Promoting toddlers' self-regulation and healthy eating habits among families living in poverty: A randomized controlled trial of Recipe 4 Success.

The Recipe 4 Success preventive intervention targeted multiple factors critical to the health and well-being of toddlers living in poverty. This randomized controlled trial, which was embedded within Early Head Start home visits for 12 weeks, included 242 racially and ethnically diverse families (51% girls; toddler mean age = 2.58 years; data collected 2016-2019). Compared to parents in usual practice home visits, parents in Recipe 4 Success displayed greater sensitive scaffolding of toddlers' learning and more responsive food parenting practices (Cohen's d = .21-.30). Toddlers in Recipe 4 Success exhibited greater self-regulation and had healthier eating habits (Cohen's d = |.16-.35|). Results highlight the value of Recipe 4 Success in promoting parent and toddler behavior change that could have life-long benefits.

Parentification Vulnerability, Reactivity, Resilience, and Thriving: A Mixed Methods Systematic Literature Review.

Parentification occurs when youth are forced to assume developmentally inappropriate parent- or adult-like roles and responsibilities. This review thoroughly examines current empirical research on parentification, its outcomes, and related mechanisms to outline patterns of findings and significant literature gaps. This review is timely in the large context of the COVID-19 pandemic, when pandemic-induced responsibilities and demands on youth, and the shifting family role may exacerbate parentification and its consequences. We used the 2020 updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to identify 95 studies (13 qualitative, 81 quantitative, 1 mixed methods) meeting eligibility criteria. Representation from six continents highlights parentification as a global phenomenon. Using thematic analysis, we identified five themes from qualitative studies and five from quantitative studies. These were further integrated into four common themes: (1) some parentified youth experienced positive outcomes (e.g., positive coping), albeit constructs varied; (2) to mitigate additional trauma, youth employed various protective strategies; (3) common negative outcomes experienced by youth included internalizing behaviors, externalizing problems, and compromised physical health; and (4) youths' characteristics (e.g., rejection sensitivity, attachment style), perceived benefits, and supports influenced parentification outcomes. Future methodological and substantive directions are discussed.

Elaboration of parents' schemas of their children: Unique relations to sensitivity and learning support among families living in poverty.

This study examined how distinct aspects of parents' schemas of their children are related to caregiving behaviors. It included 242 families with toddlers and young children, most of whom were living in poverty (37% White, 25% Black, 19% Latine, 17% Multiracial, and 2% Asian; child age = 21-39 months; median family income = $1,555 per month). The elaboration and emotional valence of parents' schemas were coded from brief responses to open-ended questions about children's personality; observations of parents' sensitivity and learning support were assessed in structured and unstructured settings. Results of regression equations controlling for multiple family, parent, and child characteristics revealed that both greater elaboration and positive emotional valence were uniquely related to parents' sensitivity (standardized ß = .15, p = .05, and ß = .13, p = .04, respectively), but only elaboration was uniquely related to learning support (ß = .35, p < .001). This study highlights the special importance of the elaboration of parents' schemas in understanding caregiving behaviors among families living in poverty and the potential value of enhancing elaboration in family-focused preventive interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Associations between mothers' emotion regulation and real-time experiences of negative emotion: The moderating role of caregiving context.

Parents' emotion regulation and emotional experiences have important consequences for family well-being and child outcomes. Little is known about whether traitlike emotion regulation abilities predict statelike experiences of real-time negative emotion. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), this study examines associations between mothers' self-reported emotion regulation abilities and their real-time experiences of negative emotion, as well as the moderating role of caregiving context among 145 mothers (41% Hispanic; 31% earned below $40,000) of young children (mean age = 20.9 months) across a 10-day period. Results indicated that on average, mothers who report high levels of traitlike rumination and difficulties in emotion regulation also report more statelike negative emotion. Further, the presence of children weakened the associations between mothers' traitlike reports of emotion dysregulation and statelike EMA negative emotion reports. The findings demonstrate the importance of parents' emotion regulation for supporting family well-being, especially when parents are separated from their children; the findings may have implications for developing family interventions.

La regulación de la emoción y las experiencias emocionales de los padres tienen consecuencias importantes para el bienestar de la familia y los resultados en el niño. Poco se sabe acerca de si las habilidades fijas de la regulación de la emoción predicen experiencias de estado momentáneas como parte de la emoción negativa en tiempo real. Por medio de usar la evaluación ecológica momentánea (EMA), este estudio examina las asociaciones entre las habilidades de regulación de la emoción auto reportadas por las madres y sus experiencias de emoción negativa en tiempo real, así como el papel moderador del contexto de la prestación de cuidado entre 145 madres (41% hispanas; 31% con una renta por debajo de los $40,000) de niños pequeños (edad media = 20.9 meses) a lo largo de un período de diez días. Los resultados indicaron que en promedio, las madres que reportaron altos niveles de reflexiones fijas y dificultades en la regulación de la emoción, también reportaron más emoción negativa de estado momentáneo. Es más, la presencia de niños debilitó las asociaciones entre los reportes fijos de las madres de la desregulación de la emoción y los reportes de estado momentáneos EMA de emoción negativa. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de la regulación de la emoción de los progenitores para apoyar el bienestar de la familia, especialmente cuando los padres están separados de sus niños; los resultados pudieran tener implicaciones para desarrollar las intervenciones familiares.

