Functional roles of the monoaminergic and aminoacidergic mechanisms of the dorsal pallidum in anxiety of different aversive origins.

Microinjections of serotonin and glutamic acid into the globus pallidus in conditions of free selection between a light and a dark chamber showed these substances to have antiaversive activity in rats in the "threatening situation" test but not in the "illuminated area" test. Local administration of dopamine and GABA into this basal ganglia formation had no effect on the mechanisms of voluntary movement but countered anxiety states in both behavioral models. These results provide evidence that the neurotransmitter systems of the dorsal pallidum have different degrees of involvement in the operative control of behavior when the modality of the aversive stimulus changes.

[Functional significance of monoamine- and aminoacidergic mechanisms of dorsal pallidum in anxiety of different aversive genesis].

Microinjections of serotonin and glutamine acid into the globus pallidus reveal antiaversive properties of these subsrances in the test with avoiding "threatening situation" but not "illuminated site" test under conditions of rats' free choice between light and dark sites. Dopamine and GABA injected locally into this formation of basal ganglia do not affect the mechanisms of voluntary movement, but counteract the conditions of anxiety in both models of behavior. The results testify to unequal involvement of neurotransmitter systems of the dorsal pallidum into operative regulation of behavior with changes of aversive stimulus modality.

Neurochemical mechanisms of the dorsal pallidum in the antiaversive effects of anxiolytics in various models of anxiety.

In conditions in which rats had a free choice between dark and light chambers, microinjections of glutamic acid, serotonin, and campiron into the globus pallidus showed that these agents have antiaversive properties in a threatening situation test but not in an illuminated area test. Dopamine, apomorphine, GABA, chlordiazepoxide, phenibut, and indoter injected locally into this formation of the basal ganglia had no effect on the mechanisms of voluntary movement but counteracted anxiety states in both behavioral models. These results provide evidence that the monoaminergic and aminoacidergic systems of the dorsal pallidum have different functional roles in the operative regulation of behavior for aversive stimuli of different modalities. Prior intraperitoneal administration of functional antagonists of these synaptotropic substances and subsequent microinjection of transmitter monoamines and amino acids and their agonists into the globus pallidus demonstrated the selective involvement of the neurotransmitter systems of the dorsal pallidum in the antiaversive effects of anxiosedative and anxioselective substances.

[Neurochemical features of the ventral pallidum in realization of the antiaversive effects of anxiolytics in different models of anxiety].

Preliminary intraperitoneal injections of some combinations of adreno- and dopaminomimetics, monoamines, and mediator amino acids (as well as of their agonists and antagonists) followed by microinjections of the same combinations into the ventral pallidum reveal differences in the functional significance of the neurochemical profile of this paleostriatum formation in realization of the anxiety states of different genesis, as manifested in the "illuminated site avoidance" and the "threatening situation" tests in rats. The pharmacological analysis based on the local injection of anxiosedative and anxioselective agents into the ventral paleostriatum showed that the antiaversive action of campirone is revealed under the conditions of dominating fear motivation, while that analogous action of chlordiazepoxide, phenibut and indoter is revealed under negative stressful zoosocial impacts and is realized by serotonin- and GABA-ergic (rather than by cathecholamine- and glutaminergic) aversive systems of the ventral pallidum.

[Neurochemical mechanisms of dorsal pallidum in antiadverse effects of anxiolytics of different models of anxiety].

Microinjections of glutamine acid, serotonine and campiron into globus pallidus reveal antiadverse properties of ratsin in the test with avoiding "threatening situation" but not with "illuminated site" under the conditions of rats' free choice between light and dark sites. Dopamine, apomorphine, GABA, chlordiazepoxide, phenibut and indoter injected locally into this formation of basal ganglia do not affect the mechanisms of the involuntary movement, but counteract the conditions of anxiety in both models of behaviour. These results show different functional role of monoamino- and aminoacidergic systems of dorsal pallidum in operative regulation of behaviour with changing of aversive stimulus modality. Preliminary intraperitoneal injection of functional antagonists of investigated synoptotropic followed by microinjection of monoamines and amino acids into globus pallidus reveal selective involvement of neuromediator systems of dorsal pallidum into antiadverse anxiosedative and anxioselective actions.

Neurochemical characteristics of the ventromedial hypothalamus in mediating the antiaversive effects of anxiolytics in different models of anxiety.

