Towards a standardized framework for AI-assisted, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects.

Automated sensors have potential to standardize and expand the monitoring of insects across the globe. As one of the most scalable and fastest developing sensor technologies, we describe a framework for automated, image-based monitoring of nocturnal insects-from sensor development and field deployment to workflows for data processing and publishing. Sensors comprise a light to attract insects, a camera for collecting images and a computer for scheduling, data storage and processing. Metadata is important to describe sampling schedules that balance the capture of relevant ecological information against power and data storage limitations. Large data volumes of images from automated systems necessitate scalable and effective data processing. We describe computer vision approaches for the detection, tracking and classification of insects, including models built from existing aggregations of labelled insect images. Data from automated camera systems necessitate approaches that account for inherent biases. We advocate models that explicitly correct for bias in species occurrence or abundance estimates resulting from the imperfect detection of species or individuals present during sampling occasions. We propose ten priorities towards a step-change in automated monitoring of nocturnal insects, a vital task in the face of rapid biodiversity loss from global threats. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.

[The Hartmann intervention. The current indications and the authors' own experience]. / L'intervento secondo Hartmann. Indicazioni attuali ed esperienza personale.

Seventy years after it was first presented at the 30th Congress of the French Association of Surgery Hartmann's operation still fulfils a necessary albeit limited role in colorectal surgery. It is generally regarded as necessary in emergency surgery when general or local conditions advise against immediate anastomosis or would make it dangerous, or more rarely it is used electively in palliative neoplastic pathologies. The authors report their personal experience over twenty years and the reasons which led them to opt for this technique rather than others. Their personal postoperative mortality rate is similar to that reported in the literature and is not correlated to surgical trauma but rather to the severity of clinical conditions.

[Prevention of laryngeal nerve lesions in thyroid surgery]. / La prevenzione delle lesioni dei nervi laringei nella chirurgia della tiroide.

The authors analyse problems related to laryngeal nerves in matters of thyroid surgery. As a matter of fact laryngeal nerve injury is still one of the most common complications for patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Although the sharp reduction in this drawback, due to a better anesthesiological technique and a wider surgical experience, the most representative case report show an incidence ranging from 3% to 5%. After a short introduction on surgical anatomy, attention is drawn to the "recurrent nerve risk" but also the superior laryngeal nerve too, often injured with modifications of the vocal tone and serious consequences for particular professional groups. There fore it is of basic importance, for surgeons performing thyroid surgery, to dissect the recurrent nerve for all its length, that is from the crossing with the inferior thyroid artery to the point where it enters the cricothyroid cartilage; in order not to damage the thin nervous branches and eventually anatomic variations that, when looked for, are cause of mistakes even for the most experienced surgeons.

[Surgery in aged patients: a study on 476 surgical cases]. / La chirurgia nel paziente anziano: studio su 476 casi operati.

The Authors report their experience from 1984 to 1989 with surgery in the elderly. Patients aged 75 years were considered as geriatric and entered the study. Mortality and morbidity rates were analysed in 476 cases operated. Pre-existent diseases were related to postoperative complications. The Authors conclude underlining the feasibility of geriatric surgery as well as the acceptable risk rate.