Affinity extraction of emerging contaminants from water based on bovine serum albumin as a binding agent.

Affinity sorbents using bovine serum albumin as a binding agent were developed and tested for the extraction of environmental contaminants from water. Computer simulations based on a countercurrent distribution model were also used to study the behavior of these sorbents. Several model drugs, pesticides, and hormones of interest as emerging contaminants were considered in this work, with carbamazepine being used as a representative analyte when coupling the albumin column on-line with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The albumin column was found to be capable of extracting carbamazepine from aqueous solutions that contained trace levels of this analyte. Further studies of the bovine serum albumin sorbent indicated that it had higher retention under aqueous conditions than a traditional C18 support for most of the tested emerging contaminants. Potential advantages of using these protein-based sorbents included the low cost of bovine serum albumin and its ability to bind to a relatively wide range of drugs and related compounds. It was also shown how simulations could be used to describe the elution behavior of the model compounds on the bovine serum albumin sorbents as an aid in optimizing the retention and selectivity of these supports for use with liquid chromatography or methods such as liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF A SINGLE ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL GABAPENTIN IN THE GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS).

Gabapentin (1-[aminomethyl] cyclohexane acetic acid) is a γ-aminobutyric acid analogue that has been shown to be efficacious for neuropathic pain control in humans. Plasma gabapentin concentrations >2 µg/ml are considered effective in treating epilepsy in humans and are suggested to provide analgesia for neuropathic pain. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of gabapentin suspension (11 mg/kg) in great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ). Plasma gabapentin concentrations were determined in six healthy birds for 48 hr using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Plasma gabapentin concentrations were estimated by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. The harmonic mean (±SD) maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), and elimination half-life (tv2λZ) for gabapentin (11 mg/kg) were 6.17±0.83 µg/ml, 51.43±5.66 min, and 264.60±69.35 min, respectively. In this study, plasma gabapentin concentrations were maintained above 2 µg/ml for 528 min (8.8 hr), suggesting that gabapentin administered orally every 8 hr may be appropriate in great horned owls.

Development of microcolumn-based one-site immunometric assays for protein biomarkers.

One-site immunometric assays that utilize affinity microcolumns were developed and evaluated for the analysis of protein biomarkers. This approach used labeled antibodies that were monitored through on-line fluorescence or near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence detection. Human serum albumin (HSA) was utilized as a model target protein for this approach. In these assays, a fixed amount of labeled anti-HSA antibodies was mixed with samples or standards containing HSA, followed by the injection of this mixture onto an HSA microcolumn to remove excess antibodies and detect the non-retained labeled antibodies that were bound to HSA from the sample. The affinity microcolumns were 2.1mm i.d. ×5mm and contained 8-9nmol of immobilized HSA. These microcolumns were used from 0.10 to 1.0mL/min and gave results within 35s to 2.8min of sample injection. Limits of detection down to 0.10-0.28ng/mL (1.5-4.2pM) or 25-30pg/mL (0.38-0.45pM) were achieved when using fluorescein or a NIR fluorescent dye as the label, with an assay precision of ±0.1-4.2%. Several parameters were examined during the optimization of these assays, and general guidelines and procedures were developed for the extension of this approach for use with other types of affinity microcolumns and protein biomarkers.

Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of affinity chromatography: recent trends and developments.

Affinity chromatography is a separation technique that has become increasingly important in work with biological samples and pharmaceutical agents. This method is based on the use of a biologically related agent as a stationary phase to selectively retain analytes or to study biological interactions. This review discusses the basic principles behind affinity chromatography and examines recent developments that have occurred in the use of this method for biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis. Techniques based on traditional affinity supports are discussed, but an emphasis is placed on methods in which affinity columns are used as part of HPLC systems or in combination with other analytical methods. General formats for affinity chromatography that are considered include step elution schemes, weak affinity chromatography, affinity extraction and affinity depletion. Specific separation techniques that are examined include lectin affinity chromatography, boronate affinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, and immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Approaches for the study of biological interactions by affinity chromatography are also presented, such as the measurement of equilibrium constants, rate constants, or competition and displacement effects. In addition, related developments in the use of immobilized enzyme reactors, molecularly imprinted polymers, dye ligands and aptamers are briefly considered.

Characterization of drug interactions with serum proteins by using high-performance affinity chromatography.

The binding of drugs with serum proteins can affect the activity, distribution, rate of excretion, and toxicity of pharmaceutical agents in the body. One tool that can be used to quickly analyze and characterize these interactions is high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC). This review shows how HPAC can be used to study drug-protein binding and describes the various applications of this approach when examining drug interactions with serum proteins. Methods for determining binding constants, characterizing binding sites, examining drug-drug interactions, and studying drug-protein dissociation rates will be discussed. Applications that illustrate the use of HPAC with serum binding agents such as human serum albumin, α(1)-acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins will be presented. Recent developments will also be examined, such as new methods for immobilizing serum proteins in HPAC columns, the utilization of HPAC as a tool in personalized medicine, and HPAC methods for the high-throughput screening and characterization of drug-protein binding.

