First report of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum causing bacterial wilt on Rosa sp. in Greece.

In March 2021, a sample of nine-month-old, non-grafted, diseased rose (Rosa sp.) plants was sent by a grower to the Benaki Phytopathological Institute for examination. The plants exhibited symptoms of dieback with black necrosis of pruned shoots, brown discoloration of shoot and root vascular tissues, and whitish slime exudation on cutting wounds of the shoots. The symptoms resembled those caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (Tjou-Tam-Sin et al. 2016). According to the sample's information sheet, the sample had been collected in a commercial greenhouse rose crop for cut flowers with a 10% disease incidence in the area of Troizinia-Methana (Regional Unit of Islands, Greece). Microscopic examination of symptomatic shoot and root vascular tissues revealed masses of bacterial cells streaming out of them. Sections of symptomatic tissues were suspended in water and in the resulting suspension, bacteria of the R. solanacearum species complex (RSSC) were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay using polyclonal antibodies (Plant Research International, the Netherlands) and a qPCR assay (RS-I-F/RS-II-R primers, RSP-55T probe) (Vreeburg et al. 2016). Furthermore, colonies with typical characteristics of RSSC were isolated from vascular tissues of shoots and roots on non-selective (NA) and semi-selective (mSMSA) media (EPPO 2022), and their identification as RSSC was confirmed by the above-mentioned IF and qPCR assays. Also, the isolates were assigned to: i) biovar 3, based on their ability to metabolize three disaccharides (maltose, lactose, D(+) cellobiose) and three hexose alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol) producing acid (EU 2006) and ii) phylotype I, by multiplex conventional PCR (Opina et al. 1997; Fegan and Prior 2005). A representative isolate was selected for sequencing part of the genes: 16S rDNA (1464bp), mutS (729bp) and egl (795bp) with GenBank Accession Nos. OR102443, OR683617 and OR702781, respectively. Blast analysis of these sequences showed 100% identity with those of various RSSC strains (e.g. GenBank Ac. Nos. CP025741.1, CP021762.1, MF141029.1, respectively). The obtained egl sequence conforms with the characteristics of phylotype I based on the DNA barcoding tool (EPPO 2021) and is 100% identical to that of the Dutch strain PD7216 (MF141029.1) reported to be sequevar I-33 (Bergsma-Vlami et al. 2018). The pathogenicity of two isolates was tested by inoculating: i) tomato seedlings (cv. 'Belladona') at their stem between the cotyledons and the first true leaf (EU 2006) and b) rose plants (cv. 'Aqua' and 'Papa Meilland') at their shoot base (Tjou-Tam-Sin et al. 2016), with bacterial suspensions in water (108 cfu/ml). The inoculated plants were maintained at a day/night temperature about 28/20°C with tomato plants exhibiting leaf wilting (7-17 dpi) and rose plants exhibiting chlorosis and necrosis of leaves (17 dpi). The pathogen was re-isolated on mSMSA from both artificially infected plant species and identified by the IF assay described above, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first diagnosis in Greece of: i) rose plants infected by a Ralstonia species and ii) a crop infected by R. solanacearum phylotype I that corresponds to the R. pseudosolanacearum species (EPPO 2022). Official phytosanitary measures imposed in the affected area include an annual survey of rose crops for the presence of this pathogen, aiming at an early detection and prevention of its spread in such a highly valued ornamental crop.

First Report of the Occurrence of the Bacterial Spot Disease of Stone Fruits Caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Almond in Greece.

