[Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in diabetic population aged over 40 years in Henan province].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic patients aged over 40 years in Henan province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Diabetic patients aged over 40 years were recruited from four cities including Xuchang, Zhumadian, Luoyang and Zhengzhou in Henan Province between June 2015 and July 2019. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the risk factors for CKD. Results: A total of 3 067 diabetic patients were included in this study, including 1 238 males and 1 829 females. The mean age of all participants was (60.9±9.7) years and 85.8% (2 633/3 067) of them were living in rural areas. There were 1 155 participants who had CKD, and the overall prevalence of CKD was 37.7% (95%CI: 35.9%-39.4%). Compared with those without CKD, participants with CKD had older age [(61.4±10.3) vs (60.6±9.3) years], higher proportion of male patients (43.2% vs 38.7%), urban residents (19.4% vs 11.0%) and habitual drinkers (15.8% vs 12.7%), higher body mass index [(25.8±3.7) vs (25.4±3.6) kg/m2), higher proportion of having hypertension (57.0% vs 37.2%), hyperuricemia (10.7% vs 7.1%) and dyslipidemia (46.5% vs 42.7%) (all P<0.05). The prevalence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 and albuminuria was 4.9% (149/3 067) and 35.6% (1 092/3 067), respectively. Compared with rural participants [35.4% (95%CI: 34.4%-36.4%)], urban participants [51.6% (95%CI: 50.0%-53.2%)] had higher prevalence of CKD (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that habitual drinker (OR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.00-1.61, P=0.046), moderate physical activities (OR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.01-1.51, P=0.039), having hypertension (OR=2.27, 95%CI: 1.95-2.64, P<0.001), dyslipidemia (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.04-1.40, P=0.012) and hyperuricemia (OR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.21-2.02, P=0.001) were independent risk factors for CKD. Conclusions: The prevalence of CKD is high in diabetic patients who aged over 40 years in Henan province. The associated factors for developing CKD include habitual drinking, heavier physical activities and having chronic diseases. Targeted prevention and intervention for associated factors would be beneficial for controlling CKD in middle and old aged diabetic patients.

Experimental Investigation of Different Fineness and Firing Temperatures on Pellets Properties of Different Iron Ore fines from Indian Mines.

In India, during mining and ore processing, ore fine generation is a common phenomenon, in which more than 60% of process ore becomes discarded material. To explore the alternative of high-grade ores, mutual replacement with the utility of dump ore fines is the best way. With this perspective, Kiruburu iron ore mine (Iron Ore No.1) and Meghataburu iron ore mine (Iron Ore No.2) dumped fines were chosen for a Blaine no. investigation, in the connection of firing temperatures, to get optimum desirable physical properties, Cold Compression Strength (C.C.S.),and Apparent Porosity (A.P.), with physico-chemical properties, Reducibility Degradation Index (R.D.I.), and Reducibility Index (R.I.). To characterize pellet properties with input variables, a microstructure phase study has been conducted using a scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The Iron Ore No.1 and 2 fine pellets survey showed good, desirable properties, at the Blaine no., of 1678 cm2/g and 2311 cm2/g (corresponding to 200 mesh size), and the best results are attained at a firing temperature of 1300 °C. Thermal kinetic analysis of the heating of pellets has been done to knowthe activation energy of different ore characteristics. The results showed that Iron Ore No.2 pellets have high activation energy.

[Prevalence and related factors of hyperkalemia in patients with diabetic kidney disease].

