Programa de entrenamiento deportivo sobre variables cognitivas en deportistas de selección colombiana de gimnasia artística. Serie de casos / Sports training program on cognitive variables in athletes of Colombian selection of artistic gymnastics. Number of cases

La gimnasia artística es un deporte que involucra en gran medida funciones ejecutivas. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento (Mentality) sobre variables cognitivas (tiempos de reacción, toma de decisiones y el volumen de la atención) en los deportistas pertenecientes a la selección colombiana de gimnasia artística masculina. Es un estudio de series de casos con evaluación pre y post intervención, se aplicó el programa mentality en el sitio de entrenamiento de los deportistas y en el laboratorio de psicología del deporte de la Ciudad de Cúcuta Colombia. 8 gimnastas la media de edad fue de 21,6 años ±1,06 años. Se aplicaron los test de volumen de la atención, de toma de decisiones y el speed react. Se encontraron como resultados que al comparar las variables psicológicas hubo mejoría en los resultados del post frente al pre, se resalta que estas diferencias son estadísticamente significativas para todas las variables. Se concluye como una adaptación importante o automatización en su proceso atencional, que les conllevo a mejorar la selección de los estímulos relevantes para la práctica de su deporte e inhibir aquella información que no representa relevancia para la práctica del mismo; como resultado, aumentó la capacidad de los deportistas para tomar decisiones rápidas y acertadas al momento de la competencia

Artistic gymnastics is a sport that largely involves executive functions. The objective was to determine the effect of a training program (Mentality) on cognitive variables (reaction times, decision making and the volume of attention) in athletes belonging to the Colombian selection of male artistic gymnastics. It is a case series study with pre and post intervention evaluation, the mentality program was applied at the training site of the athletes and in the sports psychology laboratory of the City of Cúcuta Colombia. 8 gymnasts the average age was 21.6 years ± 1.06 years. The attention volume, decision-making and speed react tests were applied. It was found as results that when comparing the psychological variables there was improvement in the results of the post versus the pre, it is highlighted that these differences are statistically significant for all variables. It is concluded as an important adaptation or automation in their attention process, which led them to improve the selection of the stimuli relevant to the practice of their sport and inhibit that information that does not represent relevance for the practice of the same; As a result, it increased the ability of athletes to make quick and accurate decisions at the time of competition

Densidad mineral osea en escolares colombianos entre 8 y 16 años / Bone mineral density in colombian schools between 8 and 16 years old

INTRODUCCIÓN: La salud ósea está dada por un adecuado desarrollo del contenido mineral óseo en edades tempranas. OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación de la Densidad Mineral Ósea (DMO) con las variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas y práctica de actividad física en escolares colombianos. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal correlacional, participaron 1.940 escolares entre 8 y 16 años de diferentes ciudades colombianas, se realizó un muestreo aleatorio Se aplicó el cuestionario de actividad física PAQ-C versión colombiana y la medición de variables antropométricas las cuales sirvieron para determinar la DMO con el apoyo de fórmulas de predicción establecidas. A partir de la distribución normal de las variables mediante el estadístico de Pearson se establecieron las relaciones del estudio. RESULTADOS: Las medias de la DMO fueron superiores para las ciudades de Popayán, Pasto y Villavicencio, en los hombres, en los estratos 3,2,4 y 5, para quienes habían tenido fractura, y realizaban actividad física. La DMO presenta un incremento progresivo a medida que se aumenta la edad, siendo mayor el incremento en los hombres a partir de los 13 años. Al relacionar la DMO con la edad y el sexo se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para ambas variables p < 0,05. Se encontró una correlación directa y significativa entre la DMO, la edad, el índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y la velocidad pico de crecimiento (APHV) de los escolares evaluados y en ciudades como Manizales, Neiva, Pasto y Villavicencio no hay correlación entre la DMO y la actividad física. CONCLUSIONES: Conocer la relación entre la DMO y variables como la edad, sexo, IMC y Actividad física permite establecer un diagnóstico del estado de salud ósea de los escolares con la intencionalidad de establecer acciones de promoción en salud que favorezcan el proceso de desarrollo y crecimiento de los escolares

INTRODUCTION: Bone health is given by an adequate development of bone mineral content at an early age. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) with the sociodemographic, anthropometric variables and the practice of physical activity in Colombian schoolchildren. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional correlational study, 1,940 schoolchildren between 8 and 16 years old from different Colombian cities participated, a random sampling was carried out The PAQ-C physical activity questionnaire was applied in the Colombian version and the measurement of anthropometric variables which served to determine BMD supported by established prediction formulas. From the normal distribution of the variables using the Pearson statistic, the study relationships were established. RESULTS: The means of BMD were higher for the cities of Popayán, Pasto and Villavicencio, in men, in strata 3,2,4 and 5, for those who had had a fracture, and carried out physical activity. BMD shows a progressive increase as age increases, the increase being greater in men from 13 years of age. When relating BMD to age and sex, statistically significant differences were found for both variables, p <0.05. A direct and significant correlation was found between BMD, age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and peak growth rate (APHV) of the evaluated schoolchildren and in cities such as Manizales, Neiva, Pasto and Villavicencio there is no correlation between BMD and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the relationship between BMD and variables such as age, sex, BMI and Physical activity allows establishing a diagnosis of the state of bone health of schoolchildren with the intention of establishing health promotion actions that favor the development and growth process of the schoolchildren