Kinetic studies of drug-protein interactions by using peak profiling and high-performance affinity chromatography: examination of multi-site interactions of drugs with human serum albumin columns.

Carbamazepine and imipramine are drugs that have significant binding to human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant serum protein in blood and a common transport protein for many drugs in the body. Information on the kinetics of these drug interactions with HSA would be valuable in understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of these drugs and could provide data that might lead to the creation of improved assays for these analytes in biological samples. In this report, an approach based on peak profiling was used with high-performance affinity chromatography to measure the dissociation rate constants for carbamazepine and imipramine with HSA. This approach compared the elution profiles for each drug and a non-retained species on an HSA column and control column over a board range of flow rates. Various approaches for the corrections of non-specific binding between these drugs and the support were considered and compared in this process. Dissociation rate constants of 1.7 (±0.2) s(-1) and 0.67 (±0.04) s(-1) at pH 7.4 and 37°C were estimated by this approach for HSA in its interactions with carbamazepine and imipramine, respectively. These results gave good agreement with rate constants that have determined by other methods or for similar solute interactions with HSA. The approach described in this report for kinetic studies is not limited to these particular drugs or HSA but can also be extended to other drugs and proteins.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS IN THE SERUM PROTEOME.

The binding of drugs with serum proteins and binding agents such as human serum albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins is an important process in determining the activity and fate of many pharmaceuticals in the body. A variety of techniques have been used to study drug interactions with serum proteins, but there is still a need for faster or better methods for such work. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one tool that has been utilized in many formats for these types of measurements. Advantages of using HPLC for this application include its speed and precision, its ability to be automated, its good limits of detection, and its compatibility with a wide range of assay formats and detectors. This review will discuss various approaches in which HPLC can be employed for the study of drug-protein interactions. These techniques include the use of soluble proteins in zonal elution and frontal analysis methods or vacancy techniques such as the Hummel-Dreyer method. Zonal elution and frontal analysis methods that make use of immobilized proteins and high-performance affinity chromatography will also be presented. A variety of applications will be examined, ranging from the determination of free drug fractions to the measurement of the strength or rate of a drug-protein interaction. Newer developments that will be discussed include recent work in the creation of novel mathematical approaches for HPLC studies of drug-protein binding, the use of HPLC methods for the high-throughput screening of drug-protein binding, and the creation and use of affinity monoliths or affinity microcolumns for examining drug-protein systems.

Environmental analysis by on-line immunoextraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography: optimization of the immunoextraction/RPLC interface.

The use of antibodies in HPLC columns for on-line immunoextraction combined with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is of growing interest in environmental and agricultural analysis. This technique is typically performed by using a small RPLC precolumn to capture and concentrate analytes as they elute from the immunoextraction column; however, there is little information on the conditions required for optimizing this interface. This study examined the behavior of this interface by using 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and related herbicides as model analytes. It was found that analyte dissociation from immunoextraction columns followed first-order decay and that the elution of these analytes through the immunoextraction/RPLC interface gave an exponentially modified Gaussian profile. Computer simulations were used to see how analyte elution through the interface changed with different dissociation and retention conditions. Several guidelines were developed from this work that could be used for developing and optimizing on-line immunoextraction/RPLC systems for other chemicals of environmental or agricultural interest.

Oxygen, carbon, and sulfur segregation in annealed and unannealed zerovalent iron substrates.

Finely ground and pretreated iron substrates known as "zerovalent iron" or "Fe0" are used as reductants in the environmental remediation of halogenated hydrocarbons, and the composition of their surfaces significantly affects their reactivity. Samples of unannealed and annealed (heat-treated under H2/N2) zerovalent iron were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Surface concentration of the iron and of the impurities observed by XPS and AES, carbon, chlorine, sulfur, and oxygen, were measured before and after soaking in trichloroethylene (TCE) and in water saturated with TCE (H2O/TCE) to simulate chlorocarbon remediation conditions. Samples pretreated by annealing at high temperature under H2 contained less iron carbide. The carbide contaminant was evident in both iron and carbon XPS spectra, with binding energies of 709.0 and 283.3 eV for the Fe 2p3/2 and C 1s, respectively. The annealed Fe0 surface also contained more sulfur. The carbide concentration was essentially unchanged by TCE and H2O/TCE exposure, whereas the sulfur decreased in proportion to chlorine adsorption following the dechlorination reaction. While oxygen concentration is initially lower on the annealed substrate surface, it rapidly increased during the model TCE remediative treatment process and thus does not represent a significant effect of the annealing process on surface reactivity.