[Otological and hearing characteristics in children with Turner syndrome].

Objective: To explore the otological and hearing characteristics in children with Turner syndrome (TS), to determine risk factors of hearing loss, and to discuss algorithms for future surveillance. Methods: The clinical data of otolaryngology in children with TS from January 2018 to April 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 46 female children with TS, aged from 5 to 18 years were enrolled. Karyotypes included 17 cases (37.0%) of monosomy, 16 cases (34.7%) of mosaicism, and 13 cases (28.3%) of abnormal X chromosome structures. The otoscopic characteristics, audiological performance, and otologic diagnoses were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The most common otologic comorbidity was otitis media with effusion (OME), including 20 cases (43.5%) with 33 ears (35.9%). 14 cases (30.4%) were diagnosed with hearing loss. The regression analysis revealed that the age (OR=1.345, 95%CI: 1.072-1.760) and comorbidity of OME (OR=9.460, 95%CI: 2.065-60.350) were risk factors associated with hearing loss. In TS with OME, when compared with the mean air conduction threshold, the hearing loss of the group with pars flaccida retractions was significantly higher ((24.3±13.8) dB HL vs. (14.4±4.2) dB HL, U=59.500, P=0.008) than that of the group with none retractions. Conclusion: OME and hearing loss are common in children with TS. As age increases or suffers from OME, the risk of hearing loss increases.

[Pediatric laryngeal clefts: an experience in the diagnosis and management of 13 cases].

Objective: To investigate the diagnosis and management of laryngeal cleft. Method: The clinical data of 13 cases of laryngeal cleft treated between 2007 and 2015 was analyzed retrospectively. Results: The children with laryngeal cleft were classified according to the classification of Benjamin-Inglis, as type Ⅰ(11 cases), typeⅡ(1 case) and type Ⅲ(1 case). All patients were confirmed by microlaryngobronchoscopy under general anaesthetic. Eleven typeⅠ and 1 type Ⅱ clefts were managed conservatively, with which all type Ⅰ patients were successfully managed, while the type Ⅱ patient was resolved by surgical endoscopy. The type Ⅲ patient was treated by open repair but the results was poor. Conclusions: Patients who suffered with choking on feeding or recurrent aspiration pneumonia, especially coexisted with other congenital malformation, needed detailed evaluation for laryngeal cleft, although which was a rare congenital abnormality. Electronic laryngoscope could be the first step to screen the cleft, while microlaryngobronchoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of laryngeal cleft. The majority of children with lower type clefts can be managed conservatively. Surgical endoscopy has high success rate when strictly following the indication. Type Ⅲ and Ⅳ clefts have high mortality for usually combining with severe complications and abnormalities.

[Olfactory function in children with adenoid hypertrophy who underwent adenotonsillectomy during pre- and post-operative period].

Objective: To assess the olfactory function in children with adenoid hypertrophy and investigate the changes of both olfactory function and appetite in children with adenoid hypertrophy before and after adenoidectomy. Methods: Forty-four children with adenoid hypertrophy admitted for adenoidectomy, aged 7-12 years, mean age (10.0±2.0) years were tested by Sniffin' Sticks test and visual analog scale(VAS) of the children's appetite preoperatively between March and August 2015.In a appointment 6 months after operation, all of them returned and were tested again. The control group consisted of 40 healthy children, aged 7-12 years, mean age (11.2±0.8) years.SPSS 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis Results: The olfactory function of the study group TDI scores (32.4±3.5) preoperatively were significantly lower in comparison with the results of the control group TDI scores (37.3±2.8)(t=7.057, P<0.001). Significant improvement of olfaction TDI scores (36.8±1.9) was observed in the follow-up appointment(t=13.573, P<0.001). The VAS of the children's appetite during post-adenoidectomy was higher compared to pre-adenoidectomy(t=16.765, P<0.001). There was a strong correlation between the increase in appetite of children and the change of TDI score (r=0.59, P<0.01). Conclusions: Children with adenoid hypertrophy have a reduced ability of both olfactory function and appetite. Surgery had a greater impact on olfaction and appetite.

[Causes and management of pediatric spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage].

Objective: To analyze the causes and management plan of pediatric spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage(STH). Methods: According to the criteria of STH difined by Griffies, patients with STH from December 2013 to January 2016 were included in this retrospective study. Results: A total of 11 patients were reviewed. The etiological diagnosis included 3 pediatric Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis(EBV-IM), 3 suspected pediatric EBV-IM to 3 acute suppurative tonsillitis, 1 acute viral tonsillitis and 1 hemophilia A. The management strategies included antiviral, antibacteria, transfusion, surgical examination followed with bipolar coagulation hemostasis under general anesthesia. No patient treated with tosillectomy. Conclusions: STH is now a rare condition, the causes of which in child are more or less different from adult.This emergency can be treated in time if a detailed management plan for pediatric STH is formulated.

Double-pulse laser based on a semiconductor optical amplifier.

In this paper, a double-pulse laser with a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is proposed. By adjusting the polarization controller, we observe double pulses with repetition frequencies of 10.05 and 12.70 MHz and pulse widths of 33.40 and 30.13 ns, respectively. The laser consists of a SOA asymmetrically placed in a short fiber loop. Its switching time is determined by the off-center position of the SOA within the loop. In the loop, the two pulses, which have the same widths, transmit in the clockwise direction and the counterclockwise direction separately.

[The study of the distortion product emission in the people with hypertriglyceride].

OBJECTIVE: To study the change of the amplitude and latency of the distortion product emission (DPOAE) in the people with hypertriglyceride. METHOD: The DPOAE amplitude and latency of 30 people with hypertriglyceride and 18 normal was acquired with ILO-V5. RESULT: Although the hearing threshold of pure tone was not affected, but DPOAE amplitude of the people with hypertriglyceride was significantly decreased with the normal people, the changes of latency was not significantly affected. CONCLUSION: The cochlea of patient with hyperlipidemia may be damage in its early-stage. The generating mechanism of DPOAE latency and amplitude may be different.