Genome assembly and population genomic data of a pulmonate snail Ellobium chinense.

Ellobium chinense is an airbreathing, pulmonate gastropod species that inhabits saltmarshes in estuaries of the northwestern Pacific. Due to a rapid population decline and their unique ecological niche in estuarine ecosystems, this species has attracted special attention regarding their conservation and the genomic basis of adaptation to frequently changing environments. Here we report a draft genome assembly of E. chinense with a total size of 949.470 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 1.465 Mb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the GO terms enriched among four gastropod species are related to signal transduction involved in maintaining electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane. Population genomic analysis using the MSMC model for 14 re-sequenced individuals revealed a drastic decline in Korean and Japanese populations during the last glacial period, while the southern Chinese population retained a much larger effective population size (Ne). These contrasting demographic changes might be attributed to multiple environmental factors during the glacial-interglacial cycles. This study provides valuable genomic resources for understanding adaptation and historical demographic responses to climate change.

Effects of 4-week downhill treadmill walking on the vertebral angle and postural muscle activity in participants with thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture: A comparative longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining correct posture and optimal spine function has become an important issue due to the increased use of computers and smartphones. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a 4-week downhill treadmill exercise (DTWE) program on participants with thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture (FHP). METHODS: Twenty-eight male participants were randomly assigned to the DTWE (n= 14) or standard treadmill walking exercise (STWE) (n= 14) group. They performed 30-minute exercise three times a week for 4 weeks. The vertebral angle was measured using a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. Surface electromyography (EMG) was performed to record muscle activity in the thoracic erector spinae (TES), sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), and cervical erector spinae (CES). RESULTS: The DTWE group showed significant increases in the craniovertebral angle (CVA) and TES EMG activity and significant decreases in the thoracic kyphosis angle and SCM and CES EMG activity compared with those shown by the STWE group following the intervention (p< 0.05). However, lumbar lordosis or pelvic tilt angles did not differ significantly between the groups after the intervention (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DTWE can be effective in reducing thoracic kyphosis and FHP without causing compensatory movements of the lumbar spine and pelvis.

Effectiveness of non-immersive virtual reality exercises for balance and gait improvement in older adults: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR)-based physical exercise is an innovative and effective intervention strategy for healthcare in older adults. OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effects of VR-based balance exercise programs on various balancing abilities of older adults. In addition, the effect size of each variable was computed by total exercise time, sensor type, avatar presence, and feedback type to determine influencing factors that lead to the success of VR-based rehabilitation programs. METHODS: The databases searched were PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, NDSL, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were: (1) independent older adults; (2) non-immersive VR exercise; (3) randomized controlled design; (4) both balance and gait data; and (5) written in English and Korean. The studies without information to compute effect sizes were excluded. Standardized mean difference was used to analyze the effect size (d). RESULTS: Twenty-five studies were finally included in this study. The main findings of this meta-analysis were as follows: (1) Non-immersive VR-based balance exercises are moderately and largely effective for improving overall balance function, (2) VR balance exercise was more effective for static balance than for gait, (3) VR exercise is more effective when avatars are presented and KP is provided as feedback. CONCLUSION: Total exercise time and mode of feedback are influencing factors that affect the effectiveness of VR-based balance exercises.

Effects of In Vitro Combination of Nitric Oxide Donors and Hypochlorite on Acanthamoeba castellanii Viability.

Purpose: To investigate the combined anti-Acanthamoeba effects of nitric oxide (NO) donors and hypochlorite to maximize amoebicidal outcomes while minimizing damage to human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Methods: Acanthamoeba castellanii and primary cultured HCECs and keratocytes were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), NO donors (sodium nitroprusside [SNP] and sodium nitrite [NaNO2]), or a combination of hypochlorite and NO donors. The viability of A. castellanii, HCECs, and keratocytes was assessed. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fractional inhibitory concentration of NaOCl and NO donors were determined. The activation of mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) and ERK and the expression of nitrite reductase and Nrf2 were assessed in HCECs using Western blot analysis. The cysticidal effects of combined NaOCl and NO donors were also evaluated. Results: A dose-dependent toxicity was observed in A. castellanii, HCECs, and keratocytes when treated with NaOCl and SNP. The range of tested NaNO2 concentrations showed no significant toxicity to HCECs; however, dose-dependent toxicity to A. castellanii was observed. The MIC of NaOCl against HCECs and A. castellanii was 8.0 mg/mL. The MIC of NaNO2 and SNP was 500 mM and 10 mM in both HCECs and A. castellanii, respectively. Weak attenuation of the mTOR and ERK phosphorylation was observed and Nrf2 expression decreased slightly after exposure of HCECs to 2.0 mg/mL NaOCl. For the combination treatment, NaOCl (0.125 mg/mL) was selected based on the safety of HCECs and the toxicity of A. castellanii. A more potent anti-Acanthamoeba effect and HCEC toxicity were observed when NaOCl was combined with SNP rather than NaNO2. Conclusions: Combined NaOCl and NO donors had a stronger anti-Acanthamoeba effect compared to either drug alone. Translational Relevance: This study demonstrates that the combined use of various drugs for the treatment of Acanthamoeba infection can enhance the anti-Acanthamoeba effect while minimizing the toxicity of the individual drug.

