Evolución clínica, funcional y radiológica de pacientes trasplantados pulmonares con síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante y disfunción de injerto pulmonar restrictivo / Clinical, functional and radiological evolution of pulmonary transplant patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and restrictive graft dysfunction

Resumen La principal complicación a largo plazo en trasplantados de pulmón es la disfunción crónica de injerto identificado como bronquiolitis obliterante, existiendo un nuevo patrón denominado Disfunción de Injerto Restrictivo. Objetivo: Evaluar seguimiento espirométrico, radiológico y clínico entre pacientes con síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante (SBO) y Disfunción de Injerto Restrictivo (DIR) post trasplante pulmonar. Metodología: Se revisaron registros clínicos de trasplantados pulmonares desde 1999 hasta 2017. Se efectuó seguimiento espirométrico e imágenes por tomografía de tórax y factores asociados: infección por Citomegalovirus(CMV), reflujo gastro-esofágico (RGE) y episodios de rechazo agudo. Se analizó sobrevida por Kaplan Meier. Resultados: De 88 pacientes trasplantados de pulmón, 40 desarrollaron disfunción crónica de injerto: 31 (80%) presentaron SBO y 9 (20%) tuvieron DIR. Edad promedio: 47 años en SBO y 46 años en DIR. Siendo fibrosis pulmonar la patología basal predominante en ambos. En SBO se consignaron 14 episodios de rechazo agudo (50%), infección por CMV en 18% y RGE activo en 26%. En la serie DIR hubo 5 episodios de rechazo agudo (62%), 13% de infección por CMV y 67% de RGE activo 6 (p = 0,02). En el seguimiento a 1-2-4-5 años el promedio del VEF1 en SBO fue: 67,3,65, 60 y 48% del valor predicho y en DIR fue 61, 65, 62 y 45% respectivamente. Las imágenes tomográficas en SBO mostraron: hiperinflación y en DIR: fibrosis pleuropulmonar superior. La sobrevida fue de 96,9 meses en SBO y 65,6 meses en DIR (p = 0,06). Conclusions: La disfunción restrictiva presentó menor sobrevida que SBO. RGE se asoció a rechazo restrictivo. La tomografía de tórax difiere en ambos tipos de rechazo crónico.

The main long-term complication in lung transplant patients is chronic graft dysfunction identified as bronchiolitis obliterans, and there is a new pattern called Restrictive Graft Dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate spirometric, radiological and clinical follow-up among patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and Restrictive Allograft Syndrome (RAS) after lung transplantation. Methodology: Lung transplant recipients ' clinical records were reviewed from 1999 to 2017. We carried out a follow up of spirometry, chest tomography imaging and associated factors: cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and episodes of acute rejection. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan Meier. Results: Out of 88 lung transplant patients, 40 developed chronic graft dysfunction: 31 (80%) presented BOS and 9 (20%) had RAS. Mean age: 47 yr.o. in BOS and 46 yr. o. in RAS. Lung fibrosis was the primary pathology predominant in both conditions. In BOS were reported 14 episodes of acute rejection (50%), CMV infection in 18% and active GER in 26%. In RAS there were 5 episodes of acute rejection (62%), CMV infection in 13% and active GER in 67% (p = 0.02). VEF1 follow-up at 1-2-4-5 years averaged 67, 65, 60 and 8% of reference value in BOS and 61, 65, 62 and 45% in RAS respectively. CT scans showed hyperinflation in BOS and upper pleuropulmonary fibrosis in RAS. BOS survival time was 96.9 months versus 65.6 months in RAS (p = 0.06). Conclusiones: Restrictive dysfunction presented a lower survival rate than BOS. GER was associated with restrictive rejection. Chest tomography differs in both types of chronic rejection.