Composición corporal y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en deportistas universitarios de Manizales (Colombia) / Body composition and cardiorespiratory capacity in university athletes in Manizales (Colombia)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Además de conocer la capacidad cardio respiratoria en deportistas universitarios, es relevante encontrar relaciones con variables como el índice de masa corporal, porcentaje graso, porcentaje peso muscular y la relación cintura cadera, lo que posibilita gran importancia para las personas interesados en el bienestar del deportista. OBJETIVO: Relacionar la composición corporal y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en deportistas universitarios de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia). MÉTODOS: El diseño muestral estuvo definido a partir de una prueba piloto a 50 jóvenes universitarios para establecer estimadores, determinando una muestra de 146 universitarios que practican deporte, con una confiabilidad del 95% y un margen de error del 1,28%. RESULTADOS: Existe correlación significativa e inversa entre la capacidad cardio respiratoria con el índice de masa corporal (-0,19; 0,01) y el porcentaje graso (-0,70; 0,00), además se observa correlaciones inversamente negativas con el género, porcentaje graso y en los deportes de fútbol, fútbol sala y baloncesto. CONCLUSIONES: La influencia que las variables de composición corporal presentan sobre la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, evidencian que a pesar de las diferentes situaciones por las cuales deben pasar los jóvenes universitarios a nivel nutricional, sus prácticas deportivas permiten mantener un adecuado estado de salud

INTRODUCTION: In addition to knowing the cardio-respiratory capacity in university athletes, it is relevant to find relationships with variables such as body mass index, fat percentage, muscle weight percentage and hip waist ratio, which makes it very important for people interested in wellness of the athlete. OBJECTIVE: To relate the body composition and cardiorespiratory capacity in university athletes in the city of Manizales (Colombia). METHODS: The sample design was defined from a pilot test of 50 university students to establish estimators, determining a sample of 146 university students who practice sports, with a 95% reliability and a margin of error of 1.28%. RESULTS: There is a significant and inverse correlation between the cardio-respiratory capacity with the body mass index (-0.19; 0.01) and the fatty percentage (-0.70; 0.00), in addition there are inversely negative correlations with gender, fatty percentage and in soccer, futsal and basketball sports. CONCLUSIONS: The influence that the variables of body composition have on the cardiorespiratory capacity, show that despite the different situations through which young university students must pass nutritionally, their sports practices allow maintaining an adequate state of health

Fused roots of maxillary molars: characterization and prevalence in a Latin American sub-population: a cone beam computed tomography study.

OBJECTIVES: The upper molars generally have three roots; therefore, different combinations of fusion can occur, increasing the possibility of finding more complex root canal systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and characterization of fused roots in first and second maxillary molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a Colombian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1274 teeth were evaluated, of which 534 were maxillary first molars and 740 were maxillary second molars. Axial sections were made at the cervical, middle, and apical levels to determine the prevalence of root fusion and the types of fusion. RESULTS: Overall, 43% of the molars (n = 551) presented some type of fused root. Root fusion was present in 23.4% of the maxillary first molars. The most frequent type of fused root was type 3 (distobuccal-palatal; DB-P) (58.9%). Root fusion was observed in 57.6% of the maxillary second molars, and the most prevalent type of fused root was type 6 (cone-shaped) (45.2%). Of the maxillary molars, 12.5% were classified as C-shaped. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, there was a high prevalence of fused roots in maxillary molars in the Colombian population, mainly in the maxillary second molars. In first molars, the most common type of fused root was type 3 (DB-P) and in second molars, the most common type was type 6 (cone-shaped). Additionally, molars with root fusion presented variation at different levels of the radicular portion, with implications for treatment quality.

Physical activity and body mass index in colombian schoolchildren. multicenter study / Actividad física e índice de masa corporal en escolares colombianos. estudio multicéntrico / Atividade física e índice de massa corporal em escolares colombianos estudo multicêntrico

Abstract Objective: To establish the relationship between levels of physical activity and body mass index in Colombian students. Materials and methods: Correlational descriptive study, performed with 2,651 children between 10-12 years of age, educated in both public and private institutions in six Colombian cities. Prior informed consent was signed by parents, and permission was given by student participants. A survey was applied, in order to collect sociodemographic variables, as was a physical activity form and lifestyle questionnaire (PAQ-C). Results: There was a 1:1 male-female ratio. Of the participants in the study, 36.1% were 10-year-old children. In 87% of overweight participants, physical activity levels were evaluated as low or very low. Of those who had normal body mass indexes, one in 10 performed moderate physical activity, and in underweight children, 81.6% had low or very low physical activity levels. Statistically significant differences in physical activity levels by both sex and age p<0.05 were revealed. Low levels of significant inverse correlation were found between physical activity and body mass index (-0.059 for the group total, and -0.070 and -0.046 for boys and girls, respectively). Conclusions: Physical activity and body mass index are significantly, differentially, and inversely associated. Physical activity should be promoted in children, as it directly impacts their body mass index, and both variables predict adult cardiovascular health.

