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1.
J Control Release ; 358: 420-438, 2023 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37121513

RESUMO

Efficient and reproducible colonic drug delivery remains elusive. The aim of this study was to demonstrate specific colonic delivery in vivo in domestic pigs with a novel tablet formulation based on a dual release control concept using 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and caffeine as drug substances. The developed controlled colonic release (CCR) tablet formulation employs a pH-sensitive coating based on Eudragit® FS 30 D to prevent drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and a xyloglucan-based matrix to inhibit drug release after coating removal in the small intestine and to allow microbiome-triggered drug release by enzymatic action in the colon. CCR tablets were administered to domestic pigs and plasma concentration data was analyzed by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to estimate absorbed amounts from small and large intestine and in vivo drug release rates by model-dependent deconvolution using immediate release (IR) tablets and intravenous solutions as reference. Peak concentration times (tmax) and values (cmax) of CCR 5-ASA and caffeine tablets indicated strongly delayed drug absorption and the deduced absorbed amount as a function of time confirmed absorption overwhelmingly from the large intestine. The microbially cleaved marker molecule sulfasalazine administered alone or together with caffeine in CCR tablets reported, in combination with telemetry measurements, gastrointestinal transit times and site of absorption. Drug release from CCR tablets was inferred to take place predominantly at the site of absorption at a release rate of caffeine that was much larger in the colon than in the small intestine indicating enzymatically triggered release by the colonic microbiome. Xyloglucanase activity in rectal and cecal samples was consistent with release data and compound recovery in fecal droppings was consistent with 5-ASA bioavailability. The results provide evidence that the developed formulation can prevent premature drug release and provide targeted colonic drug delivery. Clinical relevance based on the comparability between pig and man is discussed.


Assuntos
Cafeína , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Animais , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Comprimidos , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Colo , Mesalamina
2.
Int J Pharm ; 631: 122499, 2023 Jan 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36529358

RESUMO

Aim of this study was to develop a tablet formulation for targeted colonic drug release by implementing two control mechanisms: A pH-sensitive coating layer based on Eudragit® FS 30 D to prevent drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract, combined with a matrix based on plant-derived polysaccharide xyloglucan to inhibit drug release after coating removal in the small intestine and to allow microbiome triggered drug release in the colon. In vitro dissolution tests simulated the passage through the entire gastrointestinal tract with a four-stage protocol, including microbial xyloglucanase addition in physiologically relevant concentrations as microbiome surrogate to the colonic dissolution medium. Matrix erosion was monitored in parallel to drug release by measurement of reducing sugar equivalents resulting from xyloglucan hydrolysis. Limited drug release in gastric and small intestinal test stages and predominant release in the colonic stage was achieved. The xyloglucan matrix controlled drug release after dissolution of the enteric coating through the formation of a gummy polysaccharide layer at the tablet surface. Matrix degradation was dependent on enzyme concentration in the colonic medium and significantly accelerated drug release resulting in erosion-controlled release process. Drug release at physiologically relevant enzyme concentration was completed within the bounds of colonic transit time. The dual control concept was applicable to two drug substances with different solubility, providing similar release rates in colonic environment containing xyloglucanase. Drug solubility mechanistically affected release, with diffusion of caffeine, but not of 5-ASA, contributing to the overall release rate out of the matrix tablet.


Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Comprimidos/metabolismo , Colo/metabolismo , Solubilidade , Polissacarídeos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio
3.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1354946

RESUMO

Background: Antibiotic resistance is considered to be the next worldwide epidemic. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most common cause of infection, which also has the highest resistance frequency. Nevertheless, in high Andean regions, little is known about the antibiotic resistance. Objectives: Determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the enterobacteriaceae family isolated from urinary tract infections of a Peruvian Andean region. Material and Methods: Aretrospective cross-sectional review of 1717 records from the microbiology service of a private health institution from Puno - Peru, was done between the years 2014 and 2017. Antibiotic resistance by uropathogens was studied among different age groups. Statistical analysis included Chi2 test with a p<0.05. Poisson regression was used to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval. Results: There was a wide distribution of antibiotic resistance among all the antibiotics, mainly in Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. The elderly had the highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance. As age increased, resistance to all drugs also increased (p<0.01). Furthermore, the elderly had a risk probabilityofresistanceof1.22,1.42,1.20and1.32topenicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones and other antibiotics respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the Peruvian Andean region were lower than national and international patterns.


