Issues of academic integrity in U.S. dental schools.

Evidence of violations of academic integrity can be identified at all levels of education. A survey on academic integrity was mailed in 1998 to the academic deans of all fifty-five U.S. dental schools, with a response rate of 84 percent. This survey showed that reported incidents of academic dishonesty occur in most dental schools, with the average school dealing with one or two cases a year. The most common incidents of dishonest behavior involved copying or aiding another student during a written examinations; the second most common involved writing an untrue patient record entry or signing a faculty member's name in a patient chart. Respondents indicated the major reason for failure to report academic dishonesty was fear of involvement because of time and procedural hassles and fear of repercussions from students and peers.

Renal function following cardiac arrest and resuscitation in the canine.

Organ malfunction often occurs following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Renal function, inulin clearance (Cln), was examined in 27 dogs before and after (days 2, 4, and 6) cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Group A (n = 7) had no ventricular fibrillation (VF), but cardiopulmonary support was applied for 20 min, and three transthoracic countershocks were delivered. In groups B (n = 7), C (n = 7), and D (n = 6) VF was induced for 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 min, respectively, followed by cardiopulmonary support for 20, 20, and 15 min, respectively. When necessary, epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate were given during resuscitation. Countershock was applied for defibrillation. Kidneys were examined histologically in groups C and D. Following cardiac arrest, Cln was significantly less in the arrested groups compared to the nonarrested group. Within group C, which received the most epinephrine, Cln correlated negatively with epinephrine administration, and with the energy applied for defibrillation. Histologically, group C showed the highest incidence of cortical tubular cytoplasmic vacuolization, regeneration, inflammation, and tubular casts. Groups C and D showed outer medullary tubular cytoplasmic vacuolization, renal vascular changes, and calcification. In conclusion, cardiac arrest and resuscitation may precipitate acute renal hypofunction as well as reversible and irreversible morphological changes in normal functioning canine kidneys. The confounding effect of pre-existing renal disease remains to be examined experimentally.

Effect of short-term energy intake level and exercise on oxygen consumption in men.

The influence of short-term energy intake and cycle exercise on oxygen consumption in response to a 1.5 MJ test meal was investigated in ten young, adult men. On the morning after a previous day's "low-energy" intake (LE regimen) of 4.5 MJ, the mean resting oxygen consumption increased by 0.7 ml X kg-1 X min-1 after the test meal (P less than 0.025). After a "high-energy" intake (HE regimen) of 18.1 MJ, the resting measurement was unchanged (+0.4 ml X kg-1 X min-1) after the meal (n.s.). These trends are the reverse of what would be expected if oxygen consumption in response to feeding is a factor in the acute control of body weight. The mean fasting oxygen consumption during cycle exercise at 56% of VO2max (constant work) for both LE and HE prior intakes was not different at 31.1 ml X kg-1 X min-1. Oxygen consumption during exercise increased after feeding by 0.5 ml X kg-1 X min-1 on the LE regimen (n.s.) and decreased by 1.2 ml X kg-1 X min-1 on the HE regimen (n.s.). These results are also the reverse of what would be expected if oxygen consumption in response to exercise is related to short-term energy intake.