Sialidase activity in aerobic vaginitis is equal to levels during bacterial vaginosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate levels of proinflammatory cytokines and sialidase activity in aerobic vaginitis (AV) in relation to normal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV). STUDY DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 682 consecutive non-pregnant women attending the gynecology service were assessed and 408 women were included. Vaginal rinsing samples were collected from 223 women with microscopic finding of BV (n=98), aerobic vaginitis (n=25) and normal flora (n=100). Samples were tested for interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and sialidase activity. RESULTS: Compared to women with normal flora, vaginal levels of IL-1ß were highly increased in both BV and AV (p<0.0001). Significantly higher vaginal IL-6 was detected in AV (p<0.0001) but not in BV, in relation to normal flora. Women with AV also presented increased IL-8 levels (p<0.001), while those with BV presented levels similar to normal flora. Sialidase was increased in BV and AV compared with the normal group (p<0.0001) but no difference in sialidase activity was observed between BV and AV. CONCLUSION: A more intense inflammatory host response occurs for AV than for BV when compared with normal flora. Furthermore, the increased sialidase activity in AV and BV indicates that both abnormal vaginal flora types can be harmful to the maintenance of a healthy vaginal environment.

Manejo de la enfermedad pulmonar avanzada hasta el trasplante pulmonar / Management of advanced lung disease to lung transplant

La enfermedad pulmonar avanzada es de etiología diversa, cuyo síntoma principal es la disnea progresiva, producida por la insuficiencia respiratoria, la resistencia de la vía aérea, la debilidad y atrofia muscular, el compromiso de órganos secundarios como el sistema cardiovascular y el déficit nutricional progresivo. Todo lo anterior transforma a este grupo de patologías, que inicialmente se encuentran circunscritas al aparato respiratorio, en enfermedades sistémicas. Ellas requieren de un manejo profesional multidisciplinario en donde la oxinoterapia, la terapia broncodilatadora y la kinesiterapia son elementos fundamentales. Una vez sustentadas las terapias descritas por patología, si se presenta una progresión de la enfermedad que lleve a riesgo vital al paciente, el trasplante pulmonar es una realidad aplicable en casos previamente seleccionados.

Sífilis congénita: optimizando el diagnóstico en 191 neonatos de madres seropositivas / Congenital Syphilis: optimizing the diagnosis in 191 newborn infants of VDRL positive mothers

La sífilis congénita sigue siendo un problema importante de salud pública. En este estudio prospectivo, los cambios en la definición y manejo de la sífilis congénita, así como la incorporación de un tercer VDRL tomado a la mujer embarazada a su ingreso a la maternidad, permitieron mejorar la pesquisa de los casos de sífilis congénita, especialmente en el grupo de madres que se infectaron en el tercer trimestre del embarazo o en un período cercano al parto. En un período de 5 años (1994-1999) se estudiaron al nacer y efectuó seguimiento clínico serológico con VDRL y FTA-ABS hasta los 15 meses de vida a 191 neonatos hijos de madre VDRL (+). Se documentó la sífilis congénita en 6/6 pacientes en el grupo con sífilis congénita presunta sintomática y en 3/24 casos (12,5 por ciento) del grupo con sífilis presunta asintomática. Ningún neonato asintomático cuya madre recibiera oportuno y correcto tratamiento de sífilis durante la gestación desarrolló la enfermedad. La toma de decisiones basada en los antecedentes epidemiológicos, serológicos y clínicos del binomio madre-hijo, es una alternativa vßlida para identificar al grupo de RN con mayor riesgo de presentar la infección por Treponema pallidum, mientras no se cuente con un test diagnóstico de uso rutinario, sensible y específico, que permita descartar la enfermedad en el RN asintomático, especialmente cuando no se pueda asegurar un seguimiento posterior.

[Perception of adolescent mothers on paternal participation in pregnancy, birth, and child rearing]. / Percepção de mães adolescentes acerca da participação paterna na gravidez, nascimento e criação do filho.

