RESUMO
Background: We examined the Korean adults' experience with dental implants and analyzed its association with various socioeconomic factors. Methods: This study was based on the participants enrolled in the 2013-2015 KNHANES. Using the variables associated with dental implant treatment experience and other socioeconomic factors, we evaluated the statistical significance and potential associations between the dental implant treatment experience and its related factors. The final analysis in this study was performed on adults aged 20 yr and over. It comprised 4,893 subjects in the year 2013, 4,431 subjects in 2014, and 4,430 subjects in 2015. Results: An increasing number of individuals had reported undergoing dental implant treatment. An older age was associated with a higher likelihood of undergoing dental implant treatment, particularly in adults aged ≥40 years. Additionally, the likelihood was higher in individuals with a greater income level, low-level of educational background, and married status. Factors that were observed to influence dental implant treatment experience included age, education level, income level, marital status. Conclusion: Our analysis confirmed the growing accessibility to dental implants among Korean adults and an association between dental implant treatment experience and socioeconomic factors. We recommend a healthcare policy on dental implants that considers relevant socioeconomic factors, in order to provide dental implant treatment to individuals who are in absolute need of treatment.
RESUMO
This study investigates the oxidation of pharmaceuticals during conventional ozonation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) applied in drinking water treatment. In a first step, second-order rate constants for the reactions of selected pharmaceuticals with ozone (k(O3)) and OH radicals (k(OH)) were determined in bench-scale experiments (in brackets apparent k(O3) at pH 7 and T = 20 degrees C): bezafibrate (590 +/- 50 M(-1) s(-1)), carbamazepine (approximately 3 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)), diazepam (0.75 +/- 0.15 M(-1) s(-1)), diclofenac (approximately 1 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (approximately 3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), ibuprofen (9.6 +/- 1.0 M(-1) s(-1)), iopromide (<0.8 M(-1) s(-1)), sulfamethoxazole (approximately 2.5 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)), and roxithromycin (approximately 7 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). For five of the pharmaceuticals the apparent k(O3) at pH 7 was >5 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), indicating that these compounds are completely transformed during ozonation processes. Values for k(OH) ranged from 3.3 to 9.8 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). Compared to other important micropollutants such as MTBE and atrazine, the selected pharmaceuticals reacted about two to three times faster with OH radicals. In the second part of the study, oxidation kinetics of the selected pharmaceuticals were investigated in ozonation experiments performed in different natural waters. It could be shown that the second-order rate constants determined in pure aqueous solution could be applied to predict the behavior of pharmaceuticals dissolved in natural waters. Overall it can be concluded that ozonation and AOPs are promising processes for an efficient removal of pharmaceuticals in drinking waters.
