztitlan, primarily in stone-walled houses where T. barberi occurs, as it was the most important vector species in the transmission of T. cruzi in this municipality.

Riesgo de transmisión de Trypanosoma cruzi en el municipio de Metztitlán, estado de Hidalgo, México, mediante la caracterización de unidades domiciliares y sus índices entomológicos / Transmission risk of Trypanosoma cruzi in Metztitlán municipality from Hidalgo state, México, by characterization of domiciliary units and their entomologic indexes

In order to determine the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by triatomines in Metztitlan municipality, Hidalgo State, Mexico, entomological indexes were calculated and the characteristics of dwellings were described. A transversal, retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was performed by means of an intentional not probabilistic and expertise sampling from January to December of 2005 in 10 localities in which presence of triatomines were investigated either intra or peridomestic environmental in 699 houses. Building material and presence of infected triatomines with T. cruzi were registered to determine entomologic indexes. The triatomine species collected were: Triatoma barberi (Usinger) and T. mexicana (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The results indicated that natural infection index varied from 7.7 percent to 50 percent; colonization index reached 80 percent; infestation index varied from 7.7 percent to 25 percent; dispersion index was 70 percent. Stone-walled houses were more infested. We can conclude that it is necessary to establish T. cruzi transmission control measures against triatomines in localities from Metztitlan, primarily in stone-walled houses where T. barberi occurs, as it was the most important vector species in the transmission of T. cruzi in this municipality.

[Morphologic analysis of eggs of Triatoma barberi Usinger (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)]. / Análisis morfológico de huevos de Triatoma barberi Usinger (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

Triatoma barberi Usinger is a widely recognized vector of the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi. The determination of its presence in the rural houses is made by direct observation of adults, nymphs, exuviae or eggs. For this reason, egg structural characteristics could facilitate the differentiation and identification of species that inhabit such environments. In here, the morphologic characteristics of eggs of T. barberi are described and analyzed with special attention to the anterior pole of the egg. The structural analysis of eggs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of a wide and rough chorion edge, which contain aeropyles and micropyles. A deep spermatic canal between the endochorion and exochorion, and a trabecular network in the interior were also observed. The operculum showed cells with irregular growth and undefined polygonal shape. Externally, the operculum cells forms two rings of projections that surround a single extension located to the center. The cellular projections resemble respiratory horns, although the presence of aeropyles was not observed. The chorion structural characteristics can help to identify and separate close species in the Triatominae subfamily.

Análisis morfológico de huevos de Triatoma barberi Usinger(Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Morphologic analysis of eggs of Triatoma barberi Usinger (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Triatoma barberi Usinger is a widely recognized vector of the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi. The determination of its presence in the rural houses is made by direct observation of adults, nymphs, exuviae or eggs. For this reason, egg structural characteristics could facilitate the differentiation and identification of species that inhabit such environments. In here, the morphologic characteristics of eggs of T. barberi are described and analyzed with special attention to the anterior pole of the egg. The structural analysis of eggs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of a wide and rough chorion edge, which contain aeropyles and micropyles. A deep spermatic canal between the endochorion and exochorion, and a trabecular network in the interior were also observed. The operculum showed cells with irregular growth and undefined polygonal shape. Externally, the operculum cells forms two rings of projections that surround a single extension located to the center. The cellular projections resemble respiratory horns, although the presence of aeropyles was not observed. The chorion structural characteristics can help to identify and separate close species in the Triatominae subfamily.

Human infection and risk of transmission of Chagas disease in Hidalgo State, Mexico.

New zones with risk of infection for Chagas disease were reported in San Antonio Tezoquipan, Caltimacan, and El Ahorcado in the Hidalgo State of Mexico. Antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect hemagglutination assay in human serum samples. Study subjects were also given an electrocardiogram. Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from triatomines collected and its virulence was determined in BALB/c mice. Seropositive persons were found in the three regions studied and seroprevalence of T. cruzi ranged between 3.25% and 5.13%. Six of eight seropositive persons had cardiac alterations. The species of triatomines detected were Triatoma barberi, Triatoma mexicana, and Triatoma dimidiata, and at least one of each species was infected with T. cruzi. Entomologic indexes from the zones were determined, and El Ahorcado showed the greatest risk of infection. In this region, we found more virulent isolates of T. cruzi in Triatoma barberi, and the highest human seroprevalence for T. cruzi.