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1.
Genes (Basel) ; 13(7)2022 06 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35885886

RESUMO

The Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL)-lipase family is a large subfamily of lipolytic enzymes that plays an important role in plant growth and defense against environmental stress. However, little is known about their function in pecans (Carya illinoensis K. Koch). In this study, 87 CilGDSLs were identified and divided into 2 groups and 12 subgroups using phylogenetic analysis; members of the same sub-branch had conserved gene structure and motif composition. The majority of the genes had four introns and were composed of an α-helix and a ß-strand. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that these genes were localized in the extracellular matrix, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, and endoplasmic reticulum, and were validated by transient expression in tobacco mesophyll cells. Furthermore, the analysis of the promoter cis-elements for the CilGDSLs revealed the presence of plant anaerobic induction regulatory, abscisic acid response, light response elements, jasmonic acid (JA) response elements, etc. The qRT-PCR analysis results in "Pawnee" with salt treatment showed that the CilGDSL42.93 (leaf) and CilGDSL39.88 (root) were highly expressed in different tissues. After salt stress treatment, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis revealed the presence of a total of ten GDSL proteins. Moreover, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that one set of co-expressed genes (module), primarily CilGDSL41.11, CilGDSL39.49, CilGDSL34.85, and CilGDSL41.01, was significantly associated with salt stress in leaf. In short, some of them were shown to be involved in plant defense against salt stress in this study.


Assuntos
Carya , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Lipase/genética , Filogenia , Plantas , Estresse Salino/genética
2.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 1841, 2022 02 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35115595

RESUMO

The pecan is a salt-alkali-tolerant plant, and its fruit and wood have high economic value. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for salt stress tolerance in the pecan grown under hydroponic conditions to simulate salt stress. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate (Pn) was reduced in response to salt stress, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations (Ci) increased. The response of the pecan to salt stress was measured using iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative or absolute quantitation) and LC/MS (liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry) non-targeted metabolomics technology. A total of 198 differentially expressed proteins (65 down-regulated and 133 up-regulated) and 538 differentially expressed metabolites (283 down-regulated and 255 up-regulated) were identified after exposure to salt stress for 48 h. These genes were associated with 21 core pathways, shown by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation and enrichment, including the metabolic pathways involved in nucleotide sugar and amino sugar metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. In addition, analysis of interactions between the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites showed that two key nodes of the salt stress regulatory network, L-fucose and succinate, were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, suggesting that these metabolites may be significant for adaptations to salt stress. Finally, several key proteins were further verified by parallel reaction monitoring. In conclusion, this study used physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic methods to provide an important preliminary foundation for improving the salt tolerance of pecans.


Assuntos
Carya/metabolismo , Metaboloma , Metabolômica , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteoma , Proteômica , Tolerância ao Sal , Plantas Tolerantes a Sal/metabolismo , Dióxido de Carbono , Carya/genética , Carya/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Fotossíntese , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Salinidade , Plantas Tolerantes a Sal/genética , Plantas Tolerantes a Sal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solo
3.
J Biotechnol ; 330: 17-26, 2021 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33607173

RESUMO

Soil salinity is a serious abiotic stress worldwide. Pecan plants (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) have been suggested for cultivation in soils with high levels of salinity owing to their huge demand. To understand the potential molecular mechanisms in pecan in response to salt stress, RNA-sequencing technology was used to compare the transcriptomes of pecan plants treated with 0, 0.3 %, or 0.6 % NaCl solutions. The results indicated that 170,086 unigenes were obtained from pecan leaf cDNA samples. Based on the assembled de novo transcriptome, 53, 535, and 7358 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between untreated and salt-treated leaves at 8, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Because of the large number of DEGs across different contrasts, a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was selected to identify gene pathways associated with salt treatment. A total of 1858 DEGs were enriched in 66 gene sets, including 22 up-regulated and 47 down-regulated gene sets in the salt treatment groups, compared with those in the control groups. The up-regulated gene sets were mainly involved in the response to salicylic acid; the regulation of the jasmonic acid-mediated signalling pathway during the short-term treatment (8 h); and the cellular response to hypoxia, cellular respiration, and RNA modification during the long-term treatment (24-48 h). The down-regulated gene sets were predominately associated with photosynthesis, water transport, and the metabolic biosynthetic process under salt stress. Genes related to the Really Interesting New Gene superfamily protein and F-box domain protein in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in different periods of the regulating process. Overall, these results not only enrich genomic resources but also provide insights into the molecular mechanism in pecan under salt stress.


