Assessing attentional bias to emotions in adolescent offenders and nonoffenders.

Emotional processing is a cognitive function essential for the interaction of humans with their environment and the development of adaptive behaviors. Adolescent offenders (AOs) express difficulty in cognitive processes linked to emotional processing, which is a response consistently observed during the endogenous (i.e., controlled) control of attention. Less remains understood of the extent to which such atypical responses extend beyond controlled attention and influence exogenous mechanisms (i.e., automatic). This study explores this hypothesis using the recently devised emotional Flanker paradigm. It recruited a group of 39 male AOs and 39 nonoffenders from Barranquilla, Colombia. Assessment consists of an emotional Flanker paradigm administered along with traditional neurocognitive and social cognition tasks. The AOs displayed the well-known attentional bias to threat and a relatively atypical response to emotional targets in which they detected emotions, particularly negative ones, faster than did nonoffenders. Frontal lobe functions account for these effects but not sociodemographic variables nor general cognitive abilities. The results are interpreted in light of evidence suggesting that youngsters with high levels of antisocial behaviors (e.g., callous-unemotional traits) present an enhanced orientation toward distressing stimuli, which is explained by lifelong experiences (e.g., histories of abuse). The findings suggest that environmental influences seemingly exist in the development of these traits, but additional research is required to elucidate the role of cognitive and environmental factors in the development of antisocial behavior.

Temperature and Thickness Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity in 2D Ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2.

The emergence of symmetry-breaking orders such as ferromagnetism and the weak interlayer bonding in van der Waals materials offers a unique platform to engineer novel heterostructures and tune transport properties like thermal conductivity. Here, we report the experimental and theoretical study of the cross-plane thermal conductivity, κ⊥, of the van der Waals two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2. We observe an increase in κ⊥ with thickness, indicating a diffusive transport regime with ballistic contributions. These results are supported by the theoretical analyses of the accumulated thermal conductivity, which show an important contribution of phonons with mean free paths between 10 and 200 nm. Moreover, our experiments show a reduction of κ⊥ in the low-temperature ferromagnetic phase occurring at the magnetic transition. The calculations show that this reduction in κ⊥ is associated with a decrease in the group velocities of the acoustic phonons and an increase in the phonon-phonon scattering of the Raman modes that couple to the magnetic phase. These results demonstrate the potential of van der Waals ferromagnets for thermal transport engineering.

Anharmonicity Reveals the Tunability of the Charge Density Wave Orders in Monolayer VSe2.

VSe2 is a layered compound that has attracted great attention due to its proximity to a ferromagnetic state that is quenched by its charge density wave (CDW) phase. In the monolayer limit, unrelated experiments have reported different CDW orders with different transition temperatures, making this monolayer very controversial. Here we perform first-principles nonperturbative anharmonic phonon calculations in monolayer VSe2 in order to estimate the CDW order and the corresponding transition temperature. They reveal that monolayer VSe2 develops two independent charge density wave orders that compete as a function of strain. Variations of only 1.5% in the lattice parameter are enough to stabilize one order or the other. Moreover, we analyze the impact of external Lennard-Jones interactions, showing that these can act together with anharmonicity to suppress the CDW orders. Our results solve previous experimental contradictions, highlighting the high tunability and substrate dependency of the CDW orders of monolayer VSe2.

Antiferromagnetic insulating state in layered nickelates at half filling.

We provide a set of computational experiments based on ab initio calculations to elucidate whether a cuprate-like antiferromagnetic insulating state can be present in the phase diagram of the low-valence layered nickelate family (R[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text], R= rare-earth, [Formula: see text]) in proximity to half-filling. It is well established that at [Formula: see text] filling the infinite-layer ([Formula: see text]) nickelate is metallic, in contrast to cuprates wherein an antiferromagnetic insulator is expected. We show that for the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) reduced phases of the series (finite n) an antiferromagnetic insulating ground state can naturally be obtained instead at [Formula: see text] filling, due to the spacer RO[Formula: see text] fluorite slabs present in their structure that block the c-axis dispersion. In the [Formula: see text] nickelate, the same type of solution can be derived if the off-plane R-Ni coupling is suppressed. We show how this can be achieved if a structural element that cuts off the c-axis dispersion is introduced (i.e. vacuum in a monolayer of RNiO[Formula: see text], or a blocking layer in multilayers formed by (RNiO[Formula: see text])[Formula: see text]/(RNaO[Formula: see text])[Formula: see text]).

