Bipolar-valued hesitant fuzzy graph and its application.

In the real-world scenario, one has to find a dominating person in a social network, conferences, meetings or any group discussion. The fuzzy graph (network) is one of the most powerful tools to find the strongest influential person in a network. This paper aims to develop a concept of fuzzy graphs (FGs) in the setup of bipolar-valued hesitant fuzzy sets (BVHFs). The concept of bipolar-valued hesitant fuzzy graph (BVHFG) is different from the concept of bipolar fuzzy graph (BFG). BVHFG is the generalization of hesitant fuzzy graph (HFG), which not only considers the satisfaction degree of units in a network but also considers the satisfaction degree to some implicit counter property of units with several bipolar fuzzy values. We first introduce the definition of BVHFG, represented by another class of imprecise membership grades that refers to BVHF membership grades. We shall subsequently see the scope of BVHF membership grades in BVHFG is greater than the scope of bipolar-valued membership grades in BFG. In addition, we also discuss the basic operations and functional properties of BVHFGs. Finally, we propose a numerical method to find the most dominating person using our proposed work. As the proposed method of ranking considers the degree of hesitation as well as bipolarity, this method has the edge over earlier work. To establish the importance of our method, we also find domination degrees for HFG and BVHFG using the same example and show that there is a significant change in the ranking of dominating persons.

Effects of dairy intake on anthropometric failure in children ages 6 to 23 mo consuming vegetarian diets and fulfilling minimum dietary diversity in India.

OBJECTIVES: In India, although nutritional conditions have improved, a high prevalence of anthropometric failure is still reported in children. Unfortunately, there are knowledge gaps surrounding nutrient and anthropometric shortcomings as well as dietary patterns. More than half of children are consuming a vegetarian diet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary adequacy levels on anthropometric failure in 5772 vegetarian children (ages 6-23 mo) satisfying minimum dietary diversity. METHODS: Data were collected from the National Family Health Survey 2015-16. We created three food combinations: maximum adequacy (dairy and four food groups), medium adequacy (dairy and three food groups), and minimum adequacy (four food groups excluding dairy). We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for the association between dietary adequacy levels and anthropometric failures with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression models. The modification effect of breastfeeding status was also explored. RESULTS: Approximately 35% of children had stunted growth. ORs showed a significant increase in the risk of anthropometric failure, notably wasting, and underweight in children with minimum-adequacy diets (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.15-1.86) compared with children with maximum-adequacy diets. Those associations were more pronounced among children who were not breastfed (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.19-5.00) than among children who were (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.04-1.74; P value for the interaction = 0.07). Similar associations were observed for wasting among children who were not breastfed (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.34-5.95) and who were breastfed(OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.85-1.5; P value for the interaction = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Dairy is an essential source of nutrients that are required for healthy growth and development in children younger than 2 y, even if they satisfy minimum dietary diversity conditions in India.

The polybasic insert, the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and the feline coronavirus - evolved or yet to evolve.

Recent research on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has exploded around the furin-cleavable polybasic insert PRRAR↓S, found within the spike protein. The insert and the receptor-binding domain, (RBD), are vital clues in the Sherlock Holmes-like investigation into the origin of the virus and in its zoonotic crossover. Based on comparative analysis of the whole genome and the sequence features of the insert and the RBD domain, the bat and the pangolin have been proposed as very likely intermediary hosts. In this study, using the various databases, in-house developed tools, sequence comparisons, structure-guided docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, we cautiously present a fresh, theoretical perspective on the SARS-CoV-2 virus activation and its intermediary host. They are a) the SARS-CoV-2 has not yet acquired a fully optimal furin binding site or this seemingly less optimal sequence, PRRARS, has been selected for survival; b) in structural models of furin complexed with peptides, PRRAR↓S binds less well and with distinct differences as compared to the all basic RRKRR↓S; c) these differences may be exploited for the design of virus-specific inhibitors; d) the novel polybasic insert of SARS-CoV-2 may be promiscuous enough to be cleaved by multiple enzymes of the human airway epithelium and tissues which may explain its unexpected broad tropism; e) the RBD domain of the feline coronavirus spike protein carries residues that are responsible for high-affinity binding of the SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE 2 receptor; f) en route zoonotic transfer, the virus may have passed through the domestic cat whose very human-like ACE2 receptor and furin may have played some role in optimizing the traits required for zoonotic transfer.