AN EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC PRESCRIPTION PRACTICES: PERSPECTIVES OF VETERINARY TRAINEES AND PRACTICING VETERINARIANS.

Antibiotic resistance is a major worldwide problem that has an impact on the well-being of humans as well as animals. Antibiotic resistance is caused by the misuse and excessive use of antibiotics. The key to reducing this issue lies in educating veterinary medical learners on the proper and accountable utilization of antibiotics for the care of animals. Objective - using awareness-raising and instruction as the foundation, this research of Indian veterinary learners can help resolve the issue of antibiotic resistance throughout the care of animals. The questionnaire survey was taken between June and July 2022 and it was aimed at learners registered in veterinary medical studies at academic and research institutions in India. The study included 500 pupils overall. The purpose of the survey was to gather information about students' knowledge of antibiotics, including antibiotic resistance, as well as their feelings on the consequences of antibiotic resistance on the globe at large and their acquaintance with the one health ideology. According to this study's findings, 83.3 percent of respondents thought antibiotic resistance was a serious problem. 57.92 percent of respondents understood the issue's worldwide consequences and its one health ideology. The study emphasizes the significance of expanding the veterinary educational program to include thorough instruction on prudent antibiotic usage and the concepts of one health.

UNDERSTANDING THE VITAL DETERMINANTS SHAPING LEARNERS' PHYSICAL ACTIVITYAND PSYCHOEMOTIONAL WELLBEING IN THE COVID-19 PERIOD.

The Corona Virus (COV-19) epidemic significantly affected the educational environment, requiring a quick transition to distance and blended learning methods. This extraordinary disruption had an incredible impact on pupil's levels of physical activity (PA), psycho-emotional health (PEH) and engagement with academic material. The research aims to examine the vital determinants that influenced various areas of learners' lives during CoV-19. The purpose of this 600-person study was to collect data on the subjects' overall health and PA levels for the CoV-19 pandemic. The SPSS application was used to process the questionnaire's collected data. The information given reveals the respondents' degree of PA throughout the quarantine. According to the breakdown, 15% indicated low levels of PA, 39% reported medium levels and 46% reported high levels. The data show that, despite the respondents' different levels of PA, little PA predominated for most of them. The limitations of distance learning throughout quarantine and the prevalent recommendation of leaving residence for necessary reasons were blamed for this tendency. There were fewer prospects for higher-intensity PA due to these circumstances.

COVID-19 SAFETY MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON GAMBLING HABITS: AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY.

This study looked at the way COVID-19 was starting to affect gambling during first six weeks of emergency actions. The following factors were evaluated: the economic effect of COVID-19 on internet gambling, according to COVID-19, psychological issues, addiction to drugs, and risky gambling habits and intentions. Online survey with cross-sectional data of 2015 gamblers was conducted, with a subsample of 1048 people who gambled online (age 18 and older). Numerous metrics of correlation and probability ratio analyses were performed. The Issue of Gambling Intensity Index's extremely dangerous gamblers and those who have gambled online are more likely to engage in gambling online, according to the outcomes, even though there was an obvious transition toward physical gaming. The most predicted indicators for high-risk gamblers on the internet were moderate to severe depression and anxiety, reduced work weeks, convincing themselves to gamble by COVID-19, gambling under the effects of alcohol or cannabis, and dangerous gambling motivations related to psychological disorders, such as gambling to relieve anxiety and depressive disorders, chasing gambling damages, and trying to make money from gambling. This research has validated numerous risk connections associated with gambling risk, psychological issues, and substance use reported in previous studies on the worldwide recession and upcoming COVID-19-related investigations. In contrast to many other inquiries, the current research considers each component comprehensively. It offers more information on the risk factors associated with online gambling throughout the epidemic.

AN INCREASED RISK OF HORMONAL DISORDERS, PRIMARILY DIABETES, IN INDIVIDUALS WITH Β -THALASSEMIA MAJOR: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS.

ß-Thalassemia major is an inherited blood condition marked by a serious anemia and a lifetime need for blood transfusions. The effects of ß-thalassemia major on endocrine health, notably the risk of diabetes, remain largely unstudied, despite the fact that its haematological components are established. The purpose of this systematic analysis was to examine the incidence of reduced metabolism of glucose in ß--thalassemia major. The articles were under the inclusion requirements, after which the data was retrieved. The main outcome was determined to be every prevalence (P) of DM (diabetes mellitus) in ß-thalassemia major. In order to examine the percentage of aberrant glucose metabolism (GM) with individuals among ß-thalassemia major, the P with the 95% CI (Confidence Interval) was utilized. In this retrospective investigation, we looked at a cohort of people with ß-thalassemia major diagnoses to determine the incidence and risk of hormonal diseases, particularly diabetes. A specialist thalassemia facility treated 315 individuals with ß-thalassemia major, and their medical records were examined. Age, gender, age at which a main diagnosis of ß-thalassemia was made, the length of transfusion treatment, and concomitant diseases were gathered as part of the demographic and clinical data. Our research, which included 17 studies and 1500 cases altogether, showed that with ß -thalassemia major had a considerably greater frequency of diabetes than people in general. With a mean beginning age of 30 years, diabetes was identified in 28% of the research cohort's participants. The combined meta-analysis showed that each year had a rather stable level of DM P in ß-thalassemia major. In people with major ß-thalassemia, the P of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), DM, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 17.22% (95% CI: 8.44%-26.02%), (6.57 (95% CI: 5.31%- 7.79%) and 12.47 % (95% CI: 5.97%-18.95%), respectively. Our research suggests that people with ß-thalassemia major have a high chance of acquiring diabetes, particularly if they get extended transfusion treatment. For prompt diagnosis and care, early detection of diabetes and other hormonal problems in this group is crucial. In ß-thalassemia major, there is a high frequency of endocrine problems, including improper GM. To stop growth and endocrine issues, treatment and preventative measures can be required.