A Recovery-Oriented Intervention for People With Psychosis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of critical time intervention-task shifting (CTI-TS) for people with psychosis in Santiago, Chile, and Rio de Janeiro. CTI-TS is a 9-month intervention involving peer support workers and is designed to maintain treatment effects up to 18 months. METHODS: A total of 110 people with psychosis were recruited when they enrolled in community mental health clinics (Santiago, N=60; Rio de Janeiro, N=50). Participants within each city were randomly assigned to either CTI-TS or usual care for 9 months. Primary outcomes were quality of life, measured with the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF), and unmet needs, measured with the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN), at 18-month follow-up. Results were analyzed according to intention-to-treat guidelines. Generalized estimating equations, with observations clustered within cities, and multiple imputation for missing data were used. RESULTS: At 18 months, both groups showed improved primary outcomes. In both unadjusted and fully adjusted analyses, no significant differences between CTI-TS and usual care (WHOQOL-BREF question on quality of life and CAN mean number of unmet needs) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Three factors might explain the lack of difference between CTI-TS and usual care: first-contact enrollment precluded rapport prior to randomization, a minority of patients were uncomfortable with peers being on the treatment team, and primary outcome measures may not have been sensitive enough to capture the effects of a recovery-oriented intervention. The results have implications for the design of transitional services for people with psychosis, especially in Latin America.

Incidencia de esquizofrenia en España: más preguntas que certezas / Schizophrenia incidence in Spain: More questions than facts

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Increasing the number of topological nodal lines in semimetals via uniaxial pressure.

The application of pressure has been demonstrated to induce intriguing phase transitions in topological nodal-line semimetals. In this work we analyze how uniaxial pressure affects the topological character of BaSn[Formula: see text], a Dirac nodal-line semimetal in the absence of spin-orbit coupling. Using calculations based on the density functional theory and a model tight-binding Hamiltonian, we find the emergence of a second nodal line for pressures higher than 4 GPa. We examine the topological features of both phases demonstrating that a nontrivial character is present in both of them. Thus, providing evidence of a topological-to-topological phase transition in which the number of topological nodal lines increases. The orbital overlap increase between Ba [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] orbitals and Sn [Formula: see text] orbitals and the preservation of crystal symmetries are found to be responsible for the advent of this transition. Furthermore, we pave the way to experimentally test this kind of transition by obtaining a topological relation between the zero-energy modes that arise in each phase when a magnetic field is applied.

Author Correction: Fermiology and electron dynamics of trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10.

The original version of this Article contained errors in Fig. 2, Fig. 3a-c and Supplementary Fig. 2. In Fig. 2g and Supplementary Fig. 2, the band structure plot calculated from density function theory (DFT) had a missing band of mainly z2 character that starts at about - 0.25 eV at the Y point and disperses downwards towards the Γ point. This band was inadvertently neglected when transferring the lines from the original band plot to the enhanced version for publication. Also in Fig. 2g, the points labelled M and Y were not exactly at (1/2 1/2 0) and (0 1/2 0), but rather (0.52 0.48 0) and (0 0.48 0) due to a bug in XCrysDen for low-symmetry structures that the authors failed to identify before publication. Thus, the bands presented were slightly off the true M-Y direction and additional splitting incorrectly appeared (in particular for the highly dispersive bands of x2-y2 character). The correct versions of Fig. 2g (cited as Fig. 1) and Supplementary Fig. 2 (cited as Fig. 2) are:which replaces the previous incorrect version, cited here as Fig. 3 and Fig. 4:Neither of these errors in Fig. 2g or Supplementary Fig. 2 affects either the discussion or any of the interpretations of the ARPES data provided in the paper. The authors discussed the multilayer band splitting along the Γ-M direction (δ band and α band as assigned in the paper), and ARPES did not see any split band. The authors did not discuss the further splitting that arises due to back folding along the M-Y direction.In Fig. 3a-c, the errors in the M and Y points in Fig. 2g cause subtle changes to the DFT dispersions. The correct version of Fig. 3a-c is cited here as Fig 5:which replaces the previous incorrect version (Fig. 6):However, the influence on the effective mass results of Fig. 3d is negligible.These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article. The authors acknowledge James Rondinelli and Danilo Puggioni from Northwestern University for calling our attention to these issues.

Fermiology and electron dynamics of trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10.