Pre-analytical handling conditions and protein marker recovery from urine extracellular vesicles for bladder cancer diagnosis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain a variety of biomolecules and provide information about the cells that produce them. EVs from cancer cells found in urine can be used as biomarkers to detect cancer, enabling early diagnosis and treatment. The potential of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and clusterin (CLU) as novel diagnostic urinary EV (uEV) biomarkers for bladder cancer (BC) was demonstrated previously. To validate the diagnostic value of these proteins in uEVs in a large BC cohort, urine handling conditions before uEV isolation should be optimized during sample transportation from medical centers. In this study, we analyzed the uEV protein quantity, EV particle number, and uEV-A2M/CLU after urine storage at 20°C and 4°C for 0-6 days, each. A2M and CLU levels in uEVs were relatively stable when stored at 4°C for a maximum of three days and at 20°C for up to 24 h, with minimal impact on analysis results. Interestingly, pre-processing to remove debris and cells by centrifugation and filtration of urine did not show any beneficial effects on the preservation of protein biomarkers of uEVs during storage. Here, the importance of optimizing shipping conditions to minimize the impact of pre-analytical handling on the uEVs protein biomarkers was emphasized. These findings provide insights for the development of clinical protocols that use uEVs for diagnostic purposes.

HMGB1, a potential regulator of tumor microenvironment in KSHV-infected endothelial cells.

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a protein that binds to DNA and participates in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription, and inflammation. It is also associated with cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Despite its known role in promoting tumor growth and immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment, the contribution of HMGB1 to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is not well understood. We investigated the effect of HMGB1 on KS pathogenesis using immortalized human endothelial cells infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpes virus (KSHV). Our results showed that a higher amount of HMGB1 was detected in the supernatant of KSHV-infected cells compared to that of mock-infected cells, indicating that KSHV infection induced the secretion of HMGB1 in human endothelial cells. By generating HMGB1 knockout clones from immortalized human endothelial cells using CRISPR/Cas9, we elucidated the role of HMGB1 in KSHV-infected endothelial cells. Our findings indicate that the absence of HMGB1 did not induce lytic replication in KSHV-infected cells, but the cell viability of KSHV-infected cells was decreased in both 2D and 3D cultures. Through the antibody array for cytokines and growth factors, CXCL5, PDGF-AA, G-CSF, Emmprin, IL-17A, and VEGF were found to be suppressed in HMGB1 KO KSHV-infected cells compared to the KSHV-infected wild-type control. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of p38 would be associated with transcriptional regulation of CXCL5, PDGF-A and VEGF. These observations suggest that HMGB1 may play a critical role in KS pathogenesis by regulating cytokine and growth factor secretion and emphasize its potential as a therapeutic target for KS by modulating the tumor microenvironment.