Assuntos
Carya , Carya/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Transcriptoma
4.
PLoS One ; 12(5): e0177047, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28481896

RESUMO

Picea Schrenkiana as one of the most important zonal vegetation was an endemic species in Middle Asia. Natural regeneration of P. Schrenkiana is a long existing problem troubling scientists. The autotoxicity of 3,4-dihydroxy-acetophenone (DHAP) was found to be a causative factor causing the failure of P. Schrenkiana natural regeneration. The effects of concentrations of DHAP treatment on the viability of root cell, activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of P. Schrenkiana phytohormones were performed to disclose the physiological mechanism of DHAP autotoxicity. It was observed that high concentration of DHAP could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth, but had a hormesis at low concentrations. Analyses showed that the root cells significantly lost their viability treated with high DHAP. The enzymes activities of seedlings were significantly stimulated by the treatment of 0.5 mM DHAP to give a transient increase and then decrease as DHAP concentration increased to 1.0 mM except for GR (glutathione reductase) in which DHAP treatment had little effect on its activity. Comparing with the control, an increase in the levels of phytohormones ZT (zeatin), GA3 (gibberellic acid) and IAA (indole acetic acid) was induced by the treatment of DHAP at low concentrations (0.1-0.25 mM), but the significant deficiency was found treated by high concentrations (0.5-1.0 mM). In addition, the ABA (abscisic acid) level increased in all experimental observations. These results suggested that DHAP significantly affected indices of growth and physiology, and provided some new information about different effect in P. Schrenkiana treated with DHAP.


Assuntos
Acetofenonas/toxicidade , Picea/fisiologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Regeneração , Estresse Fisiológico
5.
Molecules ; 21(10)2016 Oct 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27775631

RESUMO

Seasonal variations of the phytochemicals contents in needles of T. wallichiana var. mairei due to the effects of growth meteorological parameters were investigated in this study. The needles of T. wallichiana var. mairei were collected from different months and the contents of taxoids (paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB), baccatin III, cephalomannine, 10-deacetyltaxol (10-DAT)), flavones (ginkgetin, amentoflavone, quercetin) and polysaccharides were quantified by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and the resonance light scattering (RIL) method. The content of taxoids gave the highest level of 1.77 ± 0.38 mg·g-1 in January, and the lowest value of 0.61 ± 0.08 mg·g-1 in September. Unlike taxoids, the content of flavonoids was the highest in August. The content of polysaccharides reached peak value of 28.52 ± 0.57 mg·g-1 in September, which was two times higher than the lowest content of 9.39 ± 0.17 mg·g-1 in January. The contents of paclitaxel, 10-DAB, 10-DAT and polysaccharides significantly depended on meteorological parameters. The mean of minimum temperature (R = -0.61) and length of daylight (R = -0.60) were significantly correlated to 10-DAB content, while 10-DAT level showed significant correlation with length of daylight (R = -0.70) and relative humidity (R = 0.70). In addition, temperature had significantly negative effect on the content of paclitaxel and a significantly positive effect on that of polysaccharides. This study enriched the knowledge on the accumulation pattern of metabolites and could help us to determine the collecting time of T. wallichiana var. mairei for medicinal use.


Assuntos
Flavonas/análise , Polissacarídeos/análise , Taxoides/análise , Taxus/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Metabolômica/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Estações do Ano
6.
Ecol Evol ; 6(16): 5854-66, 2016 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27547360

