Antioxidant potential of biflavonoid attenuates hyperglycemia by modulating the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in high fat diet/streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

Objectives: The present study was to isolate the biflavonoid (a bimolecular kaemferol structured molecule) and test its efficacy on oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolic key enzymes in control and high fat diet and streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats.Methods: Type 2 diabetes was induced in male albino wistar rats by feeding them with high fat diet comprising of 84.3% standard laboratory chow, 5% lard, 10% yolk powder, cholesterol 0.2%, and 0.5% bile salt for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, the animals were kept in an overnight fast and injected with low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5).Results: At the end of the experimental period, diabetic control rats showed significant increase in plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with concomitant decrease in plasma insulin, total hemoglobin and body weight. The activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, lipid peroxidation markers, antioxidant enzymes, glycogen content and glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase were also altered in diabetic rats.Discussion: Oral administration of biflavonoid to diabetic rats significantly ameliorated all the biochemical alterations to near normal levels. The effect produced by the biflavonoid on various parameters was comparable to that of metformin.

Acyclic Isoprenoid Attenuates Lipid Anomalies and Inflammatory Changes in Hypercholesterolemic Rats.

The present study was aimed to explore the antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effect of acyclic isoprenoid on high fat diet fed rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by the diet comprising of the normal rat chow 84.3%, lard 5%, yolk powder 10%, cholesterol 0.2% and 0.5% bile salt were fed to the rats for the period of 8 weeks. The results showed that abnormally elevated levels of plasma lipid profiles. Three different doses of acyclic isoprenoid (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg b.w/day) were administered orally to hypercholesterolemia suffering rats for the period of 30 days. Among these three doses of acyclic isoprenoid, the dose 80 mg/kg b.w. was significantly decreased the plasma lipid profiles when compared to other two doses. The effect produced by acyclic isoprenoid (80 mg/kg b.w) was comparable to that of simvastatin. Therefore, 80 mg/kg b.w was fixed as a effective dose and used for further analyses. Acyclic isoprenoid administration reinstated the elevated levels of cardiac and inflammatory markers in both blood and serum of hypercholesterolemic rats. In addition, acyclic isoprenoid administration decreased activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and increased the activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase. These findings suggest that the administration of acyclic isoprenoid was potentially ameliorated the cardiac marker enzymes and inflammatory markers in addition to its antihypercholesterolemic effect.

Anti-inflammatory property of Kalpaamruthaa on myocardium in type 2 diabetes mellitus induced cardiovascular complication.

Efficacy of Kalpaamruthaa (KA) on the modulation of inflammatory markers in cardiovascular disease (CVD) induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in experimental rats has been investigated in this study. Oxidative stress in hyperglycemia develops CVD by increasing the inflammatory markers. Administration of KA reduced the blood glucose level towards baseline in rats with diabetes induced CVD. Plasma C-reactive protein was elevated in CVD, while its level was markedly reduced upon KA treatment. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and cycloxygenase-2 expressions in immunoblots, interleukin-1ß and interleukin-6 expressions in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor-κB were increased in CVD-induced rats. KA renders its protection by decreasing these inflammatory markers in CVD-induced rats. Histochemical analysis of mast cell was studied. KA treated rats showed reduced count of mast cell in CVD-induced rat myocardium. This study provides the evidence of cardiovascular protective effect of KA in type 2 diabetes mellitus through its anti-inflammatory property.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Semecarpus anacardium in a high fat diet: STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rat model.