Resumen Objetivo: establecer la relación entre los niveles de actividad física y el índice de masa corporal en escolares colombianos. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional, realizado en 2651 niños entre 10 y 12 años escolarizados en instituciones públicas y privadas de seis ciudades de Colombia, previa firma del consentimiento informado de los padres y asentimiento de los estudiantes. Se aplicó una encuesta para variables sociodemográficas, el formato de práctica de actividad física y cuestionario de estilo de vida (PAQ-C). Resultados: la relación hombre mujer fue de 1:1, el 36,1% fueron niños de 10 años, en el 87% de los participantes con sobrepeso la actividad física fue evaluada como baja y muy baja. En quienes presentaron índice de masa corporal normal, 1 de cada 10 realizan actividad física moderada, en los niños de bajo peso el 81,6% realizan actividad física baja y muy baja. El nivel de actividad física presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas por sexo y edad p<0,05. Se encontró correlación baja e inversa, significativa entre la actividad física y el índice de masa corporal (-0,059 para el grupo total y -0,070 y -0,046 para niños y niñas respectivamente). Conclusiones: la actividad física y el índice de masa corporal se asociaron de manera significativa y diferencial, la relación encontrada fue inversa. La actividad física debe promoverse en los niños, ya que ésta impacta directamente en su índice de masa corporal, y ambas variables son variables predictoras de problemas cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.

Resumo Objetivo: estabelecer a relação entre os níveis de atividade física e o índice de massa corporal em escolares colombianos. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo correlacional, realizado em 2651 crianças entre 10 e 12 anos escolarizados em instituições públicas e particulares de seis cidades de Colômbia, previa assinatura do consentimento informado dos país e aprovação dos estudantes. Aplicou - se uma enquete para variáveis sócio demográficas, o formato de prática de atividade física e questionário de estilo de vida (PAQ-C). Resultados: a relação homem mulher foi de 1:1, o 36,1% foram crianças de 10 anos, no 87% dos participantes com sobrepeso a atividade física foi avaliada como baixa e muito baixa. Em quem apresentaram índice de massa corporal normal, 1 de cada 10 realizam atividade física moderada, nas crianças de baixo peso o 81,6% realizam atividade física baixa e muito baixa. O nível de atividade física apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas por sexo e idade p<0,05. Encontrou-se correlação baixa e inversa, significativa entre a atividade física e o índice de massa corporal (-0,059 para o grupo total e -0,070 e -0,046 para crianças e meninas respectivamente). Conclusões: a atividade física e o índice de massa corporal se associaram de maneira significativa e diferencial, a relação encontrada foi inversa. A atividade física deve promover-se nas crianças, já que está impacta diretamente em seu índice de massa corporal, e ambas variáveis são variáveis de previsão de problemas cardiovasculares na idade adulta.

Composición corporal en escolares colombianos: Diferenciaspor sexo y edad / Body composition in Colombian schoolchildren: differences by sex and age

INTRODUCCIÓN: La composición corporal en escolares, se convierte en un aporte significativo para reorientación de programas en salud y educación, debido a que el incremento de índice de masa corporal, alto porcentaje graso y alto nivel de masa muscular puede asociarse con el aumento de enfermedades crónicas trasmisibles, primeras causas de muerte a nivel mundial. OBJETIVO: analizar las diferencias por sexo y edad de las variables de la composición corporal en escolares de diez ciudades colombianas. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal con una fase correlacional. Participaron 3458 escolares entre 12 y 18 años de edad, se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple probabilístico, con un nivel de significancia de 5% y un poder de 80%, los escolares se seleccionaron aleatoriamente de los establecimientos públicos y privados de las ciudades seleccionadas. Se calcularon centiles a partir de la regresión Least Mean square por edad y sexo p3, p25, p50, p75, p90 y p97 con el método de los Least Mean squares (LMS, 'mínimos cuadrados') por curvas centiles que representan la asimetría, la mediana y la variabilidad se usó el paquete estadístico SPSS licenciado por la Universidad Autónoma de Manizales. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron correlaciones directas y significativas entre el %grasa y perímetro cintura, índice de masa corporal y edad tanto en hombres como en mujeres, en el grupo de mujeres él % grasa no mostró correlación con la edad. DISCUSIÓN: por edad y sexo se encontró como la media del índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje graso aumenta con la edad siendo mayor en mujeres, lo cual ha sido confirmado en otros estudios realizados en esta población. CONCLUSIÓN: las mujeres muestran valores más altos que los hombres, por edad, a medida que los escolares aumentan en edad la composición corporal cambia