In 2021, two samples of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) Webb) shoots with symptoms resembling those caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), were examined at the Benaki Phytopathological Institute. The first sample was collected in June from a 0.4-ha orchard of fifteen-year-old almond trees (cv. 'Texas') with 40% disease incidence, in the Regional Unit of Serres (Northern Greece). Leaves exhibited, mainly at their tip and margins, small, angular, necrotic spots with chlorotic halo, often coalesced into larger necrotic lesions which fell out leaving leaves with a 'shot-hole' like appearance. Fruits displayed dark brown, sunken, corky, gum oozing lesions and shoots developed dark brown, elongated, slightly sunken lesions. Bacterial streaming from the marginal areas of necrotic lesions was observed microscopically. On the lesions of fruits, leaves and shoots, Xap was detected by immunofluorescence assay (IF) using polyclonal antibodies (Plant Research International, the Netherlands) and two qPCR assays (Garita-Cambronero et al. 2017; Palacio-Bielsa et al. 2011). Eight Xanthomonas-like isolates obtained on the SP agar (Hayward 1960) and Nutrient agar (Schaad et al. 2001) culture media were Gram-negative, oxidase negative, strictly aerobic, sensitive to 0.1% w/v TTC, hydrolysing gelatin and Tween 80 but not starch, and also inducing hypersensitive response in tomato plants, as expected for Xap (Schaad et al. 2001). Isolates' identification was confirmed by the IF and the two qPCR assays cited above, as well as a conventional PCR (Pothier et al., 2011). Infiltration of a suspension (107 cfu/ml) of one isolate into five leaves of a two-year-old almond tree cv. 'Texas', and also into five detached leaves from the same tree (Randhawa and Civerolo 1985), caused necrotic spots on all inoculated leaves (10 inoculation sites/leaf), after a four day incubation period at 25oC under high humidity. The Xap reference strain NCPPB 3877 and sterile water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The pathogen was reisolated from necrotic spots of the inoculated leaves and identified by IF and two qPCR assays, as previously. The second sample was collected by a grower in September from a 3.7-ha orchard of five-year-old almond trees (cv. 'Tuono') exhibiting 50% disease incidence, in the Regional Unit of Fthiotida (Central Greece). Leaves and fruits showed symptoms similar to those described for the first sample, except that, lesions on fruits, which were at a stage of advanced mesocarp dehydration, were raised. Five Xap isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves and fruits, and their pathogenicity on almond was confirmed, as in the first sample. Furthermore, sequences of PCR products using primers targeting the 16S-rDNA (Lane 1991;Lane et al., 1985), gyrB (Parkinson et al. 2007) and ftsX (Pothier et al. 2011) genes of two Xap isolates, one from fruit- and one from leaf-necrotic lesions of the first sample, were searched against the NCBI GenBank database, revealing that the obtained sequences of 16S-rRNA (OP412487; OP412488), gyrB (OP467593; OP467594) and ftsX (OP467595; OP467596) genes were 100% identical to the corresponding genomic regions of the Xap strains IVIA 2626.1 (CP076628.1) and CITA 33 (CP076701.1). This is the first report on the presence of Xap in Greece. As these Xap outbreaks have occurred in regions with extensive almond cultivation, a crop of great economic importance for Greece, measures for its eradication have already been advised.

Differential viral kinetics in treated genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C patients according to ethnicity.

Data concerning the efficacy of PEG-IFN alpha 2a plus ribavirin treatment in treatment-naive, genotype 4-infected chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients from Europe are limited. Hence the aim of this study was to investigate the viral kinetics as well as the sustained virological response (SVR) rates and their predictors, in these patients. One hundred and twenty-three patients were retrospectively analysed. Early (EVR) and late virological response (LVR) was confirmed by undetectable (<50 IU/mL) serum HCV-RNA at week 12 and week 24 of treatment, respectively. SVR was confirmed by undetectable serum HCV-RNA at the end of treatment as well as 6 months later. Overall, 43.5% of patients exhibited SVR, 42.6% were nonresponders and 13.9% were relapsers. EVR was observed in 40.74% and LVR in 59.25% of them. The positive predictive values of EVR and LVR were 72.97% and 86.27% whereas their negative predictive values were 64.29% and 92.85%, respectively. EVR independently predicted SVR in Caucasian patients (P < 0.001) but not in Egyptian patients (P = 0.613), in whom the only independent predictor of SVR was the absence of cirrhosis (P = 0.004). LVR seems to be a better predictor of SVR than EVR in the vast majority of genotype 4-infected CHC patients, irrespective of ethnicity and all the other baseline parameters.

Self-expanding plastic stents for inoperable malignant strictures of the cervical esophagus.