Tetrodotoxin Decreases the Contractility of Mesenteric Arteries, Revealing the Contribution of Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels in Vascular Tone Regulation.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning through the consumption of contaminated fish leads to lethal symptoms, including severe hypotension. This TTX-induced hypotension is likely due to the downfall of peripheral arterial resistance through direct or indirect effects on adrenergic signaling. TTX is a high-affinity blocker of voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels. In arteries, NaV channels are expressed in sympathetic nerve endings, both in the intima and media. In this present work, we aimed to decipher the role of NaV channels in vascular tone using TTX. We first characterized the expression of NaV channels in the aorta, a model of conduction arteries, and in mesenteric arteries (MA), a model of resistance arteries, in C57Bl/6J mice, by Western blot, immunochemistry, and absolute RT-qPCR. Our data showed that these channels are expressed in both endothelium and media of aorta and MA, in which scn2a and scn1b were the most abundant transcripts, suggesting that murine vascular NaV channels consist of NaV1.2 channel subtype with NaVß1 auxiliary subunit. Using myography, we showed that TTX (1 µM) induced complete vasorelaxation in MA in the presence of veratridine and cocktails of antagonists (prazosin and atropine with or without suramin) that suppressed the effects of neurotransmitter release. In addition, TTX (1 µM) strongly potentiated the flow-mediated dilation response of isolated MA. Altogether, our data showed that TTX blocks NaV channels in resistance arteries and consecutively decreases vascular tone. This could explain the drop in total peripheral resistance observed during mammal tetrodotoxications.

Effect of Magnetic Microparticles on Cultivated Human Corneal Endothelial Cells.

Purpose: To investigate effects of magnetic microparticles on movement of magnet controlled human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs). Methods: Immortalized HCEC line (B4G12) and primary culture of HCECs were exposed to two commercially available magnetic micro- or nanoparticles, SiMAG (average size 100 nm) and fluidMAG (average size <1000 nm). Cell viability assays and reactive oxygen species production assays were performed. Cellular structural changes, intracellular distribution of microparticles, and expression levels of proteins related to cellular survival were analyzed. Ex vivo human corneas were exposed to microparticles to further evaluate their effects. Magnetic particle-laden HCECs were cultured under the influence of a neodymium magnet. Results: No significant decrease of viability was found in HCECs after exposure to both magnetic particles at concentrations up to 20 µg/mL for 48 hours. However, high concentrations (40 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL) of SiMAG and FluidMAG significantly decreased viability in immortalized HCECs, and only 80 µg/mL of SiMAG and FluidMAG decreased viability in primary HCECs after 48 hours of exposure. There was relative stability of viability at various concentrations of magnetic particles, despite a dose-dependent increase of reactive oxygen species, lactate dehydrogenase, and markers of apoptosis. Ex vivo human cornea study further revealed that exposure to 20 µg/mL of SiMAG and fluidMAG for 72 hours was tolerable. Endocytosed magnetic particles were mainly localized in the cytoplasm. The application of a magnetic field during cell culture successfully demonstrated that magnetic particle-loaded HCECs moved toward the magnet area and that the population density of HCECs was significantly increased. Conclusions: We verified short-term effects of SiMAG and fluidMAG on HCECs and their ability to control movement of HCECs by an external magnetic field. Translational Relevance: A technology of applying magnetic particles to a human corneal endothelial cell culture and controlling the movement of cells to a desired area using a magnetic field could be used to increase cell density during cell culture or improve the localization of corneal endothelial cells injected into the anterior chamber to the back of the cornea.

Effect of the manual stretching maneuver for hallux valgus.

BACKGROUND: Hallux valgus (HV), which is one of the most common musculoskeletal abnormalities of the foot, is defined as the medial deviation of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and the lateral deviation of the great toe. OBJECTS: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of a manual stretching maneuver (MSM) in subjects with HV. METHODS: Twenty-five subjects with a total of 25 feet with mild HV participated in the study. The MSM, consisting of global stretching of the foot and toes, traction of the hallux, local stretching for hallux, and mobilization of the MTP joint of the hallux. The HV angle between the line of the first metatarsal bone and the proximal phalanx were measured using a goniometer. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the AbdH was measured using ultrasonography. Zebris FDM was used to measure the static plantar pressure and the movement of the center of pressure (COP) standing on one foot. The dependent variables before and after treatment were compared using paired t-tests. The significance level was set at .05. RESULTS: The HV angle significantly decreased from 20.25° to 16.96°. The CSA of the AbdH significantly increased from 14.00 mm2 to 16.11 mm2. The peak pressure on the hallux and 1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsals increased significantly. The contact area and total pressure on the hallux significantly increased. The sway of the COP on the length of the minor axis and velocity significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the MSM can be effective in decreasing the HV angle in subjects with mild HV. However, further longitudinal clinical studies are required to investigate the long-term effects of the MSM in subjects with HV.