INTRODUCTION: The study of body composition in schoolchildren, becomes a significant contribution to reorientation of programs in health and education, because the increase in body mass index, high percentage of fat and high level of muscle mass can be associated with the increase in chronic diseases transmissible, the leading causes of death worldwide. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the differences by sex and age of the variables Body Mass Index, percentage of fat and percentage of muscle mass in schoolchildren in ten Colombian cities. METHOD: cross-sectional descriptive study with a correlational phase.3458 schoolchildren between 12 and 18 years of age participated, a simple probabilistic random sampling was carried out, with a significance level of 5% and a power of 80%, schoolchildren were randomly selected from public and private establishments in the selected cities. Centiles were calculated from the Least Mean square regression by age and sex p3, p25, p50, p75, p90 and p97 with the Least method. Mean squares (LMS, 'least squares') by centile curves representing asymmetry, median and variability were used the statistical package SPSS licensed by the Autonomous University of Manizales. RESULTS: direct and significant correlations were found between % fat and waist circumference, body mass index and age in both men and women, in the group of women % fat showed no correlation with age. DISCUSSION: by age and sex was found as the mean body mass index and the fat percentage increases with age being higher in women, which has been confirmed in other studies conducted in this population. CONCLUSION: women show higher values than men, by age, as schoolchildren increase in age body composition changes

Coordinación motriz e índice de masa corporal en escolares de seis ciudades colombianas / Motor coordination and body mass index of pupils of six colombian schools

RESUMEN Un déficit madurativo de la coordinación, respecto a los niveles correspondientes con la edad cronológica, puede conllevar, en el niño, una serie de trastornos en el desarrollo de las capacidades coordinativas, cuando ejecuta actividades motrices. El objetivo del presente estudio fue correlacionar la coordinación motriz con el Índice de Masa corporal (IMC), en escolares entre 10 a 12 años, de seis ciudades de Colombia. Fue un estudio descriptivo, con fase correlacional, donde participaron 2.651 niños. La medición de la coordinación motriz fue realizada con el test KTK (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder), previo diligenciamiento del asentimiento y del consentimiento informado. Los resultados muestran que la relación de participantes entre hombre y mujer fue de 1:1, la media de la edad fue de 10,9 + 0,81 años. Además, se encontró que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la coordinación motriz, el IMC y las diferentes variables de estudio y correlaciones significativas e inversas, entre la coordinación motriz y el IMC, en todos los grupos de las va riables estudiadas.

SUMMARY A maturational deficit of coordination, with respect to the levels corresponding to chronological age, can lead to a series of disorders in the development of coordinative capacities in the child, when executing motor activities. The objective of the present study was to correlate motor coordination with the Body Mass Index (BMI), in schoolchildren between 10 and 12 years of age in six cities of Colombia. It was a descriptive study with a correlation phase, involving 2651 children, the measurement of motor coordination was performed with the KTK test (Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder), after completion of the consent and informed consent. The results show that the ratio of participants between men and women was 1:1, the average age was 10,9 ± 0,81 years, and it was found that there are statistically significant differences between motor coordination, BMI and the different study variables and significant and inverse correlations between motor coordination and BMI in all groups of the variables studied.

Knowledge about emergency dental trauma management among school teachers in Colombia: A baseline study to develop an education strategy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental trauma in school populations has a high frequency and school teachers are often close to the place where such injuries occur. However, many studies have confirmed the lack of knowledge as to how to act in these cases. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge in regard to dental trauma of school teachers in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicentre, descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 251 schools using a stratified randomized sampling. A structured hard copy survey was personally delivered to 2390 school teachers in the selected schools. The survey contained questions related to work experience, teaching level and demographic data, as well as questions related to their knowledge of and attitude towards emergency dental trauma management. RESULTS: The response rate was 96%. Most of the school teachers (95%) had never received training related to dental trauma, although 35% had witnessed at least 1 case. Of 2296 school teachers surveyed, only 5.8% would have replanted an avulsed tooth. An association was found between work experience and appropriate management of an avulsed tooth. No significant differences were found in regard to school location (city), school type (private/public), gender and school teachers' education level. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of school teachers in Colombia about emergency dental trauma management is inadequate. The findings strongly suggest a need for an education strategy with the involvement of the government, dentistry schools and private organizations.

[Differential effects of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes in event-related potentials]. / Efecto diferencial del subtipo clínico en los potenciales evocados cognitivos de pacientes con déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

BACKGROUND: To better understand the neurophysiological substrates in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a study was performed on of event-related potentials (ERPs) in Colombian patients with inattentive and combined ADHD. METHODS: A case-control, cross-sectional study was designed. The sample was composed of 180 subjects between 5 and 15 years of age (mean, 9.25±2.6), from local schools in Manizales. The sample was divided equally in ADHD or control groups and the subjects were paired by age and gender. The diagnosis was made using the DSM-IV-TR criteria, the Conners and WISC-III test, a psychiatric interview (MINIKID), and a medical evaluation. ERPs were recorded in a visual and auditory passive oddball paradigm. Latency and amplitude of N100, N200 and P300 components for common and rare stimuli were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: ADHD subjects show differences in the N200 amplitude and P300 latency in the auditory task. The N200 amplitude was reduced in response to visual stimuli. ADHD subjects with combined symptoms show a delayed P300 in response to auditory stimuli, whereas inattentive subjects exhibited differences in the amplitude of N100 and N200. Combined ADHD patients showed longer N100 latency and smaller N200-P300 amplitude compared to inattentive ADHD subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results show differences in the event-related potentials between combined and inattentive ADHD subjects.