INTRODUCTION: Semecarpus anacardium, known as marking nut, has been used in indigenous system of medicine against various ailments. AIM: To evaluate the antilipidemic and anti-inflammatory effect of S. anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) in Type 2 diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetes was induced in rats by feeding them with a high fat diet followed by i.p. of 35 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with the drugs, SA (200 mg/kg body weight) and metformin (500 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. Antilipidemic effect of the drug was established by studying the lipoprotein alterations and also the alterations in the lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes in the experimental group of rats. The effect of the drug on the expression of PPAR γ was also studied. To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 and also C-reactive protein were determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg orally significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and normalized the alterations in the lipid metabolism in diabetic rats effectively than metformin. SA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA expression of PPAR γ, thereby establishing the antilipidemic effect of the drug. The increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly (p < 0.05) brought down to near normal levels on treatment with the drug SA. CONCLUSION: The present study thereby establishes the antilipidemic and anti-inflammatory effect of the drug. Thus, by decreasing the alterations in the lipid metabolism and inflammatory status, the drug can effectively improve the insulin sensitivity in rats and can serve as an excellent drug in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Phytochemical analysis and anticancer capacity of Shemamruthaa, a herbal formulation against DMBA- induced mammary carcinoma in rats

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the bioactive constituents of Shemamruthaa (SM), a herbal combination and its therapeutic effects on the mitochondrial functions with reference to lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant status, citric acid cycle enzymes and electron transport chain enzymes in mammary tissues of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma in rat model.@*METHODS@#Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and were divided into four groups. Group I served as control and Group II rats were induced mammary carcinoma by administration of DMBA (25 mg/kg b.w.) orally. The normal and cancer-induced rats (Group III) were treated with SM (400 mg/kg b.w./day) orally by gastric incubation for 14 days. Group IV rats served as SM-treated control animals.@*RESULTS@#Cancer-induced rats showed a considerably increased level of LPO with concomitant decreased levels of antioxidants, citric acid cycle enzymes, electron transport chain enzymes and cytochrome contents in the mammary tissue. Treatment with SM brought back the aforementioned biochemical parameters to near normal.@*CONCLUSIONS@#From the results, it can be inferred that Shemamruthaa possesses significant anticancer effect through its role in attenuation of LPO, prevention of membrane damage and restoring membrane integrity.

Hypolipidemic effect of Semecarpus anacardium in high cholesterol fed hypercholesterolemic rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn nut milk extract (SA) in high cholesterol fed hyperlipidemic rat model. METHODS: Rats were divided into four groups which included control animals, hypercholesterolemic animals, hypercholesterolemic animals treated with SA (200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in olive oil), and drug control rats. Lipid levels in serum and liver, and lipid metabolising enzymes were determined after treatment. RESULTS: High cholesterol diet significantly (P<0.05) increased the lipid levels in serum and liver and altered the activities of lipid metabolising enzymes. Significant decrease (P<0.05) in plasma and liver lipid levels were observed whereas the drug ameliorated the activities of lipid metabolising enzymes in drug treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: SA demonstrated remarkable hypolipidemic activity in high cholesterol fed hypercholesterolemic rats. The potential antihyperlipidemic action is plausibly due to its underlying antioxidant role.

Modulation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status upon administration of 'Shemamruthaa' in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced mammary carcinoma bearing rats

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of a Shemamruthaa (SM), (combination of Hibiscus rosasinensis (H. rosasinensis) flowers, fruits of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) and pure honey in definite ratio), against lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status in experimentally induced mammary carcinoma rats. Methods: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and were divided into four groups. Group I control animals received standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. Group II rats were induced with 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (25 mg in 1 mL olive oil) by gastric intubation, whereas another set of DMBA-induced rats were treated with SM (400 mg/kg body weight/d) in olive oil orally by gastric intubation for 14 d after 3 months of induction period (group III). Group IV rats served as SM-treated control animals. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetised and sacrificed and used for biochemical measures and histology studies. Results: The LPO was increased and antioxidant levels were decreased in the serum, liver and mammary tissues of cancer-induced rats. The administration of SM drug significantly (P<0.05) decreased LPO and reversed the status of antioxidants to near normal level in cancer-bearing animals. Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the additive and synergistic action of constituents’ plants in the SM drug against oxidative damage and its protective role in DMBA induced mammary cancer.