Impacto nutricional de un minimercado mensual en niños prematuros y/o de bajo peso al nacer / Impact of a few monthly-delivered groceries on preterm or low-birth-weight infants' nutrition

RESUMEN Objetivos Evaluar el impacto nutricional de un minimercado mensual de alto valor nutricional entregado, mediante charlas educativas, a familias de recién nacidos prematuros y/o de bajo peso al nacer (BPN), en el marco de los Programas Madre Canguro (PMC), en Bogotá y Cundinamarca; asimismo, identificar los factores de riesgo que predisponen la aparición de la desnutrición (<-2DE). Métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de una cohorte de 392 niños inscritos en 10 PMC que presentan en su seguimiento un riesgo alimenticio o una desnutrición confirmada provenientes de familias de ingresos < a 2 salarios mínimos y que reciben mensualmente un minimercado de alto valor nutricional con charla educativa después de los 3 meses de edad corregida (EC). Resultados Según el Sistema de Aseguramiento en Salud, no hubo diferencias en los resultados nutricionales. La entrega de los minimercados no tuvo impacto en la nutrición sino en la adherencia a los PMC. A las 40 semanas, el 19,2% tenía un peso <-2DE, de los cuales 20% tenía Retardo de Crecimiento Intrauterino (RCIU) al nacer. A los 3 y 12 meses de EC, el 24,5% y 36,5% tenía un peso <-2DE. Los demás estaban en riesgo alimenticio. Dos factores de riesgo fueron significativos: la edad de la madre y el grado de desnutrición a la entrada. Conclusión Se requiere un seguimiento prolongado con intervención rápida en los PMC para poder recuperar y vigilar estos niños en riesgo alimenticio o con desnutrición confirmada, conociendo el impacto que tiene en el desarrollo neurológico y cognitivo futuro.

ABSTRACT Objectives To both evaluate the nutritional impact of a high-nutritional- valued, monthly-delivered groceries, combined with educational talks addressed to families of premature and/or low birth weight infant (LBW), followed by Kangaroo Mother Care Program (KMCP) in Bogota and Cundinamarca; and identify the risk factors that predispose the onset of malnutrition. Methods Observational, descriptive, and prospective study of a cohort of 392 children enrolled in 10 KMCP who present in their follow-up a nutritional risk or a malnutrition (Weight <-2 SD [Standard Deviation]); from families with incomes <2 current legal minimum wages and who receive a high-nutritional-valued, monthly-delivered groceries with educational talks after 3 months of corrected age. Results According to the health insurance system, there were no differences in nutritional outcomes. The monthly groceries delivery had no impact on nutrition but on adherence to KMCP. At 40 weeks, 19,2% had a weight of <-2SD, of which 20% had Intrauterine Growth Retardation. At 3 and 12 months of corrected age, 24,5% and 36,5% had a weight of <-2SD, the remaining were at malnutrition risk. Two risk factors were significant: the age of the mother and the level of malnutrition at admission. Conclusion A longer follow-up with faster intervention in the KMCP is necessary, to recover and monitor these children at dietary risk or with confirmed malnutrition, aware of the future impact it may have on neurological and cognitive development.

Prevalence and risk factors for asthma, rhinitis, eczema, and atopy among preschool children in an Andean city.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on prevalence and associated risk factors for atopy and allergic diseases from high-altitude urban settings in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of atopy, asthma, rhinitis, and eczema, and associations with relevant risk factors in preschool children in the Andean city of Cuenca. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken using a representative sample of 535 children aged 3-5 years attending 30 nursery schools in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. Data on allergic diseases and risk factors were collected by parental questionnaire. Atopy was measured by skin prick test (SPT) reactivity to a panel of relevant aeroallergens. Associations between risk factors and the prevalence of atopy and allergic diseases were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Asthma symptoms were reported for 18% of children, rhinitis for 48%, and eczema for 28%, while SPT reactivity was present in 33%. Population fractions of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema attributable to SPT were 3.4%, 7.9%, and 2.9%, respectively. In multivariable models, an increased risk of asthma was observed among children with a maternal history of rhinitis (OR 1.85); rhinitis was significantly increased in children of high compared to low socioeconomic level (OR 2.09), among children with a maternal history of rhinitis (OR 2.29) or paternal history of eczema (OR 2.07), but reduced among children attending daycare (OR 0.64); eczema was associated with a paternal history of eczema (OR 3.73), and SPT was associated with having a dog inside the house (OR 1.67). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema symptoms were observed among preschool children in a high-altitude Andean setting. Despite a high prevalence of atopy, only a small fraction of symptoms was associated with atopy. Parental history of allergic diseases was the most consistent risk factor for symptoms in preschool children.

