RESUMO
In this report, we present the design and synthesis of a novel series of pyrimidine-tethered spirochromane-based sulfonamide derivatives aimed at combating drug resistance in malaria. The antimalarial effectiveness of these compounds was assessed in vitro. Structural validation of the synthesized compounds was conducted using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Strong antimalarial activity against CQ-sensitive (3D7) and CQ-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum was demonstrated by the majority of the compounds. Notably, compounds SZ14 and SZ9 demonstrated particularly potent effects, with compound SZ14 showing IC50 values of 2.84 µM and SZ9 3.22 µM, indicating single-digit micromolar activity. The compounds exhibiting strong antimalarial activity were assessed through enzymatic tests against the cysteine protease enzymes of P. falciparum, falcipain-2 and falcipain-3. The results indicated that SZ14 and SZ9 inhibited PfFP-2 (IC50 values: 4.1 and 5.4 µM, respectively), and PfFP-3 (IC50 values: 4.9 and 6.3 µM, respectively). To confirm the compounds' specificity towards the parasite, we investigated their cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines, revealing strong selectivity indices and no significant cytotoxic effects. Additionally, in vitro hemolysis testing showed these compounds to be non-toxic to normal human blood cells. Moreover, predicted in silico ADME parameters and physiochemical characteristics demonstrated the drug-likeness of the synthetic compounds. These collective findings suggest that sulfonamide derivatives based on pyrimidine-tethered oxospirochromane could serve as templates for the future development of potential antimalarial drugs.
RESUMO
Malaria eradication is still a global challenge due to the lack of a broadly effective vaccine and the emergence of drug resistance to most of the currently available drugs as part of the mainline artemisinin-based combination therapy. A variety of experimental approaches are quite successful in identifying and synthesizing new promising pharmacophore hybrids with distinct mechanisms of action. Based on our recent findings, the current study demonstrates the reinvestigation of a series of diphenylmethylpiperazine and pyrazine-derived molecular hybrids. Pyrazine-derived molecular hybrids were screened to investigate the antiplasmodial activity on drug-susceptible Pf3D7 and drug-resistant PfW2 strains. The selected compounds were shown to be potent dual inhibitors of cysteine protease PfFP2 and PfFP3. Time-course parasitic development study demonstrated that compounds were able to arrest the growth of the parasite at the early trophozoite stage. The compounds did not show hemolysis of red blood cells and showed selectivity to the parasite compared with the mammalian Vero and A5489 cell lines. The study underlined HR5 and HR15 as a new class of Plasmodial falcipain inhibitors with an IC50 of 6.2 µM and 5.9 µM for PfFP2 and 6.8 µM and 6.4 µM for PfFP3, respectively. Both compounds have antimalarial efficacy with IC50 values of 3.05 µM and 2.80 µM for the Pf3D7 strain, and 4.35 µM and 3.39 µM for the PfW2 strain, respectively. Further structural optimization may turn them into potential Plasmodial falcipain inhibitors for malaria therapeutics.
RESUMO
Malaria is still a complex and lethal parasitic infectious disease, despite the availability of effective antimalarial drugs. Resistance of malaria parasites to current treatments necessitates new antimalarials targeting P. falciparum proteins. The present study reported the design and synthesis of a series of a 2-(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)-N-(5-((naphthalen-2-yloxy)methyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide hybrids for the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PfDHFR) using computational biology tools followed by chemical synthesis, structural characterization, and functional analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial activity against CQ-sensitive PfNF54 and CQ-resistant PfW2 strain. Compounds T5 and T6 are the most active compounds having anti-plasmodial activity against PfNF54 with IC50 values of 0.94 and 3.46 µM respectively. Compound T8 is the most active against the PfW2 strain having an IC50 of 3.91 µM. Further, these active hybrids (T5, T6, and T8) were also evaluated for enzyme inhibition assay against PfDHFR. All the tested compounds were non-toxic against the Hek293 cell line with good selectivity indices. Hemolysis assay also showed non-toxicity of these compounds on normal uninfected human RBCs. In silico molecular docking studies were carried out in the binding pocket of both the wild-type and quadruple mutant Pf-DHFR-TS to gain further insights into probable modes of action of active compounds. ADME prediction and physiochemical properties support their drug-likeness. Additionally, they were screened for antileishmanial activity against L. donovani promastigotes to explore broader applications. Thus, this study provides molecular frameworks for developing potent antimalarials and antileishmanial agents.
