Do Spike Domain Analysis Interictally Correlate With the Ictal Patterns in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?

PURPOSE: To study if one can conceptualize the scalp ictal onset pattern through analysis of interictal spike domain analysis in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: Seventy-four patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) were categorized into "type A" interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) with negativity over infero-lateral scalp electrodes over temporal region and contralateral central region showing positivity; all IEDs other than type A were categorized as type B. The ictal electrographic patterns was termed "focal" when confined to side of MTS, was "regional" when lateralized to the ipsilateral hemisphere; "diffuse" if nonlateralized/localized; and ictal onset contralateral to MTS termed as "discordant." RESULTS: A total of 377 seizures and 5,476 spikes were studied. These were divided into four types: (1) type A IEDs ipsilateral to MTS (44 patients), (2) type A IEDs bitemporally (16 patients), (3) type A IEDs contralaterally (7 patients) and type B IEDs ipsilaterally, and (4) bilateral type B IEDs (7 patients). The ictal pattern was either focal or regional in 51 of 60 patients (85%) with type A IEDs; it was "diffuse" in 9 patients (15%). Diffuse ictal onset was seen in 12 of 14 (86%) with either ipsilateral/bitemporal type B IEDs. Ictal onset on the opposite hemisphere was noted in 2 (14%). CONCLUSIONS: Type A IEDs signify a focal ictal onset and type B IEDs suggest a diffuse ictal onset in patients with MTS on one side. SIGNIFICANCE: Interictal spike domain analysis helps predicting ictal patterns in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Do sphenoidal electrodes aid in surgical decision making in drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy?

OBJECTIVE: The utility of sphenoidal electrodes (SPh) in analyzing interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and ictal electrography remains controversial, despite its widespread use. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients with presumed temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent presurgical evaluation were prospectively studied. SPh and Silverman's electrodes were placed, in addition to routine electrodes in 10-20 international system. IEDs and ictal electroencephalography (EEG) were analyzed separately in bipolar and referential montages. The proportion of patients selected for surgery after adjusting for SPh placement based on the earlier ictal onset and IEDs were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 8701 IEDs in SPh, only 65% were seen over the scalp bipolar montage; 1392 (16%) IEDs were confined to SPh electrodes, and were not seen at scalp bipolar montage (p<0.001). Spike amplitudes were highest at SPh (p<0.001). Of the 592 seizures analyzed, 62 (61%) had simultaneous SPh and scalp onset, while in 26 (25%) SPh onset preceded the scalp. CONCLUSIONS: Out of the 35 patients with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) with additional neocortical changes and/or non-lateralized bitemporal IEDs and/or diffuse ictal onset (group 1), 27 were selected for surgery (77%). About 7% was selected for surgery in this group by SPh placement. Also, in patients with bilateral MTS (group 2), 25% (5/20) were chosen for anterior temporal lobectomy, SPh provided an additional benefit in 11% (p<0.001). Patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging (group 3) and temporal plus epilepsy (group 4) had a lower surgical yield, only 12% and 9.5% could undergo surgery. They were denied surgical candidacy with SPh (p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: One-third of patients after SPh placement were selected for resective surgery obviating the need for invasive monitoring. The maximum yield was noted in unilateral MTS (associated with additional neocortical features or non-lateralized bilateral temporal interictal IEDs or diffuse ictal onset in scalp EEG) and in bilateral MTS. Those with normal MRI/temporal plus epilepsy could be excluded from direct resective surgery.