Introducción: La resistencia a antibióticos es considerada la próxima epidemia mundial. Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) son la segunda causa más común de infecciones y la que presenta mayor frecuencia de resistencia. Sin embargo, poco se ha reportado en regiones altos-andinas. Objetivo: Evaluar los patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana de la familia enterobacteriaceae aisladas de infecciones del tracto urinario de pacientes ambulatorios de una región altoandina peruana y sus factores asociados. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico retrospectivo, a partir de 1717 registros del Servicio de Microbiología de una institución de salud en la región Puno ­ Perú, entre los años 2014 al 2017. Se estudió la resistencia a antibióticos según uropatógeno en diferentes grupos etarios. Se empleó la prueba de Chi2 de Pearson y un modelo de regresión de Poisson para calcular la razón de prevalencias (RP). En todos los análisis se consideró un valor de p<0.05 como significativo y se estimaron intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: Se presentó una amplia distribución de resistencia en todos los fármacos evaluados, siendo mayor en Escherichia coli y Proteus spp. El grupo etario, ≥ 60 años, presentó la mayor prevalencia de resistencia bacteriana. A medida que la edad aumentaba, la resistencia a todos los fármacos estudiados también aumentó (p <0.01). Así mismo, los pacientes ≥ 60 años presentaron mayor probabilidad de presentar resistencia bacteriana a penicilinas, cefalosporinas y quinolonas. Conclusión: El patrón de resistencia a los antibióticos utilizados en ITUs en la zona altoandina peruana incrementa con la edad.

4.
Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Dirección de Investigación en Salud; 2018. 1-35 p. tab.
Não convencional em Espanhol | ARGMSAL, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1391510

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN En Argentina, el posgrado en servicio es la modalidad más difundida para acceder a una especialidad en salud. La autoridad sanitaria nacional enfrenta el desafío de cohesionar las propuestas de residencia. Para mejorar la calidad educativa, se desarrolla un curso nacional de formación dirigido a docentes de residencias. OBJETIVO Evaluar el Curso de Formación Docente Tutorial para el Sistema de Residencias. Estrategias y Herramientas Pedagógicas, en relación con los aprendizajes logrados, utilidad y relevancia para la práctica docente. MÉTODOS El diseño fue cualitativo. Se realizó una encuesta online a quienes aprobaron el curso y entrevistas en profundidad a aquellos que continúan trabajando en el sistema de salud. Se sistematizó y evaluó la incidencia del curso en los aprendizajes y la práctica de los docentes. RESULTADOS Para el 56% de los cursantes fue su primera experiencia en formación docente. El rol de los tutores del curso fue relevante para la construcción del modelo del instructor. Los participantes destacan un cambio en el abordaje de la docencia, de un modelo más jerárquico hacia uno más cooperativo. Manifiestan el reconocimiento del residente como "formando", la aceptación de las singularidades en el aprendizaje y la docencia como función profesionalizada, con herramientas específicas. 70 % de los encuestados continúan en la función docente, a pesar del poco reconocimiento institucional y económico. Aparece la importancia de iniciar la formación docente en etapas tempranas de la residencia, en conjunto con otras estrategias para hacer incidencia en el cambio del modelo educativo. DISCUSIÓN El curso resultó exitoso en términos de pertinencia y desnaturalización del modelo tradicional. Aportó al desarrollo de capacidades de planificación, gestión y evaluación en la residencia. Las estrategias de capacitación producen transformaciones si se suman regulaciones sinérgicas que ofrezcan un marco propicio para la acción


Assuntos
Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde
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