Quantum control of a cat qubit with bit-flip times exceeding ten seconds.

Quantum bits (qubits) are prone to several types of error as the result of uncontrolled interactions with their environment. Common strategies to correct these errors are based on architectures of qubits involving daunting hardware overheads1. One possible solution is to build qubits that are inherently protected against certain types of error, so the overhead required to correct the remaining errors is greatly reduced2-7. However, this strategy relies on one condition: any quantum manipulations of the qubit must not break the protection that has been so carefully engineered5,8. A type of qubit known as a cat qubit is encoded in the manifold of metastable states of a quantum dynamical system, and thereby acquires continuous and autonomous protection against bit-flips. Here, in a superconducting-circuit experiment, we implemented a cat qubit with bit-flip times exceeding 10 s. This is an improvement of four orders of magnitude over previously published cat-qubit implementations. We prepared and imaged quantum superposition states, and measured phase-flip times greater than 490 ns. Most importantly, we controlled the phase of these quantum superpositions without breaking the bit-flip protection. This experiment demonstrates the compatibility of quantum control and inherent bit-flip protection at an unprecedented level, showing the viability of these dynamical qubits for future quantum technologies.

[Radiological analysis of size of bone elements of the temporomandibular joint in children and adolescents with class II malocclusion]. / Analiz razmerov kostnykh elementov visochno-nizhnechelyustnogo sustava u detei i podrostkov s distal'noi okklyuziei.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the ratio of bone elements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in children and adolescents with distal occlusion according to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: CBCT of the TMJ was analyzed in 121 patients aged 12-18 years, which were divided into two age groups: group I - children aged 12-15 years (62 cases in total, of which 47 patients with distal occlusion and 15 patients with physiological occlusion) and II group - adolescents aged 15-18 years (59 cases, of which 48 patients with distal occlusion and 11 patients with physiological occlusion). CBCT of the temporomandibular joint was performed by the standard method in the position of habitual occlusion and maximally open mouth. The size of the TMJ joint space in the anterior, upper and posterior sections was determined by the method of Rabukhina N.A., the analysis of the ratio of the bone elements of the TMJ was carried out using the Craniometry program. RESULTS: The size of the joint space and the angle ß of the temporomandibular joint in the anterior section on the right and left in children aged 12-15 with distal occlusion is increased compared to children with physiological occlusion in the position of habitual occlusion. In adolescents 15-18 years old with distal occlusion, the size of the TMJ joint space is increased in the anterior section on the right and left and reduced in the posterior section on the right, angle α is reduced on the right and left, angle ß is reduced on the right, angle γ is increased on the right compared to adolescents with physiological occlusion. The revealed deviations indicate the presence of violations in the ratio of the bone elements of the TMJ, which are aggravated with age. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the results obtained during CBCT in children and adolescents allows us to correct the plan of orthodontic treatment and predict its results.

[Cephalometric study of 9-15 years old patients with maxillofacial anomalies and cerebral palsy]. / Tsefalometricheskie parametry u patsientov v vozraste 9-15 let s zubocheliustnymi anomaliiami i detskim tserebral'nym paralichom.

AIM: To study the morphological state of the maxillofacial system in children with cerebral palsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The frequency and prevalence of dental anomalies was studied in 30 9-15 years old children with cerebral palsy. For the registration of maxillofacial anomalies, the Bjork assessment method was used. The severity of sagittal incisive disocclusion and the reverse sagittal incisal disocclusion was measured by the magnitude of the sagittal slit. RESULTS: The study revealed no age-dependent correlation of lower canines and second premolars roots growth. The parameters of the cerebral part of the skull measured on the CT-bases lateral cephalograms were significantly less than normal rates except for the length of the posterior part of the skull. CONCLUSION: The morphological changes that determined the formation of sagittal and vertical incisive disocclusions were defined: the reduction of total anterior morphological face height (N-Me) and anterior upper morphological face height (N-SpP) and the increase in the anterior lower morphological face height (SpP-Me) which are characteristic features for patients with incisive sagittal and vertical diocclusion.

[Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion Class III in patients aged 6-12 by Postnikov appliance, face mask and bracket system]. / Ortodonticheskoe lechenie zuboal'veoliarnoi formy mezial'noi okkliuzii u detei 6-12 let apparatom Postnikova, litsevoi maskoi i breket-sistemoi.

The diagnostics and treatment of malocclusion Class III in patients aged 6-12 is an vital problem in orthodontics. Method of orthodontic treatment of malocclusion Class III in patients with the help of improved and patented orthodontic construction - 'Postnikov appliance' - and face mask and bracket system is analysed in the article. Orthodontic treatment of malocclusion Class III was examined in 24 patients aged 6-12 by the suggested method. All patients were examined clinically and with the help af additional diagnostic methods: head cephalometry in lateral position with further data analysis in Dolphin Imaging (USA). The use of computer technologies in Dolphin Imaging helps to controll the process of correction of dentition correlation in different stages of treatment, to reduce the period of treatment of malocclusion Class III in patients aged 6-12 and to improve face esthetics and life quality ratio.

[COMORBIDITY AND POLYMORBIDITY IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN THE LIGHT OF THE PROBLEM OF NSAID-GASTROPATHY].

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most demanded drugs. Paper presents the data review on the drug activity mechanisms, effectiveness, safety, and major drug interactions of NSAIDs at co-morbid conditions in different age groups, as well as measures of prevention of NSAID-gastropathy, which can occur even against the use of small doses of NSAIDs. The existing recommendations on the selection of NSAIDs and the complex therapy with drugs of this pharmacological group are shown in considering the individual characteristics of the patient, the pharmacological properties of drugs, the clinical picture of the disease, the presence of risk factors for adverse reactions and drug interactions.

[Mathematical interpretation of the switching over between the regimes of electrical activity of the brain].

The switching between the brain functioning regimes, which is indicated by the data of magnetic encephalography, has been modeled. A mathematical model has been constructed in which the switching process occurs without any external influence and may correspond to switches in the brain in pathology.

[Biological activity of cholecystokinin-(30-33) tetrapeptide analogs].

Analogues of the endogenous peptide corresponding to the 30-33 sequence of cholecystokinin (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) were synthesized, and their biological activity was studied. It was shown that, in rats, the N-succinylated Nle2 analogue of this tetrapeptide exhibits increased anxiolytic properties in the dark-bright chamber test and an enhanced alcohol intake by both the control animals and the long-time alcohol-dependent animals under the conditions of free choice. Introduction of an isopropyl residue into the C-terminal amide of the Nle2 analogue resulted in the appearance of anxiolytic and antialcohol activity and the ability to increase the morphine analgesic effect in the tail-flick test on rats. The two synthesized analogues retained an affinity to cholecystokinin receptors.

[The morphological status of the maxillodental system in children living in an area contaminated by radionuclides as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. / Morfologicheskoe sostoianie zubocheliustnoi sistemy detei, prozhivaiushchikh v raione, zagriaznennom radionuklidami v rezul'tate avarii na ChAES.

The present study has been done in the framework of federal programme "Children of Chernobyl" with the aim to determine spread and structure of dental jaw abnormalities in children born and living in the radiation polluted regions after Chernobyl accident in 1986. 183 children have been examined in Donskoi town of Tula Province with the polluted soil by Cs-137 up to 5 Ci/km. All the examined children were divided into 2 groups: group 1--born in 1980-1986 and group 2--born in 1987-1994. It was determined that 76.5% of children have dental jaw system abnormalities. The most spread ones were occlusion abnormalities in combination with teeth abnormalities (28.9% cases) while the state of dental jaw system corresponding to the age standard was 2 times rarer in children born after the Chernobyl accident.

[The determination of the length of the anterior segment of the dentition on plaster models of the jaws]. / Opredelenie dliny perednego otrezka zubnykh riadov na gipsovykh modeliakh cheliustei.

Sixty plaster models of the jaws of children aged 7 to 12 with normal occlusion have been examined and the correlations between the measured parameters analyzed. The authors recommend to use the relationship between the length of the anterior fragment of dentition and the sum of the mesiodistal sizes of 4 lower incisors for estimating the value of the former parameter.

[The functional status of the periodontium during the treatment of tooth crowding by the edgewise technic]. / Funktsional'noe sostoianie parodonta v protsesse lecheniia skuchennogo polozheniia zubov s pomoshch'iu édzhvais-tekhniki.