Correction: Prevalence and risk factors for asthma, rhinitis, eczema, and atopy among preschool children in an Andean city.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234633.].

Two Clonal Species of Phytophthora Associated to Solanaceous Crops Coexist in Central and Southern Colombia.

In Colombia, late blight is considered one of the most limiting diseases on potato and tomato production. Recently, a new Phytophthora species, P. betacei, was described infecting tree tomato crops in the south of Colombia. However, the distribution and the host range of this new emerging pathogen in the country are unknown. The main aims of this study were to determine if this novel species is confined to the south of Colombia, to assess if P. betacei represents a genetically uniform clone across Colombia and to determine if in all regions there is a clear differentiation between the two Phytophthora species. Therefore, we characterized Phytophthora isolates obtained from tree tomato and potato crops in a central region of Colombia and compared them with the strains from the south. Initially, we evaluated the genetic differentiation among Phytophthora strains obtained from tree tomato and potato crops using simple sequence repeat markers. Results showed a strong population structure between P. infestans and P. betacei. However, we did not detect any genetic differentiation within P. infestans or P. betacei populations from different regions. Furthermore, we detected significant morphological differences among the species based on growth and sporangial morphology measurements. We also showed that strains of Phytophthora spp. are predominantly of the A1 mating type and belong to EC-1 and EC-3 clonal lineages for P. infestans and P. betacei, respectively. Our results describe the expanded geographical range of the new species of P. betacei in the central region of Colombia.

[Impact of a few monthly-delivered groceries on preterm or low-birth-weight infants' nutrition]. / Impacto nutricional de un minimercado mensual en niños prematuros y/o de bajo peso al nacer.

OBJECTIVES: To both evaluate the nutritional impact of a high-nutritional- valued, monthly-delivered groceries, combined with educational talks addressed to families of premature and/or low birth weight infant (LBW), followed by Kangaroo Mother Care Program (KMCP) in Bogota and Cundinamarca; and identify the risk factors that predispose the onset of malnutrition. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, and prospective study of a cohort of 392 children enrolled in 10 KMCP who present in their follow-up a nutritional risk or a malnutrition (Weight <-2 SD [Standard Deviation]); from families with incomes <2 current legal minimum wages and who receive a high-nutritional-valued, monthly-delivered groceries with educational talks after 3 months of corrected age. RESULTS: According to the health insurance system, there were no differences in nutritional outcomes. The monthly groceries delivery had no impact on nutrition but on adherence to KMCP. At 40 weeks, 19,2% had a weight of <-2SD, of which 20% had Intrauterine Growth Retardation. At 3 and 12 months of corrected age, 24,5% and 36,5% had a weight of <-2SD, the remaining were at malnutrition risk. Two risk factors were significant: the age of the mother and the level of malnutrition at admission. CONCLUSION: A longer follow-up with faster intervention in the KMCP is necessary, to recover and monitor these children at dietary risk or with confirmed malnutrition, aware of the future impact it may have on neurological and cognitive development.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el impacto nutricional de un minimercado mensual de alto valor nutricional entregado, mediante charlas educativas, a familias de recién nacidos prematuros y/o de bajo peso al nacer (BPN), en el marco de los Programas Madre Canguro (PMC), en Bogotá y Cundinamarca; asimismo, identificar los factores de riesgo que predisponen la aparición de la desnutrición (<-2DE). MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de una cohorte de 392 niños inscritos en 10 PMC que presentan en su seguimiento un riesgo alimenticio o una desnutrición confirmada provenientes de familias de ingresos < a 2 salarios mínimos y que reciben mensualmente un minimercado de alto valor nutricional con charla educativa después de los 3 meses de edad corregida (EC). RESULTADOS: Según el Sistema de Aseguramiento en Salud, no hubo diferencias en los resultados nutricionales. La entrega de los minimercados no tuvo impacto en la nutrición sino en la adherencia a los PMC. A las 40 semanas, el 19,2% tenía un peso <-2DE, de los cuales 20% tenía Retardo de Crecimiento Intrauterino (RCIU) al nacer. A los 3 y 12 meses de EC, el 24,5% y 36,5% tenía un peso <-2DE. Los demás estaban en riesgo alimenticio. Dos factores de riesgo fueron significativos: la edad de la madre y el grado de desnutrición a la entrada. CONCLUSIÓN: Se requiere un seguimiento prolongado con intervención rápida en los PMC para poder recuperar y vigilar estos niños en riesgo alimenticio o con desnutrición confirmada, conociendo el impacto que tiene en el desarrollo neurológico y cognitivo futuro.