Paternal participation in adolescents' pregnancy is little discussed. Although the absence of the partner is pointed out as one of the problems due to it. This research had the aim to ascertain, under the perspective of mothers who gave birth at an early age, the participation of a father during gestation, birth, and raising of his child in the first months of life. In order to record data, two categories have been devised: experiencing pregnancy and valuing a partner/father's presence and participation.

[Neonatal mortality in 1998 in the municipality of Botucatu]. / A mortalidade neonatal em 1998, no Município de Botucatu-SP.

Considering that neonatal mortality is an indicator of the quality of the care provided to pregnant women, at childbirth as well as to the new born, authors developed the present study, whose aim was to analyze the neonatal mortality during the year of 1998 at the municipality Botucatu-SP. The coefficient of neonatal mortality was of 8.3/1000 born alive and the coefficient of precocious neonatal mortality was of 7.3/1000 born alive, confirming the importance of decease in the first week of life. Results showed that approximately 3/4 of the deceases can be reduced through precocious diagnosis and treatment as well as adequate care to birth or partially reduced through appropriate pregnancy control measures, evidencing that in order to decrease the rates of neonatal death, investments must be made to improve the quality of the care to pregnant women, parturients and the new born.

[Pregnant adolescents: where do they look for support?]. / Adolescentes e grávidas: onde buscam apoio?

Adolescence is the age of crises, changes, adaptation to the new body and new attitudes towards life. If we add to this the meaning of pregnancy from personal, social and family points of view, we will understand how difficult it can be for the adolescents. The purpose of this study was to identify where the pregnant teenagers look for support. Results showed that they had family support, mainly from parents, and less frequently from the baby's father. It also showed the pregnancy acceptance, its relation to school abandonment, the girls' idealized vision of pregnancy and future expectations, the concern about biological aspects and the lack of concern about real problems.

[Maternal age as risk factor: a study on first-time pregnant women 28 years old or older]. / Idade materna como fator de risco: estudo com primigestas na faixa etária igual ou superior a 28 anos.

This is a transverse-type designed study with the aim analyze maternal age as a risk factor, and as not a risk factor, through the verification of incidents during pregnancy, birth and puerperium of first time pregnant women with age equal or higher than 28 years old; as well as birth conditions and discharge of their newborns, comparing them with a group of first time pregnant women from 20 to 27 years old. The study was carried out in Botucatu, São Paulo, from January, 1990 to June, 1995. The statistical analysis, discussed at the level of 5% of significance, was developed through Mann-Whitney test, Goodman test and the evaluation of relative risk and corrected relative risk through Mantel-Haenszel technique. We concluded that maternal age equal or higher than 28 years old, is not a pregnancy, puerperal and intrapartum risk factor, although, on the other hand, it was a risk factor even after controlled parturition for the following perinatal incidents: newborn tachypnea, generalized cyanosis at birth and neonatal infection.

[Assessing breastfeeding status in an urban area of southeastern Brazil: use of a simplified method]. / Diagnóstico da situação do aleitamento materno em área urbana do sudeste do Brasil: utilização de metodologia simplificada.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of breastfeeding status in populations is necessary to define aims and to evaluate support and promotion programs related to this practice. Thus, the feasibility of undertaking such a diagnosis concomitantly with the National Multivaccination Campaign, was tested. METHOD: A simplified questionnaire was used (3 yes/no questions) to study the present feeding of 1,550 children under 1 year old (91.8% coverage) who attended the vaccination venues in August 19th, 1995. The medians and frequencies from three patterns of breastfeeding were calculated by probit analysis technique. RESULTS: The medians were: exclusive breastfeeding = 17 days (IC: 4.6-28.7); complete breastfeeding = 64 days (IC: 53.0-74.5) and breastfeeding = 167 days (IC: 153.7-182.2). The good adjustment of three patterns was attested by R2 values and by Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results confirmed the need for this program in the city. The simplified methodology was found to be available and is recommended for breastfeeding trend management and for studies on the impact resulting from intervention.