Dysphagia and respiratory complications are the major problems in patients suffering from malignant strictures of the cervical esophagus. In inoperable cases, interventional palliation is the cornerstone of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of self-expanding plastic stents (SEPS) in this group of patients. In a retrospective study, 23 patients suffering from various malignant obstructive diseases of the cervical esophagus, including squamous cell carcinoma (n = 10), laryngeal cancer (n = 7), lung cancer with esophageal invasion (n = 5), and metastatic breast cancer (n = 1), underwent SEPS placement, under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Tracheoesophageal fistula was documented in five patients. Technical success rate, improvement of dysphagia grade, and stent-related complications were evaluated after stent placement. Stent insertion was successfully achieved in all cases, namely in 20 patients at the first stent placement attempt and in three patients after a second attempt. Dysphagia grade was notably improved after 24 h. In two cases, major complications occurred. These were successfully treated without the need of stent extraction. Barium swallowing studies demonstrated complete sealing of all fistulas. Foreign-body sensation that gradually disappeared within the first week after stent placement was observed in eight patients. Recurrence of dysphagia occurred in three patients, due to hyperplastic tissue proliferation (n = 2) and tumor overgrowth (n = 1). Late migration of the stent was detected in one case after 67 days. SEPS placement is an effective and safe palliative treatment for malignant strictures of the cervical esophagus. Main advantages include easy retrievability and reduced rates of reinterventions.

Gemcitabine as palliative treatment in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer previously treated with placement of a covered metal stent. A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of gemcitabine as palliative treatment in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC) previously treated with placement of a covered metal biliary stent, taking into account survival and quality of life (QoL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-nine patients with unresectable PC and obstructive jaundice, previously treated with the placement of a covered metal biliary endoprosthesis, were randomized to receive gemcitabine (group A: 9 males, 7 females) or to be followed without any anticancer intervention (group B: 18 males, 15 females). Gemcitabine was administered weekly as intravenous (i.v.) 30 min infusion of 1000 mg/m2 for 3 consecutive weeks followed by 1-week rest (28-day cycle). QoL was evaluated with the QLQ-C30 questionnaire. RESULTS: 229 gemcitabine doses were administered (median doses per patient 14.3, range 7-22). No statistically significant differences were observed regarding survival (group A: median 21 weeks, range 13-33; group B: median 22 weeks, range 13-29; p=0.809). According to the average QLQ-C30 score, group B patients showed statistically significant higher values (p=0.0001). Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anemia were the most common side effects in group A (81.25, 68.75, 62.50 and 31.25%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine didn't show to improve survival and QoL in patients with advanced PC previously treated with a covered metallic biliary endoprosthesis due to obstructive jaundice.

Long acting octreotide in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular cancer and overexpression of somatostatin receptors: randomized placebo-controlled trial.

AIM: To estimate if and to what extent long acting octreotide (LAR) improves survival and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 127 cirrhotics, stages A-B, due to chronic viral infections and with advanced HCC, were enrolled in the study. Scintigraphy with 111Indium labeled octreotide was performed in all cases. The patients with increased accumulation of radionuclear compound were randomized to receive either oral placebo only or octreotide/octreotide LAR only as follows: octreotide 0.5 mg s.c. every 8 h for 6 wk, at the end of wk 4-8 octreotide LAR 20 mg i.m. and at the end of wk 12 and every 4 wk octreotide LAR 30 mg i.m.. Follow-up was worked out monthly as well as the estimation of quality of life (QLQ-C30 questionnaire). Patients with negative somatostatin receptors (SSTR) detection were followed up in the same manner. RESULTS: Scintigraphy demonstrated SSTR in 61 patients. Thirty were randomized to receive only placebo and 31 only octreotide. A significantly higher survival time was observed for the octreotide group (49+/-6 wk) as compared to the control group (28+/-1 wk) and to the SSTR negative group (28+/-2 wk), LR=20.39, df=2, P<0.01. The octreotide group presented 68.5% lower hazard ratio [95% CI (47.4%-81.2%)]. During the first year, a 22%, 39% and 43% decrease in the QLQ-C30 score was observed in each group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed therapeutic approach has shown to improve the survival and quality of life in SSTR positive patients with advanced HCC.

The effect of adherence to therapy on sustained response in daily or three times a week interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin treatment of naive and nonresponder chronic hepatitis C patients.