Objective: To explore the prevalence and related factors of hyperkalemia in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods: DKD patients from the Department of Nephrology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2012 to December 2020 were selected, and the clinical data of the patients were retrospectively collected. The prevalence of hyperkalemia in DKD patients and the prevalence of hyperkalemia in patients with different age, gender and different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were studied, and the related factors of hyperkalemia were further explored. Results: A total of 1 721 patients with DKD were included, with 1 117 males (64.9%) [mean age: (56±12) years] and 604 females (35.1%) [mean age: (59±12) years]. The blood potassium level of the study population was (4.93±0.77) mmol/L, in which the serum potassium level of male and female was (4.92±0.77) mmol/L and (4.93±0.76) mmol/L, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.752). Further grouping by CKD stage, the serum potassium levels of CKD stage 1-5 patients were (4.58±0.52), (4.65±0.47), (4.86±0.59), (5.21±0.79) and (5.61±0.88) mmol/L, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (F=170.701, P<0.001). The prevalence of hyperkalemia was 37.0% (636/1 721). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe hyperkalemia was 17.4%, 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hyperkalemia between men and women (36.8% vs 37.3%, χ²=0.035, P=0.851). The prevalence of hyperkalemia in CKD stage 1-5 patients was 16.3%, 21.2%, 37.6%, 55.2%, 72.5%, respectively, which increased with the severity of CKD (χ²=365.721, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR=0.975, 95%CI: 0.972-0.979), diastolic blood pressure (OR=0.985, 95%CI: 0.975-0.994) and serum sodium concentration (OR=0.972, 95%CI: 0.945-1.000) were the influencing factors of hyperkalemia in DKD patients. Conclusions: The prevalence of hyperkalemia in DKD patients was 37.0%. Glomerular filtration rate, diastolic blood pressure and serum sodium concentration were the influencing factors. The serum potassium level and the prevalence of hyperkalemia increased with the deterioration of renal function.

[The correlation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and idiopathic membranous nephropathy].

Objective: To explore the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the major component of atmospheric pollutant particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and its possible mechanisms. Methods: Thirty-five (24 males and 11 females) patients with IMN confirmed by renal biopsy pathology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from June to September 2020 were selected as the research group, with an age of (47.3±12.9) years. Meanwhile, patients with secondary membranous nephropathy (SMN, n=10) and minimal-change disease (MCD, n=10) were selected as control group. Blood samples were collected to detect PAHs and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the relationship of PAHs with clinical indicators and oxidative stress indicator HO-1 was analyzed. Results: Compared with SMN and MCD groups [(2.6±1.7) mg/L and (2.8±1.0) mg/L], the concentration of PAHs in IMN group [(4.1±1.9) mg/L] increased (both P<0.05). The concentration of PAHs was positively correlated with the levels of ß2 microglobulin, total cholesterol and 24-hour urine total protein (r=0.509, 0.336, and 0.653, respectively, all P<0.05), but was negatively correlated with the levels of total protein and albumin (r=-0.499,-0.530, respectively, both P<0.05). Additionally, the concentration of PAHs was negatively correlated with the level of HO-1 (r=-0.358, P=0.017). Linear regression analysis showed that the concentration of HO-1 decreased by 1.737 µg/L when the concentration of PAHs increased by 1 mg/L (P=0.035). Conclusion: PAHs have a high level in IMN patients, and may be involved in the occurrence and development of IMN through oxidative stress.

Urinary methylmercury excretion in persons exposed to elemental mercury vapor.

Elevated urinary methylmercury excretion was observed in a patient poisoned with mercury vapor. When he was treated with D-penicillamine, the urinary methylmercury excretion increased significantly in both cases of twice-repeated 4-day peroral administration, while the urinary total mercury excretion increased significantly only in the first series of administration.

In vitro studies on interaction of mercuric mercury and selenite in rabbit blood.

The behaviors of inorganic mercury and selenite in rabbit blood, added in vitro individually or in combination, were investigated. Inorganic mercury incorporated into erythrocyte in the absence of selenite was mainly present in the fractions which were eluted from Sephadex G-200 column just after hemoglobin. On the other hand selenium incorporated into erythrocyte in the absence of mercury was eluted in hemoglobin fractions and also in those which are almost completely retained by the column. In the combination experiment, however, the incorporation of mercury and selenium was remarkably enhanced and the increased amounts of both the compounds were eluted together with each other around the void volume region of the Sephadex G-200 column. The existing state of mercury and selenium in the high-molecular weight fractions and the effects of some metabolic inhibitors on the behavior of these compounds in blood were also studied.

Chemical methylation of inorganic mercury with methylcobalamin, a vitamin B12 analog.

Chemical methylation of mercuric chloride with methylcobalamin has been studied. Methylated mercury was detected by gas chromatography; and analysis of the products of the reaction by thin-layer chromatography revealed that the methylation proceeded at a remarkably high rate when methylcobalamin and inorganic mercury were mixed. Dimethylmercury was an initial product of the reaction.