Efecto diferencial del subtipo clínico en los potenciales evocados cognitivos de pacientes con déficit de atención e hiperactividad / Differential effects of Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes in event-related potentials

Introducción: Con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento de las bases neurofisiológicas del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) se realizó un estudio de potenciales evocados cognitivos en pacientes colombianos con TDAH combinado y TDAH inatento. Métodos: Estudio no experimental, de casos y controles y corte transversal, con una muestra conformada por 180 niños (n -132) y niñas (n-48), entre 5 y 15 (media, 9,25 ± 2,6) años de edad, pertenecientes a instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Manizales. Se dividió a los sujetos en un grupo con diagnóstico de TDAH y otro de control apareados por edad y sexo. Los sujetos fueron evaluados con los criterios del DSM-IV-TR, test de Conners, WISC-III y entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada MINIKID. Se realizó una revisión médica y se tomaron los potenciales evocados relacionados con eventos en modalidad visual y auditiva de atención pasiva (sin respuesta motora) dentro del paradigma oddball. Resultados: Los sujetos con TDAH presentaron diferencias en la amplitud N200 y latencia P300 en la modalidad auditiva y en la amplitud N200 en la modalidad visual. El subtipo clínico combinado mostró prolongación de la latencia de P300 en Fz, Cz y Pz en la tarea auditiva. El subtipo inatento mostró diferencias en la amplitud de la onda N200 y N100. Al comparar estos dos subtipos en la modalidad auditiva, el subtipo combinado tuvo mayor latencia de N100 y menor amplitud de P300 en Pz. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican una modulación diferencial de los componentes de los potenciales evocados cognitivos entre TDAH combinado y TDAH inatento.

Background: To better understand the neurophysiological substrates in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a study was performed on of event-related potentials (ERPs) in Colombian patients with inattentive and combined ADHD. Methods: A case-control, cross-sectional study was designed. The sample was composed of 180 subjects between 5 and 15 years of age (mean, 9.25 ± 2.6), from local schools in Manizales. The sample was divided equally in ADHD or control groups and the subjects were paired by age and gender. The diagnosis was made using the DSM-IV-TR criteria, the Conners and WISC-III test, a psychiatric interview (MINIKID), and a medical evaluation. ERPs were recorded in a visual and auditory passive oddball paradigm. Latency and amplitude of N100, N200 and P300 components for common and rare stimuli were used for statistical comparisons. Results: ADHD subjects show differences in the N200 amplitude and P300 latency in the auditory task. The N200 amplitude was reduced in response to visual stimuli. ADHD subjects with combined symptoms show a delayed P300 in response to auditory stimuli, whereas inattentive subjects exhibited differences in the amplitude of N100 and N200. Combined ADHD patients showed longer N100 latency and smaller N200-P300 amplitude compared to inattentive ADHD subjects. Conclusions: The results show differences in the event-related potentials between combined and inattentive ADHD subjects.

Niveles de sedentarismo en población entre 18 y 60 años en Manizales, Pereira y Armenia, Colombia: Análisis multivariado / Levels of Sedentarism in the Population between 18 and 60 Years of Age in Manizales, Pereira and Armenia, Colombia: A Multivariate Analysis / Níveis de sedentarismo na população entre 18 e 60 anos em Manizales, Pereira e Armenia, Colombia: Análise multivariada

Objetivo: determinar las variables que predicen el nivel de sedentarismo en la población entre 18 y 60 años de Manizales, Pereira y Armenia, 2012. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal, con fase correlacional en 1535 personas, seleccionadas por un muestreo aleatorio probabilístico. Se analizaron: edad, género, frecuencia semanal de práctica, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cadera y frecuencia cardiaca inicial. Se utilizó el test de Pérez y Rojas para medir el sedentarismo. Resultados: el 58,7% de las personas de la muestra realizan actividad física, las variables asociadas fueron: estado civil, escolaridad, nivel y frecuencia de actividad física, cigarrillo, alcohol, café, IMC y edad (p < = 0,00). El género no se asocia con el nivel de sedentarismo; un factor de riesgo son los alucinógenos. Conclusiones: en la población de 18 a 60 años el estado civil, la escolaridad, el nivel y la frecuencia de actividad física, el cigarrillo, el alcohol, el café, el IMC y la edad explican el comportamiento de los niveles de sedentarismo de manera significativa. El modelo pronostica el 65,3% de los sedentarios.