L'émotion des parents et les expériences émotionnelles des parents ont des conséquences importantes pour le bien-être de la famille et les résultats de l'enfant. On sait peu de choses pour ce qui concerne si les capacités par traits de régulation de l'émotion prédisent les expériences par état d'émotion négative en temps réel. Utilisant une évaluation écologique momentanée (EMA) cette étude a examiné les liens entre la capacité de régulation de l'émotion au-déclarée des mères et leurs expériences d'émotion négative en temps réel, ainsi que le rôle de modération du contexte de soin de l'enfant chez 145 mères (41% Hispaniques; 31% gagnant moins de 40,000 dollars) de jeunes enfants (âge moyen = 20,9 mois) au travers d'une période de 10 jours. Les résultats indiquent qu'en moyenne les mères qui font état de niveaux élevés d'un trait de rumination et de difficultés de la régulation de l'émotion font aussi état d'un état d'émotion négative. De plus, la présence des enfants a affaibli les liens entre les rapports de traits de la dysrégulation de l'émotion des mères de les rapports de l'état de l'émotion négative EMA. Les résultats démontrent l'importance de la régulation de l'émotion des parents pour le soutien du bien-être de la famille, surtout lorsque les parents sont séparés de leurs enfants. Les résultats peuvent avoir des implications pour le développement d'interventions sur les familles.

What kind of parenting is associated with early self-control among toddlers living in poverty? The importance of learning support.

The present study examined what kind of parenting best supports toddlers' self-control in the context of poverty. Parents and toddlers (52% female; Mage = 2.60 years) in 117 families (35% White, 25% Black, 22% Latinx, 15% Multiracial, and 3% Asian; M family income = $1,845/month) engaged in structured interaction tasks, and toddlers completed a snack delay task concurrently and after 6 months. Latent profile analysis based on eight observed parenting behaviors representing learning support and responsiveness/sensitivity (e.g., teaching, technical scaffolding, teamwork, instructions, choices, language use, specific praise, and warmth) identified four parenting profiles: Lower Learning Support/Lower Responsiveness, Moderate Learning Support/Moderate Responsiveness, High Responsiveness, and High Learning Support. Toddlers with parents in the High Learning Support profile demonstrated the greatest self-control 6 months later, compared with toddlers of parents in the other three profiles, and there were no statistically significant differences in self-control among toddlers of parents in those other three profiles. Results were robust even after controlling for initial levels of self-control, as well as multiple other child, parent, and family characteristics. These study findings highlight the importance of parents' learning support in understanding the early development of toddlers' self-control in the context of poverty and reinforce the need to create and refine preventive interventions in this area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Comparison of machine and deep learning for the classification of cervical cancer based on cervicography images.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide with a mortality rate of 60%. Cervical cancer begins with no overt signs and has a long latent period, making early detection through regular checkups vitally immportant. In this study, we compare the performance of two different models, machine learning and deep learning, for the purpose of identifying signs of cervical cancer using cervicography images. Using the deep learning model ResNet-50 and the machine learning models XGB, SVM, and RF, we classified 4119 Cervicography images as positive or negative for cervical cancer using square images in which the vaginal wall regions were removed. The machine learning models extracted 10 major features from a total of 300 features. All tests were validated by fivefold cross-validation and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis yielded the following AUCs: ResNet-50 0.97(CI 95% 0.949-0.976), XGB 0.82(CI 95% 0.797-0.851), SVM 0.84(CI 95% 0.801-0.854), RF 0.79(CI 95% 0.804-0.856). The ResNet-50 model showed a 0.15 point improvement (p < 0.05) over the average (0.82) of the three machine learning methods. Our data suggest that the ResNet-50 deep learning algorithm could offer greater performance than current machine learning models for the purpose of identifying cervical cancer using cervicography images.

Unfolding Relations among Mindful Parenting, Recurrent Conflict, and Adolescents' Externalizing and Internalizing Problems.

The current study examined unfolding relations among mothers' mindful parenting, parent-adolescent recurrent conflict, and adolescents' externalizing and internalizing problems. In a community sample of 117 families (31% black, Asian, American Indian, or Latino), parents and adolescents (52% female; average age = 12.13 years) were followed over 15 months. Parents answered questions about mindful parenting and recurrent conflict, and adolescents reported on their own externalizing and internalizing problems. Path analyses indicated that higher levels of mindful parenting were significantly related to lower levels of recurrent conflict 2-3 months later, controlling for previous levels of recurrent conflict. Moreover, lower levels of recurrent conflict were significantly related to lower levels of externalizing problems and internalizing problems 1 year later, controlling for previous levels of those problems. Subgroup analyses indicated that relations were comparable across subgroups defined by adolescent gender, race, parent marital status, and family financial strain. The effects of mindful parenting were robust even after accounting for other indicators of positive and supportive parenting, namely inductive reasoning and warmth in the parent-adolescent relationship. These findings highlight the potential of mindful parenting to improve family interactions and adolescent adjustment.