RESUMO

In order to explore how plant autotoxicity changes with climate warming, the autotoxicity of P. schrenkiana needles' water extract, organic extract fractions, and key allelochemical DHAP was systemically investigated at the temperature rising 2 and 4°C based on the data-monitored soil temperature during the last decade in the stage of Schrenk spruce regeneration (seed germination and seedling growth). The results showed that the criterion day and night temperatures were 12°C and 4°C for seed germination, and 14°C and 6°C for seedling growth, respectively. In the presence of water extract, the temperature rise of 2°C significantly inhibited the germination vigor and rate of P. Schrenkiana seed, and a temperature rise of 4°C significantly increased the inhibition to the seedling growth (P < 0.05). Among the three organic fractions, the low-polar fraction showed to be more phytotoxic than the other two fractions, causing significant inhibitory effects on the seed germination and growth even at low concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and the inhibition effect was enhanced as temperature increased. The temperature rise significantly enhanced the promotion effect of DHAP, while the inhibition effect of temperature rise became less important with increasing concentration of DHAP. This investigation revealed that autotoxicity of P. schrenkiana was affected by the climate warming. As expected, it provided an insight into the mechanism and effectiveness of allelopathy in bridging the causal relationship between forest evolution and climate warming.

7.
Molecules ; 21(4): 528, 2016 Apr 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27110760

RESUMO

As a candidate for bioherbicide, 4,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone (4,8-DHT) was isolated from Caryospora callicarpa epicarp and its two enantiomers, S-(+)-isosclerone and R-(-)-regiolone, were separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Chiralcel OD column with chiral stationary phase (CSP)-coated cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). Then, the phytotoxicity of 4,8-DHT and its enantiomers toward the seeds germination and seedling growth of the five tested plant species, including lettuce (Latuca sativa), radish (Raphanus sativus), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), onion (Allium cepa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum), were investigated and the results indicated a hormesis at low concentration of 4,8-DHT and its enantiomers, but a retardant effect at high concentration. Between the two enantiomers of 4,8-DHT, the S-(+)-isosclerone was more toxic to seeds germination and seedling growth of the five tested plant species than the R-(-)-regiolone, and also the phytotoxicity of S-(+)-isosclerone varied with different plants. For example, S-(+)-isosclerone was the most active to seedling growth of lettuce, indicating that S-(+)-isosclerone had specific effects on different organisms. Thus, all of the chirality and concentration of 4,8-DHT, as well as the affected plant species, need to be taken into consideration in the development and utilization of 4,8-DHT.


Assuntos
Coccídios/química , Produtos Agrícolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Tetralonas/toxicidade , Cucumis sativus/efeitos dos fármacos , Cucumis sativus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Herbicidas/isolamento & purificação , Lactuca/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cebolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Cebolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Estereoisomerismo , Tetralonas/isolamento & purificação , Triticum/efeitos dos fármacos , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento
8.
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi ; 34(9): 2485-9, 2014 Sep.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25532350

RESUMO

Aimed at providing technology for a rapid nutrition diagnosis system of micronutrients in Armeniaca vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing, we established an element concentration estimation model for its foliar ferrum (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentration based on spectrum analysis. The foliar spectrum reflectance at various phenological periods of fruit development under different soil fertility conditions was measured by Unispec-SC spectrometer. By analyzing the correlation of foliar Fe, Mn concentration at various phenological periods of fruit development, the spectrum reflectance Rλ and its first-order differential f' (Rλ), we filtered out its sensitive bands. And we established an element concentration estimation model for its foliar Fe and Mn at various phenological periods of fruit development with the linear regression model. The results showed that the spectral sensitive bands of foliar Fe in fruit setting period were 873 and 874 nm, 375 and 437 nm in fruit core-hardening period, 836 and 837 nm in maturity period and 325 and 1 054 nm in post-harvest period. However, the spectral sensitive bands of Mn were 913 and 1 129 nm, 425 and 970 nm, 390 and 466 nm, 423 and 424 nm, respectively. The Fe and Mn concentration of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing leaves were the most relevant to the first-order differential f' (RD) of its spectrum reflectance, whose linear spectrum estimation model fitting degree was the highest and reached to a significant or highly significant level. It showed that the spectral sensitive bands of Fe and Mn element varied with different phenological periods of fruit development. The spectrum estimation models for its foliar Fe and Mn concentration could be established with linear model according to its first-order differential f' (Rλ).