Layered nickelates have the potential for exotic physics similar to high T C superconducting cuprates as they have similar crystal structures and these transition metals are neighbors in the periodic table. Here we present an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study of the trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10 revealing its electronic structure and correlations, finding strong resemblances to the cuprates as well as a few key differences. We find a large hole Fermi surface that closely resembles the Fermi surface of optimally hole-doped cuprates, including its [Formula: see text] orbital character, hole filling level, and strength of electronic correlations. However, in contrast to cuprates, La4Ni3O10 has no pseudogap in the [Formula: see text] band, while it has an extra band of principally [Formula: see text] orbital character, which presents a low temperature energy gap. These aspects drive the nickelate physics, with the differences from the cuprate electronic structure potentially shedding light on the origin of superconductivity in the cuprates.Exploration of the electronic structure of nickelates with similar crystal structure to cuprates may shed a light on the origin of high T c superconductivity. Here, Li et al. report strong resemblances and key differences of the electronic structure of trilayer nickelate La4Ni3O10 compared to the cuprate superconductors.

Ab initio study of the strain dependence of thermopower in electron-doped SrTiO3.

In this paper we explore the different mechanisms that affect the thermopower of a band insulating perovskite (in this case, SrTiO3) when subject to strain (both compressive or tensile). We analyze the high temperature, entropy-dominated limit and the lower temperature, energy-transport regime. We observe that the effect of strain in the high-temperature Seebeck coefficient is small at the concentration levels of interest for thermoelectric applications. However, the effective mass changes substantially with strain, which produces an opposite effect to that of the degeneracy breakups brought about by strain. In particular, we find that the thermopower can be enhanced by applying tensile strain in the adequate regime. We conclude that the detrimental effect of strain in thermopower due to band splitting is a minor effect that will not hamper the optimization of the thermoelectric properties of oxides with t 2g -active bands by applying strain.

Photoluminescent SBA-16 Rhombic Dodecahedral Particles: Assembly, Characterization, and ab Initio Modeling.

Nowadays, the use of polyhedral instead of spherical particles as building blocks of engineering new materials has become an area of particular effort in the scientific community. Therefore, fabricating in a reproducible manner large amounts of uniform crystal-like particles is a huge challenge. In this work we report a low reagent-consuming binary surfactant templated method mediated by a hydrothermal treatment as a facile and controllable route for the synthesis of crystal-like rombdodecahedral particles exhibiting SBA-16 mesoporosity. It was determined that the hydrothermal treatment conditions were a key point upon the final material morphology, surface area, microporosity, wall thickness, and mesopore width. As a consequence of their internal mesoporosity order, rhombic dodecahedral synthesized particles exhibited highly efficient ultraviolet absorptions and photoluminescence emissions at room temperature. Conducting experimental and theoretical comparative studies allowed us to infer that the presence of intrinsic defects confined into an ordered mesoporous structure plays a very important role in semiconductor materials. The information presented here is expected to be useful, giving new, accurate information, for the construction of novel technological devices.

Charge states of ions, and mechanisms of charge ordering transitions.

To gain insight into the mechanism of charge ordering transitions, which conventionally are pictured as a disproportionation of an ion M as 2M(n+)→M((n+1)+) + M((n-1)+), we (1) review and reconsider the charge state (or oxidation number) picture itself, (2) introduce new results for the putative charge ordering compound AgNiO2 and the dual charge state insulator AgO, and (3) analyze the cationic occupations of the actual (not formal) charge, and work to reconcile the conundrums that arise. We establish that several of the clearest cases of charge ordering transitions involve no disproportion (no charge transfer between the cations, and hence no charge ordering), and that the experimental data used to support charge ordering can be accounted for within density functional-based calculations that contain no charge transfer between cations. We propose that the charge state picture retains meaning and importance, at least in many cases, if one focuses on Wannier functions rather than atomic orbitals. The challenge of modeling charge ordering transitions with model Hamiltonians isdiscussed.

Inhibition of rotavirus ECwt infection in ICR suckling mice by N-acetylcysteine, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.

