Return on Investment of Three-Year Accelerated Programs for Students, Medical Schools, Departments, and Community.

Building on the initial accelerated pathway programs in the 1970s to increase workforce, nearly 30 schools have launched accelerated 3-year pathways (A3YP) during the past decade. The authors based on their educational roles, experiences, and scholarship with A3YP provide this perspective of the argument for A3YP and potential disadvantages for each group-students, schools, residencies, departments, and community. When schools consider innovations, they might consider A3YPs for multiple reasons; this perspective helps provide justification for the program and broadly considers return on investment (ROI). The ROI for students includes decreased debt, reduced costs and stress associated with the fourth-year residency applications, and a directed pathway with facilitated transition into a residency program with accompanying professional identity development. Disadvantages for students include early specialty commitment, risk of deceleration, and condensed curriculum. The ROI for schools includes recruiting and retaining students, who will then transition more easily into residency and stimulating innovation. Residency programs gain residents with known skills, who have been a part of the department for 3 years. In addition, fewer residency slots for interviewing leads to saving recruitment administrative costs and time. Finally, many programs are intended to increase the workforce, since students who come to the region for medical school and transition directly into residency are likely to stay in the region. Disadvantages include increased curricular complexity for the medical school, increased administrative support, and advising resources. Finally, several of the accelerated programs attract matriculants from diverse backgrounds contributing to the diversity of the medical school, residency program, and community workforce.

Voices of the accelerated: key themes when considering implementation of an accelerated medical school program.

In this rapid communication, accelerated undergraduate medical education is examined using prior literature as well as experiences of those who have completed or are in the process of completing accelerated medical curricula. The Consortium of Accelerated Medical Pathway Programs (CAMPP) hosts an annual multi-institutional conference for all its members. During the meeting in July 2023, a virtual panel was convened from multiple constituent programs (N = 4) including medical students (N = 2), resident physicians (N = 4), and faculty (N = 2). Panel participants represented current learners or graduates from accelerated pathways of varying specialties (N = 5) to share firsthand experiences about acceleration to an audience representing over 25 medical schools. Five key themes were identified for accelerated students and trainees: Reduced debt as motivating factor to accelerate, Feeling prepared for residency, Ideal accelerated students are driven, Ability to form early professional relationships, and Less time for additional clinical experiences. Discourse from the CAMPP panel can inform current and developing accelerated programs at institutions looking to create or improve accelerated learning.

A Scoping Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology Curricula in Primary Care Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND: While Women's Health (WH) is a priority for primary care, (Family Medicine (FM), Internal Medicine (IM), Pediatrics (Peds), and combined Medicine/Pediatrics (Med/Peds)), residency curricula remain heterogeneous with deficits in graduates' WH expertise and skills. The overall objective of this study was to assess the quality of WH curricula at primary care residency programs in the United States (US), with a focus on topics in obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN). METHODS: PubMed®, ERIC, The Cochrane Library, MedEdPORTAL, and professional organization websites were systematically searched in 2019 and updated in 2021. Included studies described OBGYN educational curricula in US primary care residency programs. Following abstract screening and full-text review, data from eligible studies was abstracted and quality assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). RESULTS: A total of 109 studies met the inclusion criteria. Over a quarter of studies were interdepartmental or interdisciplinary. The most common single-department studies were IM (38%) and FM (26%). Twenty (25%) studies addressed comprehensive OBGYN curricula; the most common individual topics were cervical and breast cancer screening (31%) and contraception (16%). Most studies utilized multiple instructional modalities, most commonly didactics (54%), clinical experiences (41%), and/or simulation (21%). Most studies included self-reported outcomes by residents (70%), with few (11%) reporting higher-level assessments (i.e., patient, or clinical outcomes). Most studies were single-group pre- and post-test (42%) with few randomized controlled trials (4%). The mean MERSQI score for studies with sufficient data (90%) was 9.8 (range 3 to 15.5). DISCUSSION: OBGYN educational curricula for primary care trainees in the US was varied with gaps in represented residents, content, assessments, and study quality.

Sarcoidosis: Evaluation and Treatment.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that can involve any organ. Ongoing dyspnea and dry cough in a young to middle-aged adult should increase the suspicion for sarcoidosis. Symptoms can present at any age and affect any organ system; however, pulmonary sarcoidosis is the most common. Extrapulmonary manifestations often involve cardiac, neurologic, ocular, and cutaneous systems. Patients with sarcoidosis can exhibit constitutional symptoms such as fever, unintentional weight loss, and fatigue. The early recognition and diagnosis of sarcoidosis are challenging because there is no diagnostic standard for testing, initial symptoms vary, and patients may be asymptomatic. Consensus guidelines recommend a holistic approach when diagnosing sarcoidosis that focuses on clinical presentation and radiographic findings, biopsy with evidence of noncaseating granulomas, involvement of more than one organ system, and elimination of other etiologies of granulomatous disease. Corticosteroids are the initial treatment for active disease, with refractory cases often requiring immunosuppressive or biologic therapies. Transplantation can be considered for advanced and end-stage disease depending on organ involvement.

Parathyroid Disorders.