Retinal cytotoxicity of silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

The retina plays a key role in human vision. It is composed of cells that are essential for vision signal generation. Thus far, conventional medications have been ineffective for treating retinal diseases because of the intrinsic blood-retinal barrier. Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising effective platforms for ocular drug delivery. However, nanotoxicity in the retinal tissue has not received much attention. This study used R28 cells (a retinal precursor cell line that originated from rats) to investigate the safety of two commonly used types of NPs: silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs, 100 nm) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs, 100 nm). Cellular viability and reactive oxygen species generation were measured after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure to each NP. Cellular autophagy and the mTOR pathways were evaluated. The retinal toxicity of the NPs was investigated in vivo in rat models. Both types of NPs were found to induce significant dose-dependent toxicity on the R28 cells. A significant elevation of reactive oxygen species generation was also observed. Increased autophagy and decreased mTOR phosphorylation were observed after SiO2NPs and TiO2NPs exposure. The diffuse apoptosis of the retinal cellular layers was detected after intravitreal injection.

Novel Corneal Endothelial Cell Carrier Couples a Biodegradable Polymer and a Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Matrix.

Here, we report a transparent, biodegradable, and cell-adhesive carrier that is securely coupled with the extracellular matrix (ECM) for corneal endothelial cell (CEC) transplantation. To fabricate a CEC carrier, poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) solution was poured onto the decellularized ECM (UMDM) derived from in vitro cultured umbilical cord blood-MSCs. Once completely dried, ECM-PLCL was then peeled off from the substrate. It was 20 µm thick, transparent, rich in fibronectin and collagen type IV, and easy to handle. Surface characterizations exhibited that ECM-PLCL was very rough (54.0 ± 4.50 nm) and uniformly covered in high density by ECM and retained a positive surface charge (65.2 ± 57.8 mV), as assessed via atomic force microscopy. Human CECs (B4G12) on the ECM-PLCL showed good cell attachment, with a cell density similar to the normal cornea. They could also maintain a cell phenotype, with nicely formed cell-cell junctions as assessed via ZO-1 and N-cadherin at 14 days. This was in sharp contrast to the CEC behaviors on the FNC-coated PLCL (positive control). A function-related marker, Na+/K+-ATPase, was also identified via western blot and immunofluorescence. In addition, primary rabbit CECs showed a normal shape and they could express structural and functional proteins on the ECM-PLCL. A simulation test confirmed that CECs loaded on the ECM-PLCL were successfully engrafted into the decellularized porcine corneal tissue, with a high engraftment level and cell viability. Moreover, ECM-PLCL transplantation into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye for 8 weeks proved the maintenance of normal cornea properties. Taken together, this study demonstrates that our ECM-PLCL can be a promising cornea endothelium graft with an excellent ECM microenvironment for CECs.

Pharmacological Dissection of the Crosstalk between NaV and CaV Channels in GH3b6 Cells.

Thanks to the crosstalk between Na+ and Ca2+ channels, Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis interplay in so-called excitable cells enables the generation of action potential in response to electrical stimulation. Here, we investigated the impact of persistent activation of voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels by neurotoxins, such as veratridine (VTD), on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in a model of excitable cells, the rat pituitary GH3b6 cells, in order to identify the molecular actors involved in Na+-Ca2+ homeostasis crosstalk. By combining RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and patch-clamp techniques, we showed that GH3b6 cells predominantly express the NaV1.3 channel subtype, which likely endorses their voltage-activated Na+ currents. Notably, these Na+ currents were blocked by ICA-121431 and activated by the ß-scorpion toxin Tf2, two selective NaV1.3 channel ligands. Using Fura-2, we showed that VTD induced a [Ca2+]i increase. This effect was suppressed by the selective NaV channel blocker tetrodotoxin, as well by the selective L-type CaV channel (LTCC) blocker nifedipine. We also evidenced that crobenetine, a NaV channel blocker, abolished VTD-induced [Ca2+]i elevation, while it had no effects on LTCC. Altogether, our findings highlight a crosstalk between NaV and LTCC in GH3b6 cells, providing a new insight into the mode of action of neurotoxins.

Moxifloxacin releasing intraocular implant based on a cross-linked hyaluronic acid membrane.

