Use of transoesophageal echocardiography in management of penetrating cardiac injury.

A 53-year-old man who sustained an accidental cardiac nail gun injury presented to us in haemodynamically stable condition. He had an urgent plain radiograph film and contrast CT scan to determine the exact position of the nail. CT showed the nail to be in juxtacardiac position but did not give any conclusive information about breach of pericardium or myocardial wall. An intra-operative transoesophageal echocardiography was done to determine the exact position of the nail. It clearly delineated the position of the nail and guided us towards median sternotomy and removal of nail under direct vision safely.

Accuracy in ECG lead placement among technicians, nurses, general physicians and cardiologists.

The objective of the study was to determine the reliability of ECG precordial electrode placement by doctors and nurses involved in the emergency care of patients admitted with suspected cardiac diseases. A total of 120 subjects were recruited within 2 days from six hospitals. They comprised physicians, nurses and cardiac technicians involved in the clinical assessment and care of patients with suspected cardiac disease. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire and marked on two diagrams of the chest wall the positions they would place precordial electrodes V1-V6. This study showed wide inter-individual and inter-group variations in the placement of electrodes. Notably, V1 and V2 were frequently incorrectly positioned in the second intercostal space, especially by physicians. The correct position of V1 in the fourth right intercostal space was identified by 90% of cardiac technicians, 49% of nurses, 31% of physicians (excluding cardiologists) and--most disappointing of all--only 16% of cardiologists (p<0.001 for inter-group differences). V5 and V6 were also often mispositioned, too high on the lateral chest wall. Nurses and doctors (especially cardiologists) do not know the correct positions for ECG electrodes. Because incorrect positioning of the precordial electrodes changes the ECG significantly, patients are at risk of potentially harmful therapeutic procedures. Equally, doctors who are aware of the possibility of lead misplacement may be inclined to ignore some ECG changes that may be genuine evidence of ischaemia. The only safe solution is proper precordial electrode placement, which requires training and an environment supporting precision.