The status of abutment tissues of permanent teeth was studied in patients with dense position of teeth, aged 13 to 18. Time course of periodontal changes at different stages of orthodontic treatment with permanent devices was followed up.

[The comparative characteristics of the morphological indices of the maxillodental system in 7- to 12-year-old children with absent closure of the dental arches in the frontal plane]. / Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika morfologicheskikh pokazatelei zubocheliustnoi sistemy u detei 7--12 let s otsutstviem smykaniia zubnykh riadov vo frontal'nom otdele.

The height of permanent teeth crowns was measured and the status of supporting tissue studied with the use of a Periotest apparatus (Siemens, Germany) in 95 children aged 7-12 with physiologic dental occlusion and in 70 age-matched children without dental occlusion in the frontal section. The data obtained by this apparatus permit a judgement on exercise tolerance of periodontal tissue. The size of the vertical fissure between maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth was measured in the children with abnormal occlusion and analysis of correlations and regressions of this parameter with the height of permanent teeth crown was carried out. The findings evidence that dental supporting tissue strength changes with age, as the maxillodental system develops, and that this characteristic is rather low in the children with non-occluding frontal teeth.

Long-term changes of striatal D-2 receptors in rats chronically exposed to morphine under aversive life conditions.

Chronic morphine treatment has been shown to cause the development of hyperreactivity of the dopamine system detected as the increased behavioral and biochemical responses to the action of specific dopamine agonists. Furthermore, inverted changes in animal behavioral reactivity to the stimulation of presynaptic, proposed D-2 receptors by apomorphine in a low dose was found in our previous study when morphine was chronically used in animals under conditions of restraint. To estimate the nature and proposed receptor mechanisms of changes found in behavioral reactivity due to chronic morphine administration in aversive life conditions at the level of highly sensitive D-2 receptors, the density and affinity of [3H] spiroperidol binding sites was studied in these animals two weeks after the last opiate administration. Increased density and affinity of D-2 receptors probably indicating their hypersensitivity was found in animals chronically exposed to two-hour restraint stress, while a significant decrease in density accompanied by increase in affinity of these receptors was typical to rats chronically exposed to morphine under conditions of restraint. The data are discussed in aspects of quantitative and qualitative changes in D-2 receptors, and their proposed mechanisms and functional significance in the mediation of modified organism's functional state due to chronic opiate administration in different environmental conditions.

[General anesthesia in non-cardiac surgery in patients with transplanted hearts]. / Obshchaia anesteziia pri nekardiokhirurgicheskikh vmeshatel'stvakh u bol'nykh s transplantirovannym serdtsem.

At present non-cardiac surgery is infrequent in patients survived after heart transplantations. The authors review specific features of general anesthesia in such a clinical situation on the basis of their own two clinical observations and literature data. The principles for the anesthesiological management are analysed. They are specific sterility rules, atypical mechanisms of cardio-vascular system adaptation to stress and peculiar reaction of a denervated heart to pharmacological agents.

[Correlation of the angular and linear parameters of teleroentgenograms of the head in children with a deep prognathic bite at the time of the second dentition]. / Korreliatsionnye zavisimosti uglovykh i lineinykh parametrov telerentgenogramm golovy u detei s prognaticheskim glubokim prikusom v periody smeny zubov.

In 70 children with deep prognathic occlusion while in the period of second dentition the correlations were investigated between the angular parameters of teleroentgenograms in a triangular manner: each parameter was related to the two others, and those were compared to each other.

[The support of adequate maternal and fetal gas exchange during abdominal delivery under endotracheal anesthesia]. / Obespechenie adekvatnogo gazoobemena materi i ploda pri abdominal'nom rodorazreshenii v usloviiakh éndotrakheal'nogo narkoza.

Fetal gas exchange and a neonate's status were found to be closely related to the capacity of controlled maternal pulmonary ventilation during abdominal delivery. To calculate the minute volume of ventilation, correction factors were proposed. The optimization of gas exchange during an operation was provided by sombrevin. The proposed procedure decreased the incidence of fetal hypoxia and neonatal asphyxia.