Intraocular antibiotic delivery is an important technique to prevent bacterial infection after ophthalmic surgery, such as cataract surgery. Conventional drug delivery methods, such as antibiotic eye drops, have limitations for intraocular drug delivery due to the intrinsic barrier effect of the cornea. Therefore, frequent instillation of antibiotic eyedrops is necessary to reach a sufficient bactericidal concentration inside the eye. In this study, an intraocular implant, MXF-HA, that combines hyaluronic acid (HA) and moxifloxacin (MXF) was developed to increase the efficiency of intraocular drug delivery after surgery. MXF-HA is manufactured as a thin, transparent, yellow-tinted membrane. When inserted into the eye in a dry state, MXF-HA is naturally hydrated and settles in the eye, and the MXF contained therein is delivered by hydrolysis of the polymer over time. It was confirmed through in vivo experiments that MXF delivery was maintained in the anterior chamber of the eye at a concentration sufficient to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus for more than 5 days after implantation. These results suggest that MXF-HA can be utilized as a potential drug delivery method for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections after ophthalmic surgery.

Partial Agonist Activity of Neonicotinoids on Rat Nicotinic Receptors: Consequences over Epinephrine Secretion and In Vivo Blood Pressure.

Neonicotinoid insecticides are nicotine-derived molecules which exert acute neurotoxic effects over the insect central nervous system by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, these receptors are also present in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system, where the effects of neonicotinoids are faintly known. In mammals, cholinergic synapses are crucial for the control of vascular tone, blood pressure and skeletal muscle contraction. We therefore hypothesized that neonicotinoids could affect cholinergic networks in mammals and sought to highlight functional consequences of acute intoxication in rats with sub-lethal concentrations of the highly used acetamiprid (ACE) and clothianidin (CLO). In this view, we characterized their electrophysiological effects on rat α3ß4 nAChRs, knowing that it is predominantly expressed in ganglia of the vegetative nervous system and the adrenal medulla, which initiates catecholamine secretion. Both molecules exhibited a weak agonist effect on α3ß4 receptors. Accordingly, their influence on epinephrine secretion from rat adrenal glands was also weak at 100 µM, but it was stronger at 500 µM. Challenging ACE or CLO together with nicotine (NIC) ended up with paradoxical effects on secretion. In addition, we measured the rat arterial blood pressure (ABP) in vivo by arterial catheterization. As expected, NIC induced a significant increase in ABP. ACE and CLO did not affect the ABP in the same conditions. However, simultaneous exposure of rats to both NIC and ACE/CLO promoted an increase of ABP and induced a biphasic response. Modeling the interaction of ACE or CLO on α3ß4 nAChR is consistent with a binding site located in the agonist pocket of the receptor. We present a transversal experimental approach of mammal intoxication with neonicotinoids at different scales, including in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo and in silico. It paves the way of the acute and chronic toxicity for this class of insecticides on mammalian organisms.

Co-relation with novel phosphorylation sites of IκBα and necroptosis in breast cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Phosphorylation of NF-kappaB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) is key to regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity in the cell. Several sites of IκBα phosphorylation by members of the IκB kinase family have been identified, but phosphorylation of the protein by other kinases remains poorly understood. We investigated a new phosphorylation site on IκBα and identified its biological function in breast cancer cells. METHODS: Previously, we observed that aurora kinase (AURK) binds IκBα in the cell. To identify the domains of IκBα essential for phosphorylation by AURK, we performed kinase assays with a series of IκBα truncation mutants. AURK significantly promoted activation of IκBα at serine 32 but not serine 36; by contrast, IκB kinase (IKK) family proteins activated both of these residues. We also confirmed phosphorylation of IκBα by matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and nano-liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer (nanoLC-MS/MS; Q-Exactive). RESULTS: We identified two novel sites of serine phosphorylation, S63 and S262. Alanine substitution of S63 and S262 (S63A and S262A) of IκBα inhibited proliferation and suppressed p65 transcription activity. In addition, S63A and/or S262A of IκBα regulated apoptotic and necroptotic effects in breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Phosphorylation of IκBα by AURK at novel sites is related to the apoptosis and necroptosis pathways in breast cancer cells.