RESUMO
Malaria is a widespread infectious disease, causing nearly 247 million cases in 2021. The absence of a broadly effective vaccine and rapidly decreasing effectiveness of most of the currently used antimalarials are the major challenges to malaria eradication efforts. To design and develop novel antimalarials, we synthesized a series of 4,7-dichloroquinoline and methyltriazolopyrimidine analogues using a multi-component Petasis reaction. The synthesized molecules (11-31) were screened for in-vitro antimalarial activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 0.53 µM. The selected compounds were screened to evaluate in-vitro and in-silico enzyme inhibition efficacy against two cysteine proteases, PfFP2 and PfFP3. The compounds 15 and 17 inhibited PfFP2 with an IC50 = 3.5 and 4.8 µM, respectively and PfFP3 with an IC50 = 4.9 and 4.7 µM, respectively. Compounds 15 and 17 were found equipotent against the Pf3D7 strain with an IC50 value of 0.74 µM, whereas both were displayed IC50 values of 1.05 µM and 1.24 µM for the PfW2 strain, respectively. Investigation of effect of compounds on parasite development demonstrated that compounds were able to arrest the growth of the parasites at trophozoite stage. The selected compounds were screened for in-vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian lines and human red-blood-cell (RBC), which demonstrated no significant cytotoxicity associated with the molecules. In addition, in silico ADME prediction and physiochemical properties supported the drug-likeness of the synthesized molecules. Thus, the results highlighted the diphenylmethylpiperazine group cast on 4,7-dichloroquinoline and methyltriazolopyrimidine using Petasis reaction may serve as models for the development of new antimalarial agents.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos , Cisteína Proteases , Malária , Animais , Humanos , Antimaláricos/química , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Plasmodium falciparum , Eritrócitos , MamíferosRESUMO
Optimization of a modified Grimmel's method for N-heterocyclization of a leucine-linked sulfonamide side-arm at position 2 leading to 2,3-disustituted-4-quinazolin-(3H)-ones was accomplished. Further, 22 hybrid quinazolinone motifs (4a-v) were synthesized by N-heterocyclization reaction under microwave irradiation using the ionic liquid [Bmim][BF4 ]-H2 O as green solvent as well as the catalyst. The in vitro screening of the hybrid entities against the malarial species Plasmodium falciparum yielded five potent molecules 4l, 4n, 4o, 4t, and 4u owning antimalarial activity comparable to those of the reference drugs. In continuation, an in silico study was carried out to obtain a pharmacophoric model and quantitative structure-activity relationship. We also built a 3D-QSAR model to procure more information that could be applied to design new molecules with more potent Pf-DHFR inhibitory activity. The designed pharmacophore was recognized to be more potent for the selected molecules, exhibiting five pharmacophoric features. The active scaffolds were further evaluated for enzyme inhibition efficacy against alleged receptor Pf-DHFR computationally and in vitro, proving their candidature as lead dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, and the selectivity of the test candidates was ascertained by toxicity study against Vero cells. Good oral bioavailability was also proved by studying pharmacokinetic properties.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/síntese química , Desenho de Fármacos , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/síntese química , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Leucina/química , Quinazolinas/química , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Animais , Antimaláricos/farmacocinética , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/farmacocinética , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimologia , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Células VeroRESUMO
A modified Grimmel's method for N-heterocyclization of phenylalanine linked sulphonamide side arm at position-2 was optimized leading to 2,3-disustituted-4-quinazolin-(3H)-ones. Further, [Bmim][BF4]-H2O (IL) was used as green solvent as well as catalyst for the synthesis of twenty two hybrid quinazolinone motifs (4a-4v) by N-heterocyclization reaction using microwave irradiation technique. The in vitro screening of the hybrid entities against the malarial species Plasmodium falciparum yielded five potent molecules 4l, 4n, 4r, 4t & 4u owing comparable antimalarial activity to the reference drugs. In continuation, anin silicostudy was carried out to obtain a pharmacophoric model and quantitative structure activity relationship. We also built a 3D-QSAR model to procure more information that could be applied to design new molecules with more potent Pf-DHFR inhibitory activity. The designed pharmacophore was recognized to be more potent for the selected molecules, exhibiting five pharmacophoric features. The active scaffolds were further evaluated for enzyme inhibition efficacy against alleged receptor Pf-DHFR computationally and in vitro, proving their candidature as lead dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors as well as the selectivity of the test candidates was ascertained by toxicity study against vero cells. The perception of good oral bioavailability was also proved by study of pharmacokinetic properties.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Malária Falciparum/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Fenilalanina , Relação Quantitativa Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Grimmel's method was optimized as well as modified leading to the cyclization and incorporation of alanine linked sulphonamide in 4-quinazolin-(3H)-ones. Further, the generation of heterocyclic motif at position-3 of 4-quinazolinones was explored by synthesis of imines, which unfortunately led to an isomeric mixture of stereoisomers. The hurdle of diastereomers encountered on the path was eminently rectified by development of new rapid and reproducible methodology involving the use of imidazolium based ionic liquid as solvents as well as catalyst for cyclization as well as synthesis of imines in situ at position-3 leading to procurement of single E-isomer as the target hybrid heterocyclic molecules. The purity and presence of single isomer was also confirmed by HPLC and spectroscopic techniques. Further, the synthesized sulphonamide linked 4-quinazolin-(3H)-ones hybrids were screened for their antimalarial potency rendering potent entities (4b, 4c, 4â¯l, 4â¯t and 4u). The active hybrids were progressively screened for enzyme inhibitory efficacy against presumed receptor Pf-DHFR and h-DHFR computationally as well as in vitro, proving their potency as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. The ADME properties of these active molecules were also predicted to enhance the knowhow of the oral bioavailability, indicating good bioavailability of the active entities.