Objective: Determine the variables that predict the level of physical inactivity in the population between 18 and 60 years of age in Manizales, Pereira and Armenia (2012). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study with phase correlation of 1,535 persons. The participants were selected through random probability sampling. The variables analyzed were age, gender, weekly practice, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference and initial heart rate. The Pérez and Rojas test was used to measure physical inactivity. Results: In all, 58.7% of the people in the sample engage in physical activity. The associated variables were marital status, schooling, level and frequency of physical activity, smoking, alcohol, coffee, BMI and age (p <= 0.00 ). Gender was not associated with the level of physical inactivity. Hallucinogens are a risk factor. Conclusions: Marital status, schooling, level and frequency of physical activity, smoking, alcohol, coffee, BMI and age significantly explain the extent of physical inactivity in the population ages 18 to 60. The model predicts 65.3% of those who have a sedentary lifestyle.

Objetivo: determinar as variáveis que predizem o nível de sedentarismo na população entre 18 e 60 anos de Manizales, Pereira e Armenia, 2012. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal, com fase correlacional em 1.535 pessoas de 18 a 60 anos, selecionadas por uma amostra aleatória probabilística. Analisaram-se: idade, gênero, frequência semanal de prática, índice de massa corporal (IMC), perímetro de quadril e frequência cardíaca inicial. Utilizou-se o teste de Pérez e Rojas para medir o sedentarismo. Resultados: 58,7% das pessoas da amostra realizam atividade física, as variáveis associadas foram: estado civil, escolaridade, nível e frequência de atividade física, cigarro, álcool, café, IMC e idade (p < = 0,00). O gênero não se associa com o nível de sedentarismo; um fator de risco são os alucinógenos. Conclusões: na população de 18 a 60 anos, o estado civil, a escolaridade, o nível e a frequência de atividade física, o cigarro, o álcool, o café, o IMC e a idade explicam o comportamento dos níveis de sedentarismo de maneira significativa. O modelo prognostica 65,3% dos sedentários.

Desigualdades de la morbilidad porenfermedades crónicas según determinantes estructurales e intermediarios / Inequalities in morbidity chronic disease based on structural and intermediate determinants / Desigualdades da morbidade por doenças crônicas segundo determinantes estruturais e intermediárias

Esta investigación se propuso identificar las desigualdades en la morbilidad por enfermedades crónicas. Es un estudio analítico trasversal a partir de la información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2007, Colombia. Se calcularon diferencias de proporciones y razones de prevalencia- Seconstruyeron modelos de regresión lineal y se realizó análisis Chaid y de clasificación. Se encontró mayor riesgo en mujeres y en personas sin escolaridad, en comparación con losuniversitarios. Las variables explicativas de la hipertensión son el sexo, la edad y el índice de riqueza, y para diabetes: edad, zona e índice de riqueza. Los factores de riesgo para hipertensión son el sexo, el índice de riqueza y la región, y para diabetes: índice de masa corporal, sexoe índice de riqueza. Se concluyó que la desigualdad por hipertensión se caracteriza por los determinantes estructurales, sexo, edad, índice de riqueza y región. La diabetes se caracteriza además por zona de residencia. Como determinante intermediario para ambas patologías seidentificó el índice de masa corporal...

This research aimed at identifying inequalities in morbidity from chronic diseases. It was an analytical cross-sectional study based on data taken from the National Health Survey of Colombia, 2007. Differences in proportions and prevalence rates were calculated. Linear regressionmodels were constructed and Chaid analysis and classification analysis were performed. A higher risk was found in women and in people with no schooling than in university students.Explanatory variables for hypertension were gender, age, wealth index; Diabetes variables were age, area of residence and wealth index. Risk factors for hypertension were gender, wealth index and area of residence and for diabetes were body mass index, gender and wealth index. As aconclusion, inequality in hypertension is characterized by the structural determinants: gender, age, wealth index and region. Inequality in diabetes is also characterized by the area of residence. The intermediate determinant for both diseases was the body mass index...

Esta pesquisa propôs-se identificar desigualdades na morbidade por doenças crônicas. É um estudoanalítico transversal a partir da informação do Inquérito Nacional de Saúde 2007, Colômbia. Calcularam-se diferencias de proporciones e razões de prevalência- Construíram-se modelos de regressão lineal e realizo-se análise Chaid e de classificação. Encontrou-se maior risco em mulheres e em pessoas sem escolaridade em comparação com os universitários. As variáveis explicativas da hipertensão são gênero, idade e índice de riqueza; e para diabetes: idade, área e índice de riqueza. Os fatores de risco para hipertensão são gênero, índice de riqueza e região; e para diabetes: índice de massa corporal, gênero e índice de riqueza. Concluiu-se que a desigualdade por hipertensão se caracteriza pelos determinantes estruturais, gênero, idade, índice deriqueza e região. A diabetes caracteriza-se, além, por zona de residência. Como determinanteintermediário para as duas patologias identificou-se o índice de massa corporal...

