Antifungal Activity of Phyllospheric Bacteria Isolated from Coffea arabica against Hemileia vastatrix.

Peru is one of the leading countries that produce and export specialty coffees, favorably positioned in the international markets for its physical and organoleptic cup qualities. In recent years, yellow coffee rust caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Hemileia vastatrix stands out as one of the main phytosanitary diseases that affect coffee culture yields. Many studies have demonstrated bacteria antagonistic activity against a number of phytopathogen fungi. In this context, the aim of this work was to select and characterize phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Coffea arabica with antagonistic features against coffee rust to obtain biocontrollers. For that purpose, a total of 82 phyllospheric bacteria were isolated from two coffee leaf rust-susceptible varieties, typica and caturra roja, and one tolerant variety, catimor. Of all the isolates, 15% were endophytic and 85% were epiphytes. Among all the isolates, 14 were capable of inhibiting the mycelial radial growth of Mycena citricolor, and Colletotrichum sp. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based analysis showed that 9 isolates were related to Achromobacter insuavis, 2 were related to Luteibacter anthropi and 1 was related to Rodococcus ceridiohylli, Achromobacter marplatensis and Pseudomonas parafulva. A total of 7 representative bacteria of each group were selected based on their antagonistic activity and tested in germination inhibition assays of coffee rust uredinospores. The CRRFLT7 and TRFLT8 isolates showed a high inhibition percentage of urediniospores germination (81% and 82%, respectively), similar to that obtained with the chemical control (91%). An experimental field assay showed a good performance of both strains against rust damage too, making them a promising alternative for coffee leaf rust biocontrol.

Time Interval Between the End of Neoadjuvant Therapy and Elective Resection of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer in the CRONOS Study.

Importance: The treatment for extraperitoneal locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). Robust evidence on the optimal time interval between NAT completion and surgery is lacking. Objective: To assess the association of time interval between NAT completion and TME with short- and long-term outcomes. It was hypothesized that longer intervals increase the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate without increasing perioperative morbidity. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included patients with LARC from 6 referral centers who completed NAT and underwent TME between January 2005 and December 2020. The cohort was divided into 3 groups depending on the time interval between NAT completion and surgery: short (≤8 weeks), intermediate (>8 and ≤12 weeks), and long (>12 weeks). The median follow-up duration was 33 months. Data analyses were conducted from May 1, 2021, to May 31, 2022. The inverse probability of treatment weighting method was used to homogenize the analysis groups. Exposure: Long-course chemoradiotherapy or short-course radiotherapy with delayed surgery. Main outcome and Measures: The primary outcome was pCR. Other histopathologic results, perioperative events, and survival outcomes constituted the secondary outcomes. Results: Among the 1506 patients, 908 were male (60.3%), and the median (IQR) age was 68.8 (59.4-76.5) years. The short-, intermediate-, and long-interval groups included 511 patients (33.9%), 797 patients (52.9%), and 198 patients (13.1%), respectively. The overall pCR was 17.2% (259 of 1506 patients; 95% CI, 15.4%-19.2%). When compared with the intermediate-interval group, no association was observed between time intervals and pCR in short-interval (odds ratio [OR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-1.01) and long-interval (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.73-1.61) groups. The long-interval group was significantly associated with lower risk of bad response (tumor regression grade [TRG] 2-3; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.91), systemic recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36-0.96), higher conversion risk (OR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.62-6.07), minor postoperative complications (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-1.97), and incomplete mesorectum (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.02-3.50) when compared with the intermediate-interval group. Conclusions and Relevance: Time intervals longer than 12 weeks were associated with improved TRG and systemic recurrence but may increase surgical complexity and minor morbidity.

Effects of Rhizobia Isolated from Coffee Fields in the High Jungle Peruvian Region, Tested on Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Red Kidney.

Soils in the high jungle region of Peru continuously face erosion due to heavy rain, which leads to significant nutrient losses. Leguminous plants may provide a sustainable solution to this problem due to their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen with the help of symbiotic rhizospheric microbes that reside in their root nodules and help restore soil fertility. The aim of this study was to isolate native rhizobial strains that can form functional nodules in red kidney beans to help improve their growth, development, and yield in field conditions. Rhizobium strains were isolated from soil samples collected from coffee fields using bean plants as trap hosts. The strain RZC12 was selected because it showed good root nodule promotion and a number of PGPR (plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria) attributes. In the field, bean plants inoculated with the strain RZC12 and co-cultivated with coffee plants produced approximately 21 nodules per plant, whereas control plants produced an average of 1 nodule each. The inoculation with RZC12 significantly increased plant length (72.7%), number of leaves (58.8%), fresh shoot weight (85.5%), dry shoot weight (78%), fresh root weight (85.7%), and dry root weight (82.5%), compared with the control. The dry pod weight produced by the plants inoculated with RZC12 was 3.8 g, whereas the control plants produced 2.36 g of pods. In conclusion, RZC12 is a promising strain that can be used in field conditions to improve the overall productivity of red kidney beans.

Malignant tumors as cause of disability at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social / Tumores malignos condicionantes de invalidez en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social

Background: Cancer represents an important issue in health, with the economic impact that it takes. The aim of this paper is to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of a population with social security who was diagnosed with some type of cancer and required a disability pension. Methods: Observational study, retrolective cohort type, carried out at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) with IMSS beneficiaries ruled with a state of disability due to malignancy during the period 2006 to 2012. Results: 13 633 cases were studied, observing an increasing behavior among the years mentioned. The age average of the rightful claimants ruled was 47.75 years; the main causes of disability due to malignant tumors were breast, colon and brain cancer. The definitive opinions represented the 49.66%, which are likely to generate a constituent amount for the IMSS. It is important to have data of the survival in relation to the most frequent malignant tumors, which can provide information about the severity and prognosis of these diseases. Conclusions: The results obtained lead to discuss the effectiveness of programs established on the prevention and early detection of non-communicable diseases, mainly in breast cancer, since the impact that has this type of suffering may involve a major financial problem for the IMSS because of the payment of constituent amounts.