The aim was to demonstrate adherence to treatment has been suggested to enhance rates of sustained response in patients with hepatitis C. In this study, we evaluated the effect of drug dosage reduction or the duration of the expected therapy in patients treated with interferon (IFN)-alpha2b plus ribavirin. Virologic response rates were re-analysed according to compliance to therapy in (i) 301 naive and (ii) 142 nonresponders to previous IFN therapy treated with either IFN 5 MU TIW for 8 weeks followed by IFN 3 MU TIW for 40 weeks plus ribavirin or IFN 3 MU QD for 16 weeks followed by IFN 3 MU TIW for 24 weeks plus ribavirin. Patients were separated into those who adhered to > or =80% of their intended treatment schedule (dose of both drugs and duration) and those who did not. Compliance to treatment resulted in significantly higher response rates in both groups of patients: 43.93% compared with 6.90% of noncompliant naive patients and 30.77% compared with 10.53% of nonresponder patients. Compliance to treatment was found to have a similar effect when the results were analysed according to HCV genotype. Our findings suggest that compliance to treatment for > or =80% of the intended treatment schedule results in significantly higher sustained response rates in both naive and nonresponder patients. Consequently, every effort should be made to improve patient adherence to therapy.

Palliative treatment of advanced esophageal cancer with metal-covered expandable stents. A cost-effectiveness and quality of life study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic therapy with self-expanding metallic endoprostheses in the management of inoperable primary malignant esophageal obstruction or stenosis and the cost-effectiveness of the method. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 5/1997-12/2002, obstruction of the esophagus was diagnosed in 78 patients (52 males, 26 females, age range 53-102, mean 72.3 years). The etiology was squamous cell carcinoma (n=42) and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus (n=36). In total, 89 ultraflex metal stents were introduced endoscopically. In 46 patients dilation with Savary dilators prior to stent placement was required. A cost-effective analysis was performed, comparing oesophageal stenting with laser therapy. RESULTS: Stents were placed successfully in all patients. After 48 h, all patients were able to tolerate solid or semi-solid food. During the follow-up period 8 patients developed dysphagia due to food impaction (treated successfully endoscopically). Eleven patients developed recurrent dysphagia 4-16 weeks after stenting due to tumor overgrowth and were treated with placement of a second stent. The median survival time was 18 weeks. There was no survival difference between squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. A similar cost was calculated for both procedures. A significant improvement in quality of life was noted in patients undergoing stenting (96% and 75% vs. 71% and 57% for the first two months). CONCLUSION: Placement of self-expanding metal stents is a safe and cost-effective treatment modality that improves the quality of life, compared with laser therapy, for patients with inoperable malignant esophageal obstruction.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient treated with interferon alfacon-1.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is an acquired disorder characterized by severe thrombocytopenia and caused by one or more antiplatelet autoantibodies. We present a case of a 20-year-old woman referred to our Unit for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. At week 28 of treatment with interferon (alfacon-1), undetectable HCV RNA and transaminase levels within normal limits, the patient presented with immune thrombocytopenic purpura, which was successfully treated with immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone. Despite the high doses and long life of corticosteroid treatment HCV RNA remained undetectable.

Stenting or stoma creation for patients with inoperable malignant colonic obstructions? Results of a study and cost-effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy, safety, and cost of endoscopic palliative treatment with selfexpanding metallic stents with that of stoma creation in the management of inoperable malignant colonic obstructions. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with inoperable malignant partial obstruction (due to metastases, hemodynamic instability, or pulmonary instability) in the left colon arising from colorectal or ovarian cancer were included in the study. Fifteen were randomized to undergo palliative metallic colonic stent placement and 15 to undergo stoma creation. The efficacy and safety of the two methods was compared. A cost-effectiveness analysis was also performed, including the cost of postinterventional care. RESULTS: Stents were placed successfully in 14 of 15 patients. In one patient with obstruction of a tortuous rectosigmoid flexure colon, stenting was not possible; this patient was excluded from the study. During the follow-up period, a moderate, nonocclusive ingrowth of tumor into the stent lumen was observed in six patients; they were all treated with internal laser ablation. The cost-effectiveness analysis showed that although the stoma creation procedure was less expensive, the total difference in average costs for the two methods was 6.9% (132 Euros). CONCLUSIONS: Self-expanding metallic stent placement is a palliative alternative to colostomy for patients with inoperable malignant colonic strictures. This treatment option provides a better quality of life for the patient, without the psychological repercussions of a colostomy, and it appears to be cost-effective.

