Incorporation of thrombin cleavage peptide into a protein cage for constructing a protease-responsive multifunctional delivery nanoplatform.

Protein cages are spherical hollow supramolecules that are attractive nanoscale platforms for constructing cargo delivery vehicles. Using ferritin isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf_Fn), we developed a multifunctional protein cage-based delivery nanoplatform that can hold cargo molecules securely, deliver them to the targeted sites, and release them to the targeted cells. The release is triggered by cleavage induced by the protease, thrombin. The thrombin cleavage peptide (GGLVPR/GSGAS) was inserted into the flexible loop region of Pf_Fn, which is located at a 4-fold axis of symmetry exposed on the surface of protein cages (Thr-Pf_Fn). Subsequently, the C-terminal glycine, which is situated in the interior cavity, was substituted with cysteine (G173C) to permit site-specific conjugation of cargo molecules. The introduced cysteine (G173C) was labeled with a fluorescent probe (F5M-Thr-Pf_Fn) for cell imaging and cargo release monitoring. The surface of F5M-Thr-Pf_Fn was further modified with biotins (F5M-Thr-Pf_Fn-NPB) as targeting ligands. The specific binding of dual functionalized F5M-Thr-Pf_Fn-NPB to the MDA MB 231 cell line, which overexpresses biotin-specific receptors on its surface, was confirmed by fluorescence microscopic analyses. The inserted thrombin cleavage peptides were effectively cleaved by thrombin, resulting in the release of the C-terminal helix in buffer and on the targeted cells without disruption of the cage architecture. Protein cage scaffolds that combine genetic and chemical modifications may serve as stimulus-responsive delivery nanoplatforms and provide opportunities for developing new types of theranostic nanoplatforms.

Cloning and characterization of microRNAs from porcine skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small regulatory RNAs that regulate the stability and translation of cognate mRNAs. Although an increasing number of porcine miRNAs has recently been identified, the full repertoire of miRNAs in pig remains to be elucidated. To identify porcine miRNAs potentially involved in myogenesis and adipogenesis, we constructed small RNA cDNA libraries from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and identified 89 distinct miRNAs that are conserved in pig, of which 15 were new. Expression analysis of all newly identified and selected known porcine miRNAs revealed that some miRNAs were enriched in a tissue-specific manner, whereas others were expressed ubiquitously in the porcine tissues examined. Our results expand the number of known porcine miRNAs and provide useful information for further investigating the biological functions of miRNAs associated with growth and development of skeletal muscle or adipose tissue in pig.