Introducción: El cáncer representa una problemática importante en salud, con el impacto económico que conlleva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las particularidades epidemiológicas de una población con seguro social en quien se diagnosticó algún tipo de cáncer y requirió una pensión de invalidez. Métodos: Estudio observacional, tipo cohorte retrolectiva, llevado a cabo en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social con derechohabientes del IMSS dictaminados con un estado de invalidez por algún tumor maligno durante el periodo 2006 a 2012. Resultados: Se estudiaron 13 633 casos, con un comportamiento ascendente en el periodo estudiado, la edad promedio de dictaminación fue de 47.75 años; las principales causas de invalidez por tumores malignos fueron cáncer de mama, de colon y de encéfalo; los dictámenes definitivos representaron el 49.66%, que son susceptibles de generar un monto constitutivo al IMSS. Resulta importante contar con datos de sobrevida en relación a los tumores malignos más frecuentes, que puedan aportar información sobre la severidad y pronóstico de estas enfermedades. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos conducen a debatir la efectividad de los programas establecidos sobre prevención y detección temprana de enfermedades no transmisibles, principalmente en cáncer de mama, debido a que el impacto que tiene este tipo de padecimientos puede implicar una problemática financiera importante para el IMSS por el pago de montos constitutivos.

Characterization and potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from native Andean crops.

Bacteria isolated from soil and rhizosphere samples collected in Peru from Andean crops were tested in vitro and in vivo to determine their potential as plant growth promoters and their ability to induce systemic resistance to Alternaria alternata in tomato plants. The isolates were identified by sequencing their 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Test for phosphate solubilization, and indolacetic acid were also carried out, together with in vitro antagonism assays in dual cultures towards the plant pathogens Fusarium solani, A. alternata and Curvularia lunata. The three most promising isolates (Pa15, Ps155, Ps168) belonged to the genus Pseudomonas. Further assays were carried out with tomato plants to assess their plant protection effect towards A. alternata and as growth promoters. Inoculation of tomato seeds with all isolates significantly enhanced seed germination, plantlets emergence and plant development. Bacterial inoculation also reduce damage level caused by A. alternata. The expression levels of three tomato genes involved in the jasmonate (AOS), ethylene responsive (ERF-2) and pathogenesis related (PR-P2) pathways were determined in plants challenged with A. alternata, alone or with each bacterial isolate, respectively. Results showed that at 24 h after infection, in absence of the pathogen, the expression level of the tested genes was very low. The presence of A. alternata alone and in combination with bacteria increased the transcripts of all genes. Data showed a potential of best performing isolate Ps168 to sustain tomato plants nutrition and activate defense-related genes for protection by pathogenic fungi.

[Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients aged 80 and over]. / Colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes mayores de 80 años.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing aging of the population also increases the prevalence of symptomatic gallbladder diseases. It is important to analyse their surgical treatment in the elderly. METHODS: All the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in our surgery department on patients aged 80 years-old or over from 1992 to 2007 were included in this study. RESULTS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on 133 patients 80 years-old and over, with 63% of them women, and an average age of 83.23 years. Biliary colic (29%) and acute pancreatitis (44%) were the main reasons for surgery. Associated diseases were found in 73% of them. Only 7.5% needed urgent surgery, even although 71% were admitted urgently. There were 13.5% conversions to open surgery, 17% morbidity and 2.3% mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be recommended in symptomatic gallbladder disease in the elderly.

Colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes mayores de 80 años / Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients aged 80 and over

Introducción: con el aumento de la esperanza de vida de la población, aumenta la prevalencia de litiasis biliar sintomática. Es importante analizar su tratamiento quirúrgico en ancianos. Método: se incluyó en el estudio a todos los pacientes con edad ≥ 80 años intervenidos en nuestro servicio de cirugía general mediante colecistectomía laparoscópica entre 1992 y2007.Resultados: se realizó colecistectomía laparoscópica a 133 pacientes mayores de 80 años(media, 83,23 años; el 63% mujeres); predominaban en ellos los diagnósticos de cólico biliar(29%) y pancreatitis aguda (44%). El 73% presentaba comorbilidades. Sólo el 7,5% precisó intervención quirúrgica urgente, a pesar de que el 71% ingresó de manera urgente. Hubo un 13,5% de conversiones, un 17% de morbilidad y un 2,3% de mortalidad. Conclusiones: la colecistectomía laparoscópica puede ser recomendada en ancianos concolelitiasis sintomática (AU)

Introduction: the increasing aging of the population also increases the prevalence of symptomatic gallbladder diseases. It is important to analyse their surgical treatment in the elderly. Methods: All the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in our surgery department on patients aged 80 years-old or over from 1992 to 2007 were included in this study. Results: laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on 133 patients 80 years-old and over, with 63% of them women, and an average age of 83.23 years. Biliary colic (29%) and acute pancreatitis (44%) were the main reasons for surgery. Associated diseases were found in 73% of them. Only 7.5% needed urgent surgery, even although 71% were admitted urgently. There were 13.5% conversions to open surgery, 17% morbidity and 2.3% mortality. Conclusions: laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be recommended in symptomatic gallbladder disease in the elderly (AU)

La cirugía laparoscópica en las urgencias abdominales / Endoscopic surgery in abdominal emergencies

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