A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of interferon alpha in combination with ribavirin in the treatment of interferon alpha nonresponders with chronic hepatitis C: superior efficacy of high daily dosage of interferon alpha in genotype 1.

A randomized trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of daily (QD) or thrice weekly (TIW) administration of interferon-alpha (IFN) in high doses in combination with ribavirin (1.0-1.2 g/day) in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) who were nonresponders to previous IFN monotherapy. Interferon was administered as 10 MU IFN (QD or TIW) for 4 weeks, followed by 5 MU IFN (QD or TIW) for 20 weeks, and then by 3 MU IFN (QD or TIW) for 24 weeks. Sustained virological response (SVR) was evaluated in 142 patients who received at least one dose of medication. One-fourth of the patients achieved SVR, 26% of those treated with IFN QD and 25% of those treated with IFN TIW (P = 0.85). For genotype 1 patients, SVR rates were 32.4 and 15.8% for IFN QD and IFN TIW, respectively, whereas for genotype non-1 patients the corresponding SVR rates were 20.6 and 36.4%, respectively (test of homogeneity: P = 0.031). This finding was further confirmed by multivariate logistic regression analysis where a statistically significant interaction (P = 0.012) was found between treatment and HCV genotype indicating that the IFN QD regimen was superior to IFN TIW among genotype 1 patients whereas, among genotype non-1 patients, the two treatments were similar (odds ratio of SVR in IFN QD vs IFN TIW: 3.33 among genotype 1 patients, 95% CI: 1.00-11.14). In conclusion, re-treatment of patients not responding to previous IFN monotherapy with a combination of high daily dose of IFN with ribavirin may be beneficial for genotype 1 infected patients.

Large-scale expansion of CD3(+)CD56(+) lymphocytes capable of lysing autologous tumor cells with cytokine-rich supernatants.

We have developed culture conditions for the efficient expansion of cytotoxic effector cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by the timed addition of cytokine-rich supernatants collected from allogeneic PBMC cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (allogeneic CD3 supernatants; ACD3S). These cytotoxic effectors belonged primarily to CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells, and the cell subset with the greatest cytotoxic activity was an otherwise rare population of CD3(+)CD56(+) cells (NKT cells) that expand dramatically under these conditions. CD3(+)CD56(+) cytotoxic effectors were generated from the PBMC of 16 patients with several types of cancer. The CD3(+)CD56(+) cell subset expanded significantly and efficiently lysed NK- as well as lymphokine-activated killer (LAK)-sensitive targets. More importantly, ACD3S-activated CD3(+)CD56(+) cells were capable of efficiently lysing autologous tumor cells including metastatic colorectal, ovarian, breast, lung and pancreatic tumor cells as well as melanoma cells. ACD3S-expanded CD3(+)CD56(+) cells exhibited increased levels of cytoplasmic interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) and perforin. CD3(+)CD56(+) cell-mediated cytotoxicity was not restricted by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products, since it was not blocked by anti-MHC class I mAb but was highly inhibited in the presence of CD2- and CD18-specific mAb. These data suggest that CD3(+)CD56(+) cells expanded under the presence of ACD3S may be utilized in clinical protocols for cancer immunotherapy.