Assuntos
Ferro/química , Manganês/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Rosaceae/química , Frutas , Modelos Lineares , Modelos Teóricos , Solo , Análise Espectral
9.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao ; 23(9): 2353-60, 2012 Sep.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23285988

RESUMO

By the methods of layered digging and image scanning analysis, this paper studied the root system spatial distribution of different aged Armeniaca vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing in arid oasis under irrigation. The root system of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing was mainly constituted by fine roots (d < or = 1 mm), while medium roots (12 mm) only had a small proportion. For the trees aged 5-year old, 10-year old, and 15-year old, the percentage of fine root length in the total root length was 90.9%, 88.4%, and 79.9% respectively, the root length density increased with tree age, and the length density of the roots with different diameter classes was 15-year old>10-year old>5-year old. In vertical direction, the root length density decreased after an initial decrease, and the root dry mass density had a significant difference between soil layers. The intensive distribution region of the root biomass density for the trees aged 5-year old, 10-year old, and 15-year old was 30-80 cm, 30-100 cm, and 30-100 cm soil depth within the 200 cm range from the trees, respectively. In horizontal direction, the root dry mass density at different distances from the trees had significant difference, i. e., the farther the distance from the tree trunk, the smaller the root dry mass density. In order to decrease the overlap between the tree line and to reduce water and nutrient competition, the row ledge of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing in arid oasis under irrigation should not be less than 6 m.


Assuntos
Irrigação Agrícola , Clima Desértico , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Prunus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , China , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Fatores de Tempo
10.
Molecules ; 16(10): 8874-93, 2011 Oct 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22024957

RESUMO

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the diethyl ether fraction of a water extract of Picea schrenkiana needles led to the isolation of the phenolic compound 3,4-dihydroxy- acetophenone (DHAP). The allelopathic effects of DHAP were evaluated under laboratory conditions on P. schrenkiana, rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.). DHAP significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of P. schrenkiana at concentrations of 2.5 mM and 0.5 mM (p < 0.05). Soil analysis revealed that P. schrenkiana forest soils contained exceptionally high DHAP concentrations (mean = 0.51 ± 0.03 mg/g dry soil), sufficient to inhibit natural P. schrenkiana recruitment. DHAP also exhibited strong allelopathic potential. It significantly inhibited wheat and lettuce seed germination at concentrations of 1 mM and 0.5 mM (p < 0.05). The active compound also completely inhibited root growth of the six test species at high concentrations. Our results suggest a dual role of DHAP, both as an allelochemical and as an autotoxicant. The potential for a single plant needle-leached compound to influence both inter- and intra-specific interactions emphasized the complex effects that plant secondary metabolites might have on plant population and community structure.


Assuntos
Acetofenonas/toxicidade , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Picea/química , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Acetofenonas/isolamento & purificação , Acetofenonas/farmacologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cucumis sativus/efeitos dos fármacos , Cucumis sativus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fabaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Fabaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactuca/efeitos dos fármacos , Lactuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oryza/efeitos dos fármacos , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solo/análise , Triticum/efeitos dos fármacos , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento
11.
Molecules ; 15(12): 8933-52, 2010 Dec 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21139532

RESUMO

Phenolic compounds arise from the shikimic and acetic acid (polyketide) metabolic pathways in plants. They are but one category of the many secondary metabolites implicated in plant allelopathy. Phenolic allelochemicals have been observed in both natural and managed ecosystems, where they cause a number of ecological and economic problems, such as declines in crop yield due to soil sickness, regeneration failure of natural forests, and replanting problems in orchards. Phenolic allelochemical structures and modes of action are diverse and may offer potential lead compounds for the development of future herbicides or pesticides. This article reviews allelopathic effects, analysis methods, and allelopathic mechanisms underlying the activity of plant phenolic compounds. Additionally, the currently debated topic in plant allelopathy of whether catechin and 8-hydroxyquinoline play an important role in Centaurea maculata and Centaurea diffusa invasion success is discussed. Overall, the main purpose of this review is to highlight the allelopacthic potential of phenolic compounds to provide us with methods to solve various ecology problems, especially in regard to the sustainable development of agriculture, forestry, nature resources and environment conservation.


Assuntos
Catequina/metabolismo , Centaurea/metabolismo , Ecossistema , Oxiquinolina/metabolismo , Fenóis/metabolismo , Centaurea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Herbicidas/metabolismo
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