The Portuguese version of the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale: validation study.

OBJECTIVES: The Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale was designed to assess severity and treatment response in subjects with schizophrenia involved in naturalistic studies and daily clinical practice. The objective of this study is to validate the Portuguese version of the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale in Brazil by assessing its psychometric properties. METHOD: Cross-sectional validation study of the Portuguese version of the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale, tested in outpatients and inpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV, ICD-10) from 6 centers in Brazil. Concurrent validity and sensitivity to change were assessed by comparison with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, which is considered the gold standard tool to evaluate patients with schizophrenia. Interrater reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) calculated based on the scoring of two concomitant raters. RESULTS: 70 inpatients and 70 outpatients were evaluated. Total Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores were highly correlated (r=0.79; p<0.01). Positive (r=0.86), negative (r=0.79), depressive (r=0.66) and cognitive (r=0.75) symptoms subscale scores were also correlated between both scales (p<0.01). Sensitivity to change was significantly correlated between the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (r=0.73; p<0.01). Interrater reliability was substantial for positive symptoms and total scores of the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale (ICC=0.81 and 0.73), and moderate for negative, depressive, and cognitive symptoms score (0.64, 0.67 and 0.63, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the Clinical Global Impression-Schizophrenia Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of severity and treatment response in schizophrenic inpatient and outpatients.

The Portuguese version of the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale: validation study

OBJECTIVES: The Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale was designed to assess severity and treatment response in subjects with schizophrenia involved in naturalistic studies and daily clinical practice. The objective of this study is to validate the Portuguese version of the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale in Brazil by assessing its psychometric properties. METHOD: Cross-sectional validation study of the Portuguese version of the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale, tested in outpatients and inpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV, ICD-10) from 6 centers in Brazil. Concurrent validity and sensitivity to change were assessed by comparison with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, which is considered the gold standard tool to evaluate patients with schizophrenia. Interrater reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) calculated based on the scoring of two concomitant raters. RESULTS: 70 inpatients and 70 outpatients were evaluated. Total Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores were highly correlated (r = 0.79; p < 0.01). Positive (r = 0.86), negative (r = 0.79), depressive (r = 0.66) and cognitive (r = 0.75) symptoms subscale scores were also correlated between both scales (p < 0.01). Sensitivity to change was significantly correlated between the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (r = 0.73; p < 0.01). Interrater reliability was substantial for positive symptoms and total scores of the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale (ICC = 0.81 and 0.73), and moderate for negative, depressive, and cognitive symptoms score (0.64, 0.67 and 0.63, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the Clinical Global Impression - Schizophrenia Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of severity and treatment response in schizophrenic inpatient...

OBJETIVOS: A Escala de Impressão Clínica Global - Esquizofrenia é um instrumento de aplicação simples e rápido, utilizado para avaliar a severidade de sintomas em pacientes com esquizofrenia. Pode ser aplicado em estudos naturalísticos e na prática clínica. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar as propriedades psicométricas e validar a versão Brasileira da Escala de Impressão Clínica Global - Esquizofrenia em nosso meio. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de validação da Escala de Impressão Clínica Global - Esquizofrenia, na versão em Português, em pacientes com esquizofrenia, hospitalizados e em tratamento ambulatorial (DSM-IV, ICD-10), selecionados em seis centros no Brasil. Validade concorrente e sensibilidade à mudança foram determinadas em comparação com a escala Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, considerada padrão-ouro. Confiabilidade interavaliador foi determinada através de coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (ICC), calculados a partir das pontuações de dois avaliadores concomitantemente. RESULTADOS: Setenta pacientes hospitalizados e 70 em tratamento ambulatorial foram incluídos. Os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre Escala de Impressão Clínica Global - Esquizofrenia e Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale foram: pontuação total (0,79), sintomas positivos (r = 0,86), negativos (r = 0,79), depressivos (r = 0,66) e cognitivos (r = 0,75, todos com p < 0,01). A confiabilidade interavaliadores da Escala de Impressão Clínica Global - Esquizofrenia foi alta para sintomas positivos e pontuação total; e moderada para sintomas negativos, depressivos e cognitivos. A sensibilidade ao grau de mudança foi moderadamente e significativamente correlacionada entre as duas escalas (r = 0,73, p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: A Escala de Impressão Clínica Global - Esquizofrenia em Português é um instrumento de boa validade e confiabilidade na avaliação da evolução de pacientes com esquizofrenia no Brasil, tanto em tratamento ambulatorial como hospitalizados.

A direcao do tratamento e o uso do psicofarmaco

A partir da demarcacao das diferencas entre o sintoma psiquiatrico e o psicanalitico e da especificidade do psicofarmaco dentro da medicina, a autora discute a importancia de a psicanalise acompanhar os avancos da psicofarmacologia assim como a importancia de nao se desvincular os conceitos operativos da psicanalise, tais como a transferencia e o conceito de sujeito, do ato de medicar.