Assuntos
Alanina/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinazolinonas/farmacologia , Tetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Alanina/química , Animais , Antimaláricos/síntese química , Antimaláricos/química , Células CACO-2 , Catálise , Chlorocebus aethiops , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Humanos , Líquidos Iônicos/química , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Quinazolinonas/síntese química , Quinazolinonas/química , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células VeroRESUMO
An optimization of a modified Grimmel's method for N-heterocyclization of Leucine linked sulphonamide leading to 2,3-disustituted-4-quinazolin-(3H)-ones was accomplished. Further, nineteen hybrid quinazolinone motifs (5a-5s) were synthesized by N-heterocyclization reaction under microwave irradiation using TEAA (IL) as green solvent as well as catalyst. The in vitro screening of the hybrid entities against the plasmodium species P. falciparum yielded five antimalarial potent molecules 5g, 5l, 5m, 5n &5p owing comparable activity to the reference drugs. The active scaffolds were further evaluated for enzyme inhibition efficacy against alleged receptor Pf-DHFR computationally as well as in vitro, proving their candidature as lead dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. The prediction of the ADMET properties of the potent molecules also indicated their good oral bioavailability.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/síntese química , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/síntese química , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Aminoácidos/química , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Disponibilidade Biológica , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinazolinas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Tetra-Hidrofolato DesidrogenaseRESUMO
Sulfonamide substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives were prepared using a microwave synthesizer. The interaction of sulfonamide substituted 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and their transition metal complexes with Plasmid (pUC 19) DNA and Calf Thymus DNA were investigated by UV spectroscopic studies and gel electrophoresis measurements. The interaction between ligand/metal complexes and DNA was carried out by increasing the concentration of DNA from 0 to 12 µl in UV spectroscopic study, while the concentration of DNA in gel electrophoresis remained constant at 10 µl. These studies supported the fact that, the complex binds to DNA by intercalation via ligand into the base pairs of DNA. The relative binding efficacy of the complexes to DNA was much higher than the binding efficacy of ligands, especially the complex of Cu-AHQMBSH had the highest binding ability to DNA. The mobility of the bands decreased as the concentration of the complex was increased, indicating that there was increase in the interaction between the metal ion and DNA. Complexes of AHQMBSH were excellent for DNA binding as compared to HQMABS.
RESUMO
Cefadroxil drug loaded biopolymeric films of chitosan-furfural schiff base were prepared by reacting chitosan with furfural in presence of acetic acid and perchloric acid respectively for the external use. Prepared films were evaluated for their strength, swelling index, thickness, drug content, uniformity, tensile strength, percent elongation, FTIR spectral analysis and SEM. The results of in vitro diffusion studies revealed that the films exhibited enhanced drug diffusion as compared to the films prepared using untreated chitosan. The films also demonstrated good to moderate antibacterial activities against selective gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
RESUMO
A novel 4-[(8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)methyl]aminobenzenesulfonamide (HQMABS) was synthesized by optimized reaction of 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide with 5-chloromethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline hydrochloride (CMHQ). Various oxinates of HQMABS were also prepared using Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) metal salts. All compounds were analyzed by physicochemical, thermogravimetric and spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using agar-plate method against various strains of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Pseudomonas aerugionsa, and Escherichia coli) and spores of fungi (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavous). The results showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity of HQMABS compared to the parent 8-hydroxyquinoline and sulfonamide, while oxinates of HQMABS showed milder activity.