Live attenuated vaccines have recently been introduced for preventing rotavirus disease in children. However, alternative strategies for prevention and treatment of rotavirus infection are needed mainly in developing countries where low vaccine coverage occurs. In the present work, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), ascorbic acid (AA), some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists were tested for their ability to interfere with rotavirus ECwt infectivity as detected by the percentage of viral antigen-positive cells of small intestinal villi isolated from ECwt-infected ICR mice. Administration of 6 mg NAC/kg every 8 h for three days following the first diarrhoeal episode reduced viral infectivity by about 90%. Administration of AA, ibuprofen, diclofenac, pioglitazone or rosiglitazone decreased viral infectivity by about 55%, 90%, 35%, 32% and 25%, respectively. ECwt infection of mice increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, ERp57, Hsc70, NF-κB, Hsp70, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and PPARγ in intestinal villus cells. NAC treatment of ECwt-infected mice reduced Hsc70 and PDI expression to levels similar to those observed in villi from uninfected control mice. The present results suggest that the drugs tested in the present work could be assayed in preventing or treating rotaviral diarrhoea in children and young animals.

Inhibition of rotavirus ECwt infection in ICR suckling mice by N-acetylcysteine, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

Live attenuated vaccines have recently been introduced for preventing rotavirus disease in children. However, alternative strategies for prevention and treatment of rotavirus infection are needed mainly in developing countries where low vaccine coverage occurs. In the present work, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), ascorbic acid (AA), some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists were tested for their ability to interfere with rotavirus ECwt infectivity as detected by the percentage of viral antigen-positive cells of small intestinal villi isolated from ECwt-infected ICR mice. Administration of 6 mg NAC/kg every 8 h for three days following the first diarrhoeal episode reduced viral infectivity by about 90%. Administration of AA, ibuprofen, diclofenac, pioglitazone or rosiglitazone decreased viral infectivity by about 55%, 90%, 35%, 32% and 25%, respectively. ECwt infection of mice increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, ERp57, Hsc70, NF-κB, Hsp70, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and PPARγ in intestinal villus cells. NAC treatment of ECwt-infected mice reduced Hsc70 and PDI expression to levels similar to those observed in villi from uninfected control mice. The present results suggest that the drugs tested in the present work could be assayed in preventing or treating rotaviral diarrhoea in children and young animals.

Formal valence, 3d-electron occupation, and charge-order transitions.

While the formal valence and charge state concepts have been tremendously important in materials physics and chemistry, their very loose connection to actual charge leads to uncertainties in modeling behavior and interpreting data. We point out, taking several transition metal oxides (La(2) VCuO(6), YNiO(3), CaFeO(3), AgNiO(2), V(4)O(7)) as examples, that while dividing the crystal charge into atomic contributions is an ill-posed activity, the 3d occupation of a cation (and more particularly, differences) is readily available in first principles calculations. We discuss these examples, which include distinct charge states and charge-order (or disproportionation) systems, where different "charge states" of cations have identical 3d orbital occupation. Implications for theoretical modeling of such charge states and charge-ordering mechanisms are discussed.

Quantum confinement induced molecular correlated insulating state in La4Ni3O8.

The recently synthesized layered nickelate La4Ni3O8, with its cupratelike NiO2 layers, seemingly requires a Ni1 (d(8))+2Ni2 (d(9)) charge order, together with strong correlation effects, to account for its insulating behavior. Using density functional methods including strong intra-atomic repulsion (Hubbard U), we obtain an insulating state via a new mechanism: without charge order, correlated (Mott) insulating behavior arises based on quantum-coupled, spin-aligned molecular Ni2-Ni1-Ni2 d(z)(2) trimer states across the trilayer (molecular rather than atomic states), with antiferromagnetic ordering within layers. The weak and frustrated magnetic coupling between cells may account for the small spin entropy that is removed at the Néel transition at 105 K and the lack of any diffraction peak at the Néel point.

Reduction of the bulk modulus at high pressure in CrN.

Nitride coatings are increasingly demanded in the cutting- and machining-tool industry owing to their hardness, thermal stability and resistance to corrosion. These properties derive from strongly covalent bonds; understanding the bonding is a requirement for the design of superhard materials with improved capabilities. Here, we report a pressure-induced cubic-to-orthorhombic transition at approximately 1 GPa in CrN. High-pressure X-ray diffraction and ab initio calculations show an unexpected reduction of the bulk modulus, K0, of about 25% in the high-pressure (lower volume) phase. Our combined theoretical and experimental approach shows that this effect is the result of a large exchange striction due to the approach of the localized Cr:t3 electrons to becoming molecular-orbital electrons in Cr-Cr bonds. The softening of CrN under pressure is a manifestation of a strong competition between different types of chemical bond that are found at a crossover from a localized to a molecular-orbital electronic transition.