In experiments on rats using an "illuminated area" avoidance test and a "threatening situation" avoidance test, preliminary i.p. administration and subsequent microinjection into the ventromedial hypothalamus of various combinations of monoamines, transmitter amino acids, and their agonists and antagonists demonstrated differences in the functional importance of the neurochemical profile of this limbic formation in mediating anxiety states of different origins. The neurochemical analysis with local intrahypothalamic administration of anxiosedative and anxioselective substances showed that the antiaversive actions of Campirone are obtained only in conditions in which the dominant motivation is fear, while chlordiazepoxide, Phenibut, and Indoter are also active in anxiety induced by negatively stressful zoosocial influences; these actions are mediated respectively by serotoninergic and GABAergic types of synaptic switching in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

[Monoaminergic and aminoacidergic mechanisms of the posterior hypothalamus in realization of the antiaversive effects of anxiosedative and anxioselective agents in various anxiety models]. / O monoaminericheskikh i aminokislotergicheskikh mekhanizmakh zadnego gipotalamusa v realizatsii antiaversivnykh éffektov anksiosedativnykh i anksioselektivnykh sredstv na razlichnykh modeliakh trevogi.

Experiments using the "illuminated site" and "threatening situation" avoidance tests on rats after preliminary intraperitoneal injection of monoamines, mediator amino acids, and their agonists and antagonists, followed by microinjection of the same combinations into the posterior hypothalamus revealed functional ambiguity in the neurochemical profile of this limbic brain formation in realization of the anxiety states of various genesis. Pharmacological analysis was performed after preliminary injection of various anxiosedative and anxioselective agents into the posterior hypothalamus. It was found that the antiaversive action of chloridiazepoxide, fenibut, and indoter is manifested only under conditions of dominating fear motivation and is mediated by a GABAergic mechanism in the posterior hypothalamus. The anxiolytic effect of campiron is manifested only under negative-stressor zoosocial impact conditions and is mediated by the serotoninergic profile of synaptic switching in this limbic brain formation.

[Monoamine, GABA, and glutamergic mechanisms of the anterior hypothalamus in anti-aversive effects of sedative and selective drugs in various models of anxiety]. / Issledovanie monoamin-, GAMK- i glutamatergicheskikh mekhanizmov perednego gipotalamusa v antiaversivnykh éffektakh anksiosedativnykh i anksioselektivnykh sredstv na razlichnykh modeliakh trevogi.

The experiments using "illuminated site" and "threatening situation" avoidance tests on rats microinjected with GABA, glutamic acid, monoamines and their agonists and antagonists, as well as anxiosedative and anxioselective agents into the anterior hypothalamus revealed functional ambiguity in the neurochemical profile of this limbic brain formation in the anxiety states of various aversive genesis. Preliminary intraperitoneal injection of the monoamine and GABA antagonists, followed by the local administration of the antianxiety drugs studied, showed that the antiaversive action of chlordiazepoxide, fenibut, and indoter is manifested in both anxiety models via a GABAergic mechanism in the anterior hypothalamus. The anxiolytic effect of campiron is manifested only under negative-stressor zoosocial conditions and is mediated by the serotoninergic systems of this limbic brain formation.

The role of neurochemical mechanisms of ventromedial hypothalamus in various models of anxiety in rats.

Microinjections of glutamic acid, serotonin, and sulpiride in the ventromedial hypothalamus reduced anxiety in an illuminated platform avoidance task in rats, while dopamine, apomorphine, picrotoxin, and memantine increased it. Similar injections of phenylephrine and yohimbine reduced anxiety in threatening situation task only, while GABA reduced it in both tasks. It is suggested that various emotional and stress phenotypes are realized through functionally different neurochemical mechanisms of ventromedial hypothalamus.

[Neurochemical characteristics of the ventromedial hypothalamus and anti-aversive effects of anxiolytic agents in various anxiety models]. / Neirokhimicheskie osobennosti ventromedial'nogo gipotalamusa v realizatsii antiaversionnykh éffektov anksiolitikov na razlichnykh modeliakh trevogi.

Neurochemical analysis using anxiosedative and anxioselective agents injected into the hypothalamus revealed that antiaversive action of camprione is only realised under conditions of domineering fear motivation whereas that of chlordiazepoxide, phenibut, indoter may also be realised under conditions of negative stressful zoo-social impacts mediated by serotonin.