Características de salud pública de estudiantes de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Manizales / Public health characteristics of a private university students in Manizales / Carateristicas de saúde publica de estudantes duma universidade privada da cidade de Manizales

Objetivo: analizar las características de salud pública de los estudiantes de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Manizales. Materiales y método: estudio descriptivo, muestreo probabilístico, nivel de confiabilidad del 95%, error del 4,5%, selección aleatoria y distribución proporcional. Tamaño de muestra: 465 estudiantes. Análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: el 22% de los estudiantes consume cigarrillo sin diferencias por sexo. El análisis de conglomerados mostró dos grupos bien diferenciados. El primero caracterizado por ser hombres, tener la primera relación sexual a los 14 años, con una amiga, después de salir semanas; estar en riesgo de alcoholismo, consumir psicoactivos diferentes al cigarrillo, practicar actividad física en el tiempo libre y tratar de ganar peso. El segundo conformado por mujeres, caracterizado por tener la primera relación sexual entre los 19 y 22 años, con el novio, después de años de relación, no estar en riesgo de alcoholismo, no consumir psicoactivos diferentes al cigarrillo, no practicar deporte en el tiempo libre y tratar de perder preso. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de uso de preservativo es alta y se utiliza con el doble propósito de prevenir ITS y embarazo. Porcentualmente es bajo el uso de sustancias psicoactivas ilícitas, pero por sus efectos sobre la salud es una prioridad que hay que intervenir. El consumo de cigarrillo y licor sigue ocupando el primer lugar entre los factores de riesgo para la salud. Aunque disponen de tiempo libre, solo la mitad lo utiliza en la realización de actividad física.

Objective: to analyze the public health characteristics of students from a private University in Manizales. Materials and method: descriptive study with probabilistic sampling with a 95% reliability level and a 4.5% error margin, random selection and proportional distribution. Sample size: 465 students. Univariate and multivariate analysis was applied. Results: 22% of the students smoke cigarettes despite their gender. The conglomerate analysis showed two well differentiated groups. The first group was characterized because its members were men, they had their first sexual intercourse at 14 with a friend after having dated for some weeks, they were in risk of alcoholism, they were consuming psychoactive drugs different from cigarettes, and they practiced physical activity in their free time and tried to gain weight. The second group was made up of women and it was characterized because the had their first sexual intercourse when they were 19 and 22 years old with their boyfriend, after some years of relationship, they were not in risk of alcoholism, they did not consume psychoactive drugs different from cigarettes, they did not practice any sport in their free time and tried to lose weight. Conclusions: the frequency of condom use is high and it is used with the double purpose of preventing STDs and pregnancy. The use of illicit psychoactive substances is statistically low, and, because of their effects on health, it is a priority to prevent abuse. Cigarette and alcohol consumption is still the first place among the risk factors for health. Even though they have much free time, only half of the students use this time to practice a physical activity.

Objetivos: analisar as características de saúde publica dos estudantes duma universidade privada da cidade de Manizales. Materiais e método: estudo descritivo, amostragem probabilístico, nível de confiabilidade de 95% erro de 4,5%, seleção aleatória e distribuição proporcional. Tamanho de amostra: 465 estudantes. Analise uni variado e multivariado. Resultados: o 22% dos estudantes consume cigarros sem diferencias por sexo. O analise de conglomerados amostrou dois grupos bem diferenciados. O primeiro caracterizado por ser homens, ter a primeira relação sexual aos 14 anos, com uma amiga, depois de sair semanas; estar em risco de alcoolismo, consumir psicoativos diferentes ao cigarro, praticar atividade física no tempo livre e tratar de ganhar peso. O segundo conformado por mulheres, caracterizado por ter a primeira relação sexual entre os 19 e 22 anos, com o namorado, depois de anos de relação, não estar em risco de alcoolismo, não consumir psicoativos diferentes ao cigarro, não praticar esporte no tempo livre e tratar de perder peso. Conclusões: a freqüência de uso de preservativos é alta e se utiliza com o dobre propósito de prevenir ITS e gravidez. Percentualmente é baixo o uso de sustâncias psicoativas ilícitas. Mas por seus efeitos sobre a saúde é uma prioridade que há que intervir. O consumo de cigarro e licor segue ocupando o primeiro lugar entre os fatores de risco para a saúde. Porém dispõem de tempo livre, só a metade o utiliza na realização de atividade física.

Modulación del componente P300 de los potenciales evocados en un grupo de niños colombianos con trastorno de atención-hiperactividad / P300-wave modulation in a group of colombian children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

IntroduccIón: en el trastorno de atención-hiperactividad (TDAH), uno de los desórdenes más frecuentes del neurodesarrollo, se han postulado varios marcadores biológicos, entre los cuales se encuentran los neurofisioló-gicos. Como ejemplo de esto, a continuación se presenta un estudio de potenciales evocados cognitivos en niños con TDAH.objetIvo: estudiar el componente P300 de los potenciales relacionados a eventos cognitivos en un grupo de pacientes colombianos con trastorno de atención-hiperactividad (TDAH). MaterIal y Métodos: treinta pacientes, pareados por edad y género, realizaron una prueba de atención auditiva y visual bajo el paradigma de disparidad “oddball”. Se registraron los potenciales en los electrodos Fz, Cz y Pz y se cuantificó la amplitud y latencia del componente P300. Los datos se compararon con la prueba t-Student y con la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. resultados: los pacientes con TDAH mostraron una prolongación de la latencia y una disminución de la amplitud del componente P300.Todas las diferencias fueron estadisticamente significativas (p<0,05), excepto en la amplitud de Fz en la prueba visual. conclusIones: existen cambios en la latencia y amplitud de la onda P300 en los pacientes con TDAH estudiados que pueden significar una modulación diferente de la información auditiva y visual por el cerebro.