Immediate effect of insoles on balance in older adults.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, fall prevention in older adults has received considerable attention in healthcare. Among many interventions, insoles are considered cost-effective and easily adopted tools to improve balance in older people. Numerous studies have verified the immediate effects of insoles on balance in older adults. However, there is still lack of consensus regarding the immediate benefits of using insoles on balance improvement. RESEARCH QUESTION: Given this, a meta-analysis was conducted to provide more conclusive evidence about the immediate effect of insoles on balance in older adults and answer the question: "Do insoles influence balance in older people?" METHODS: PubMed, NDSL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched from March to August 2018. The key terms were "insole", "elderly", "gait", "balance", "shoe", "foot", and "postural". Finally, seven primary studies were selected for this meta-analysis. The balance related outcomes were coded to compute effect sizes and the overall effect size of the standardized mean differences was analyzed. Moderating variables included kinematic variables of balance, static and dynamic balance, and type of insole. RESULTS: The overall effect size of insoles was medium (d = 0.618), which suggests that insoles are beneficial for older adults for improving balance. More specifically, this study revealed that textured and vibration insoles were the most effective types of insoles. SIGNIFICANCE: This finding supports the idea that augmented tactile and mechanical sensory input from insoles can enhance the postural control mechanisms in older adults with age-related deterioration of sensory mechanisms. The use of insoles may lead to a reduction in the rate of falls which are related to decreased quality of life in older adults.

High speed growth of MAPbBr3 single crystals via low-temperature inverting solubility: enhancement of mobility and trap density for photodetector applications.

There has been growing interest in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites as a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications due to their superior physical properties. Despite this, most of the reported perovskite devices based on polycrystalline thin films suffer immensely from poor stability and high trap density owing to grain boundaries limiting their performance. Perovskite single crystal structures have been recently explored to construct stable devices and reduce the trap density compared to their thin-film counterparts. We present a novel method of growing sizable CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals based on the high solubility characteristic of hybrid perovskites at low temperatures within inverse temperature crystallization. We compared both the crystallinity of perovskite single crystal structures and optoelectronic charge transport of single crystal photodetectors as a function of dissolution temperature. The performance of the photodetector fabricated with our large-scaled single crystal with high quality demonstrated low trap density, high mobility, and high photoresponse.

Nitric oxide attenuated transforming growth factor-ß induced myofibroblast differentiation of human keratocytes.

Nitric oxide (NO) has the potential to modulate myofibroblast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous NO on the myofibroblast differentiation of human keratocytes using sodium nitrite as a NO donor. Myofibroblasts were induced by exposing resting keratocytes to transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1. N-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were used as myofibroblast markers. Both resting keratocytes and -stimulated keratocytes were exposed to various concentrations of sodium nitrite (1 µM to 1000 mM) for 24 to 72 h. Exposure to sodium nitrite did not alter keratocytes' viability up to a 10 mM concentration for 72 h. However, significant cytotoxicity was observed in higher concentrations of sodium nitrite (over 100 mM). The expression of αSMA and N-cadherin was significantly increased in keratocytes by TGF-ß1 stimulation after 72 h incubation. The addition of sodium nitrite (1 mM) to TGF-ß1-stimulated keratocytes significantly decreased αSMA and N cadherin expression. Smad3 phosphorylation decreased after sodium nitrite (1 mM) exposure in TGF-ß1-stimulated keratocytes. The effect of NO was reversed when NO scavenger, 2-4-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) was added in the culture medium. Application of sodium nitrite resulted in significant decrease of corneal opacity when measured at 2 weeks after the chemical burn in the mouse. These results verified the potential therapeutic effect of NO to decrease myofibroblast differentiation of human keratocytes and corneal opacity after injury.

Evaluation of moxifloxacin-induced cytotoxicity on human corneal endothelial cells.

Moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MXF) is widely used for the prevention of bacterial endophthalmitis after intraocular surgeries. However, the safety issue of intracameral injection of MXF for human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) is still debatable. In this study, we investigated concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (0.05-1 mg/ml) of MXF for immortalized HCECs (B4G12 cell) and the underlying mechanism. Reactive oxygen generation (ROS) and cell viability after MXF exposure was measured. Flow cytometric analysis and TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptotic HCECs after MXF exposure. Ultrastructure of damaged HCECs by MXF was imaged by transmission electron microscope. Western blot analysis and caspase 2, 3 and 8 analysis were used to reveal the underlying mechanism of MXF induced damage in HCECs. We found that MXF induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HCECs. MXF exposure increased ROS generation and induced autophagy in HCECs. Increased LDH release represented the cellular membrane damage by MXF. In addition, caspases activation, Bax/Bcl-xL-dependent apoptosis pathway and apoptosis inducing factor nuclear translocation were all involved in MXF induced HCECs' damage, especially after exposure to high dose of MXF (0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml). These findings suggest that MXF toxicity on HCECs should be thoroughly considered by ophthalmologists when intracameral injection of MXF is planned.