Treatment of malignant colonic obstructions with metal stents and laser.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined endoscopic therapy with self-expanding metallic endoprostheses and laser application in the management of malignant colonic obstruction. METHODOLOGY: Between March 1998 and September 2000, obstruction of the distal colon was diagnosed in a total of 11 patients (6 M, 5 F, age range: 67-87 years, mean: 73). The site of obstruction was located in the rectosigmoid colon (n = 6), in the sigmoid colon (n = 4) and in the descending colon (n = 1). The etiology of stenosis was colorectal adenocarcinoma (n = 8), ovarian cancer (n = 2) and infiltrating bladder carcinoma (n = 1). In all patients the tumor was considered non-resectable. Six patients had confirmed metastases, one refused colostomy and 4 were unable to undergo surgery. After radiological visualization of the proximal extent of the stricture, the stenosis was dilated with Savary-like (10 patients) and pneumatic balloon dilators (1 patient-descending colon). RESULTS: Stents were placed successfully in 10 patients. Prostheses migration distal to lesion, into the sigmoid colon, was observed in one patient (bladder cancer). A mild autoresolved bleeding was observed in 8 patients. Five patients remained free of clinical colonic obstruction until their death, which occurred 6-16 weeks (mean: 10) after stent placement. A moderate non-occlusive ingrowth of tumor into the stent lumen was documented in the other 5 cases. These patients were treated with introspective application of Diomed laser in a total of 16 sessions (4120-12,476 Joules each session, mean: 6258, power 10-14 W, interval between 2 sessions 6 weeks) and died of progressive disease without clinical signs and endoscopic findings of reobstruction 22-56 weeks (mean: 32) after stent placement. CONCLUSIONS: Metallic stent placement is an adequate palliative and cost-effective option, effective and save, in advanced colonic obstruction due to non-resectable tumors. It circumvents the need for colostomy and allows the patient a better quality of life. Delayed stent occlusion with tumor ingrowth requires a regular follow-up and can be treated with introspective laser ablation.

Colorectal polyp detection with virtual colonoscopy (computed tomographic colonography); the reliability of the method.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of virtual colonoscopy with conventional colonoscopy in detection of colorectal polyps. METHODOLOGY: Between November 1997 and February 2000, 23 patients (14 males, 9 females) aged 43-86 years (mean: 63) with colorectal polyps who underwent colonoscopy in our endoscopy unit, were referred for virtual colonoscopy. The colon was distended with an enema tube for rectal insufflation and subsequently was scanned by helical CT (Toshiba X-vision) using the following parameters: KV 120, mAs 200, table feed 5 mm/sec, slice thickness 5 mm and reconstruction intervals 2.5 mm. Using SPARC Station 20, virtual colonoscopy was generated. RESULTS: A total of 30 polyps (19 with diameter 8-15 mm and 11 larger than 15 mm) were detected with conventional colonoscopy. Virtual colonoscopy visualized 27 polyps (17 with diameter 8-15 mm and 10 with diameter > 15 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Virtual colonoscopy is a non-invasive, well-tolerated, safe technique and can be useful for detection of colorectal polyps. Weaknesses of the method are the inability to detect small lesions and to perform biopsies.

Primary melanoma of the oesophagus treated endoscopically. A case report.

Primary melanoma is a rare neoplasm of the oesophagus, with dismal outcome in most cases. We report a case of primary melanoma of the oesophagus treated endoscopically, as coexisting illness prohibited surgical resection of the tumour. A review of the literature is made.

Measles antibodies and autoantibodies in autoimmune disorders.

Measles CF antibodies have been examined in the sera of patients with a variety of clinical disorders associated with the production of autoantibodies. Previous reports of high-titre reactions in DLE and chronic active hepatitis have been confirmed, the titres in the latter disorder being particularly elevated. Mean antibody titres to measles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were significantly lower than in matched controls, and an inverse correlation between measles antibody levels and serum globulin levels was found. Measles antibody titres in patients with myasthenia gravis and primary biliary cirrhosis did not differ significantly from those found in controls. However, subdivision of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis and primary biliary cirrhosis showed that the presence of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) was associated with significantly increased measles antibody levels compared with the ANA-negative sera. The presence of gastric parietal cell antibody or thyroid microsomal antibody did not appear to be associated with increased measles antibody levels, whether or not they occurred in association with previous anaemia or thyroid disease. Possible explanations for these findings in terms of immune complex formation and immune hyper-reactivity are discussed.

Australia antigen (HBsAg) carriers in a Greek community. Studies of transaminase (SGPT) levels.

A study of SGPT levels in individuals with and without (HBsAG) was conducted in the village of Plati, Greece. The levels were higher in those with HBsAG than without (p equals .007). The levels were higher in males than in females. From this and other studies it is concluded that at least some asymptomatic carriers had mild but detectable liver damage.