Parathyroid disorders are most often identified incidentally by abnormalities in serum calcium levels when screening for renal or bone disease or other conditions. Parathyroid hormone, which is released by the parathyroid glands primarily in response to low calcium levels, stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption and serum calcium elevation, reduces renal calcium clearance, and stimulates intestinal calcium absorption through synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Primary hyperparathyroidism, in which calcium levels are elevated without appropriate suppression of parathyroid hormone levels, is the most common cause of hypercalcemia and is often managed surgically. Indications for parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism include presence of symptoms, age 50 years or younger, serum calcium level more than 1 mg per dL above the upper limit of normal, osteoporosis, creatinine clearance less than 60 mL per minute per 1.73 m2, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and hypercalciuria. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by alterations in calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D regulation that result in elevated parathyroid hormone levels. It most commonly occurs with chronic kidney disease and vitamin D deficiency, and less commonly with gastrointestinal conditions that impair calcium absorption. Secondary hyperparathyroidism can be managed with calcium and vitamin D replacement and reduction of high phosphate levels. There is limited evidence for the use of calcimimetics and vitamin D analogues for persistently elevated parathyroid hormone levels. Hypoparathyroidism, which is most commonly caused by iatrogenic surgical destruction of the parathyroid glands, is less common and results in hypocalcemia. Multiple endocrine neoplasia types 1 and 2A are rare familial syndromes that can result in primary hyperparathyroidism and warrant genetic testing of family members, whereas parathyroid cancer is a rare finding in patients with hyperparathyroidism.

Dermoscopy in Primary Care.

Dermoscopy is a noninvasive technique that allows in vivo magnification of the skin structures and helps in visualizing microscopic features that are imperceptible to the naked eye. Dermoscopy is not a substitute for biopsy and histopathologic evaluation, but is an important tool that can help increase diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of cutaneous lesions. Dermoscopy increases the diagnostic sensitivity compared with naked eye examination. A significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy for benign and malignant lesions has been reported among family medicine physicians after an introductory training course on dermoscopy.

A guide to the Tx of cellulitis and other soft-tissue infections.

Diagnostic and therapeutic priorities vary for the 8 types of infection reviewed.

Social Inequities Between Prenatal Patients in Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology with Similar Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Family Medicine (FM) physicians play a vital role in caring for vulnerable populations across diverse practice settings. The significant decline in FM physicians performing deliveries compounds the estimated shortage of 9000 prenatal care providers expected by 2030.This study investigated the social risk profile, as characterized by social determinants of health, of patients receiving prenatal care from FM versus Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/Gyn) providers. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients receiving prenatal care between 2015 to 2018 at Penn State Health Hershey Medical Center comparing social determinants of health between FM and OB/Gyn. RESULTS: A total of 487 patient charts were reviewed with final analysis completed on 215 charts from each cohort. When compared with OB/Gyn, prenatal patients cared for by FM were more likely to be younger (27 vs 29 years old; P < .0001), African American (28% vs 8%; P < .0001), single (52% vs 37%; P < .01), have high school or less education (67% vs 49%; P < .01), use Medicaid (46% vs 23%; P < .0001), and use tobacco during pregnancy (17% vs 8%; P < .01). In addition, FM patients had a lower rate of total Cesarean-sections (C-section), including primary and repeat, when compared with OB/Gyn (23% vs 32%; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Our work demonstrates that when compared with OB/Gyn at our institution, FM physicians provide care to a cohort of patients with an increased burden of social risk without compromise to care as evidenced by a lower C-section rate and similar gestational age at delivery.

An updated prostate cancer staging nomogram (Partin tables) based on cases from 2006 to 2011.

OBJECTIVE: To update the 2007 Partin tables in a contemporary patient population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 5,629 consecutive men who underwent RP and staging lymphadenectomy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between January 1, 2006 and July 30, 2011 and met inclusion criteria. Polychotomous logistic regression analysis was used to predict the probability of each pathologic stage category: organ-confined disease (OC), extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle involvement (SV+), or lymph node involvement (LN+) based on preoperative criteria. Preoperative variables included biopsy Gleason score (6, 3+4, 4+3, 8, and 9-10), serum PSA (0-2.5, 2.6-4.0, 4.1-6.0, 6.1-10.0, greater than 10.0 ng/mL), and clinical stage (T1c, T2c, and T2b/T2c). Bootstrap re-sampling with 1000 replications was performed to estimate 95% confidence intervals for predicted probabilities of each pathologic state. RESULTS: The median PSA was 4.9 ng/mL, 63% had Gleason 6 disease, and 78% of men had T1c disease. 73% of patients had OC disease, 23% had EPE, 3% had SV+ but not LN+, and 1% had LN+ disease. Compared to the previous Partin nomogram, there was no change in the distribution of pathologic state. The risk of LN+ disease was significantly higher for tumours with biopsy Gleason 9-10 than Gleason 8 (O.R. 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.6). The c-indexes for EPE vs. OC, SV+ vs. OC, and LN+ vs. OC were 0.702, 0.853, and 0.917, respectively. Men with biopsy Gleason 4+3 and Gleason 8 had similar predicted probabilities for all pathologic stages. Most men presenting with Gleason 6 disease or Gleason 3+4 disease have <2% risk of harboring LN+ disease and may have lymphadenectomy omitted at RP. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of pathologic stages did not change at our institution between 2000-2005 and 2006-2011. The updated Partin nomogram takes into account the updated Gleason scoring system and may be more accurate for contemporary patients diagnosed with prostate cancer.