Consumo de medios masivos de comunicación en estudiantes universitarios de Manizales / Use of mass media by university students in Manizales / Consumo de médios masivos de comunicação em estudantes universitarios de Manizales

Objetivo. caracterizar el consumo de medios masivos de comunicación en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Manizales en el año 2008, con el fin de generar programas de promoción y prevención que permitan mejorar los estilos de vida de los jóvenes. Metodología. estudio descriptivo, población 13.247 estudiantes. Muestreo probabilístico con nivel de confianza del 95% y margen de error del 5%. La muestra, 307 estudiantes. Resultados. el 53,4% lee revistas, el 58,3% diarios y periódicos, el 93% ve televisión, el 89,5% se conecta a Internet y el 67,4% escucha radio. Los temas que más han visto, leído o escuchado son violencia, entretenimiento y política. Los temas relacionados con salud que vieron, leyeron o escucharon recientemente son: maltrato infantil 68%, comer frutas 62% y uso del condón 58,9%. Las fuentes que generan mayor confianza para consultar sobre salud general son: médicos, familiares e Internet; y acerca de salud sexual son: médicos, amigos e Internet. Los amigos son la fuente de la que reciben más información sobre salud sexual, consumo de tabaco, psicoactivos, alcohol y alimentación; sobre salud oral es la familia. El 34,6% recuerda algún mensaje relacionado con salud y el 39,8% considera que no tienen efecto sobre su estilo de vida. Conclusiones. los estudiantes de salud y comunicación representan el grupo que más se expone a televisión, Internet, radio y prensa. Usan la información de los medios para entretenerse y acceder a temas de actualidad. La información relacionada con salud que más recuerdan tiene que ver con violencia, salud sexual y dieta saludable, ésta es usada en alguna medida para la modificación de estilos de vida.

Objective: the characterization of the use of mass media by university students in Manizales during 2008, in order to generate programs of media promotion and prevention to help improve young people’s lifestyle. Methodology: it is a descriptive study with a 13,247 student population. Probability sampling with a confidence level of 95% and a 5% margin of error was used, involving 307 students. Results: 53.4% of the students read magazines, 58.3% read newspapers and periodicals, 93% watch television, 89.5% surf the Internet and 67.4% listen to the radio. The most viewed, read or listened to subjects involve violence, entertainment and politics. Health related issues recently viewed, read about or listened to involved child abuse 68%, eating fruits 62% and use of condoms 58.9%. Consulted sources that generated the greatest confidence on general health matters: doctors, family and the Internet; on sexual health matters, sources that generated the greatest confidence were doctors, friends and the Internet. Friends were the most consulted sources on matters involving sexual health, tobacco use, psychoactive drugs, alcohol and food. The family was the most frequently consulted source concerning oral health. Of the participants, 34.6% recalled accessing information related to health, of which 39.8% considered such information irrelevant to their lifestyle. Conclusions: health and communication students represent the biggest group exposed to television, Internet, radio and the press. They use such media information for entertainment and to be informed on current events. The health-related information they most recall involves violence, sexual health and healthy diets, which is, to some extent, used to modify their lifestyles.

Objetivo: caracterizar o consumo de médios massivos de comunicação em estudantes universitários da cidade de Manizales no ano de 2008, com o fim de gerar programas de promoção e prevenção que permitam melhorar os estilos de vida dos jovens. Metodologia: pesquisa descritiva, povoação 13.247 estudantes. Amostragem probabilística com nível de confiança do 95% e margem de erro do 5%: A mostra, 307 estudantes. Resultados: o 53,4% Lê revistas, o 58,3% diários e jornais, o 93% vê televisão, o 89%,5 conecta se á Internet e o 67,4% escuta radio. Os temas que mais tem visto, lido o escutado são violência, entretenimento e política. Os temas relacionados com saúde que viram, leram ou ouviram recentemente são: maltrato infantis 68%, comer frutas 62% e uso da camisinha 58,9%. As fontes que geram maior confiança para consultar sobre saúde geral são: médicos, familiares e Internet; e acerca de saúde sexual são: médicos, amigos e Internet. Os amigos são fonte da que recebem mais informação sobre saúde sexual, consumo de tabaco, psicoativos, álcool e alimentação; sobre saúde oral é a família. O 34,6% lembra algum mensagem relacionado com saúde e o 39,8% considera que não tem efeito sobre seu estilo de vida. Conclusões: Os estudantes de saúde e comunicação representam o grupo que mais se expõe a televisão, Internet, radio e jornais. Usam a informação dos médios para entretenimento e acender a temas de atualidade. A informação relacionada com saúde que mais lembram tem que ver com violência, saúde sexual e dieta saudável, esta é usada em alguma medida para a modificação de estilos de vida.