UNDERSTANDING THE LONG-TERM INTERPLAY BETWEEN GLUCOCORTICOIDS, PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVELS, AND OSTEOPOROSIS IN PATIENTS.

Drugs called glucocorticoids (GC) are often prescribed for both inpatient and outpatient settings. They are often used to treat a number of disorders due to their anti-inflammatory activity. Long-term use of GCs, especially long-term high-dose administrations, may result in a variety of negative effects. In Hilla City, Babylon Governorate of Iraq, Merjan Teaching Hospital, Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital's Joint Enology Clinic, and Al-Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital, were the sites of this case-control research, which was carried out. There were 100 total participants in this trial, of whom 50 were patients with osteoporosis (OP). The ages of the patients and the control collection were. They were chosen since their gender and ages matched. The findings show extensively senior level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in OP patients when compared to the control group, whereas calcium (Ca) level into the patient group significantly lowered during association toward the manage set. In summary, there is a positive correlation between PTH and the condition of bone mineralization. In those who use GCs for a long time, PTH may be used as a prognostic marker to predict when bone mineral abnormalities would develop.

INNOVATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL ORGANS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING: FROM 3D PRINTING TO STEM CELL THERAPY.

"Every year, many individuals with tissue or organ problems require urgent care due to medical emergencies, burns, congenital anomalies, and other causes". Regenerative medicine was created because there aren't enough donors, issues with graft rejection, and insufficient organs or tissues for patients to replace, repair, and regenerate. However, significant tissue defects are difficult to fill with injections alone, making stem cell therapy a crucial component of the area of regenerative medicine. To achieve the intended outcome, the researchers combine stem cells with three-dimensional (3D) printed organs tissue engineering scaffolding. These scaffolds can resemble bone, cartilage, or "extracellular matrix (ECM)" in that they provide structural support and promote adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, finally resulting in the production of functional tissues or organs. In this study on stem cell regenerative medicine, the therapeutic focused mostly on scaffolding for 3D printed organ tissue engineering. The following applications are demonstrated and compared using various 3D printing processes and starting materials. Then, we go over the benefits of 3D printing over conventional methods, touch on certain issues and restrictions, and make some assumptions about potential applications in the future.

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES, WATER-BORNE DISEASES, AND PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES.

Climate change is long-term modifications to weather patterns and a rise in extreme weather events. It might modify the hazard to human health and exacerbate current problems. The article explores the scientific data in a description of the effects of Infectious diseases in humans and climate change. It identifies scientific advancements and gaps in potential responses from human civilization and how it might prepare for the changes that come with it by adjusting to them. The impact reflects three aspects, such as climate variables, selected infectious diseases, and infectious disease components. This study demonstrates how vulnerable people are to any ill consequences that climate change may have on their health. Humans can actively influence controllable correlated health impacts by taking proactive measures, such as increasing our understanding of the detrimental effects associated with specific diseases and the patterns in climate change. We can also carefully distribute technology and resources, encouraging exercise and public awareness. It is advised to take the following adaption measures: Considering how infectious diseases and climate change are not the only things that science has discovered and create locally efficient early warning systems for those effects to produce more scientific justifications and go beyond scientific reports. Improve prediction of the spatiotemporal processes behind climate change and changes in infectious illnesses connected at different temporal and spatial scales.

CARDIAC REHABILITATION: IMPROVING OUTCOMES FOR PATIENTS WITH HEART DISEASE.

To evaluate the extent to that blood pressure management objectives are fulfilled in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT), as well as the impact of the Cardiac Rehabilitation plan on the patient's useful ability, mental health, and pathological risk factors. The Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) participants' anthropometric measurements, medications, lipid profiles, and medical and social backgrounds were all the subjects of the 19-month data collection. The parameters of the topics' minute walk test and Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ) were further investigated. The Calvary Public Hospital in Canberra's CR program sessions required participants to show up for at least 10 of the sessions to be qualified. Seventy-nine people took part in the research. Significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in the blood of participants, as well as gains in a patient health questionnaire and 6 min walk test (6MWT) scores, were seen. Additionally, people increased drug management. Results showed considerable improvements in diastolic blood pressure, physical capacity, depression, and anxiety in DM patients. A cardiac rehabilitation program may lower cardiovascular disease risk factors while enhancing participants' physical and emotional well-being. Results shown the cardiac rehabilitation program lowers the risk factors linked with DM patients' cardiovascular and renal disease via increased physical fitness and decreased levels of anxiety and despair.

THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN DYSREGULATION IN GENOMIC MEDICINE.

Although mitochondrial DNA respiration circuit abnormalities are among the most common metabolic diseases to manifest in children, identification can be difficult due to their medical variability. Given the multisystem nature of the condition and its diverse and generalized manifestations, making a final diagnosis often takes a long time. Within this summary, they give an in-depth account of the physical signs of adolescent Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders (MRCDs),analyze the available diagnostics and treatment possibilities, and emphasize current developments in this field of study. During the discovery of fresh biomarkers and the development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, extensive research over the years has considerably enhanced the regularity that precise diagnoses are produced. Given the intricate nature of mitochondrial DNA biology and its double genomic investments, Sequencing has made significant progress in identifying the genetic basis of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Disorders (MRCDs). Research studies have been created employing a variety of various methods of therapy in an effort to shift the goal on therapy that is mainly curative to possibly having a positive impact on the natural course of the trouble. That's because there is gained a greater awareness of the underlying causes of this category of ailments.

RELEVANCE FOR DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY, AND STRATEGIES OF GUT MICROBES DYSBIOSIS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

Dysbiosis and weakened gastrointestinal barrier function have been identified as potential regulators of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The complex connection among gut micro biota and CKD is provided in this study, with particular attention to how inflammation contributes to the CKD path physiology. It establishes the inverse association between CKD and gut microbial dysbiosis by exploring the collision of CKD about the organization and capabilities of the gut micro biota. The possibility of new diagnostic tools in measuring the dynamic changes within the gut microbial ecology illustrates the importance of accurately diagnosing gut micro biota abnormalities in CKD. Additionally, the study explores the targeted medicines that focus on gut micro biota in CKD. Using data from both human clinical trials and rat models, the study demonstrates the variety of therapeutic approaches and their ability to limit the rate of development of CKD and its accompanying problems. The study we performed was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) approach. The findings show the significance of investigating the relationship between gut micro biota and CKD, paving up the possibility for new therapeutic strategies to improve the patient outcomes and quality of life. The present understanding of CKD-induced modifications to the gut micro biota and the ensuing effects on gastrointestinal health, emphasizing studies, will be highlighted in this review.

MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ILLNESS CHARACTERISTIC OF YOUTH WITH IRRITABLE BOWEL CONDITION.

Irritable Bowel Disorder (IBD) is a prevalent digestive illness that frequently affects young people and drastically decreases the Quality of Life (QoL). Adults with IBD indications may find relief from their symptoms through nutritional changes like the Mediterranean-style diet. Concerning the seriousness of symptoms, QoL, and additional pertinent results in young people with IBD, this investigation seeks to determine the impact of the Mediterranean-style diet. 200 individuals with IBD who met the Rome-IV criterion and were between the ages of 13 and 19 were enrolled in the present research. A Mediterranean-style diet was provided to the Study Group (SG), which consisted of 100 individuals, while the Control Group (CG), which consisted of 100 patients, followed the usual diet. Various laboratory and clinical characteristics were also assessed at the beginning and end of the study, in addition to IBD values. The Mediterranean-style diet has been demonstrated to be effective and tolerated well in kids and teenagers with IBD. The IBD -SSS (from 148±42.3 to 224±71) IBD -QoL (from 76.7±8.1 to 61.3±9.8), and cumulative IBD rating (from 29.3±11.7 to 32.6±12.1) all showed notable increases in individuals who followed well to this diet. The CG, in comparison, did not show any significant enhancements in these factors. This indicates that a Mediterranean-style diet might provide therapeutic advantages for IBD individuals, especially those who keep adherent to it, concerning symptom severity and QoL. The Mediterranean-style diet proved to be both secure and associated with notable improvements in IBD rates in young and adolescents with IBD.

EMERGING NATIONS' LEARNING SYSTEMS AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: AN ANALYSIS.

National learning systems improve training and proficiency. In order to support education during the COVID-19 epidemic, the rate of online and remote learning accelerated. Since there were some available technologies, strong, flexible educational infrastructures were required to accommodate a range of student demands. Digital resources and inclusive education need government investment. This study highlights the vital role that adaptable educational frameworks play in lessening the effects of the crisis and fostering resilience in the face of uncertainty by examining the complex relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the creation of national education methodologies. This study offers a detailed analysis of the intricacy, challenges, and opportunities that have emerged in this significant field by investigating the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has affected educational institutions in developing countries. Twenty selected, peer-reviewed scientific journal articles from 2019 to 2023 were included in the research after a comprehensive search of relevant literature. Taking into consideration the viewpoints of parents, children, teachers, and administrators, this extensive and professionally handled research study provides a critical and nuanced examination of many consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic on the educational system. By using a comprehensive analysis of 25 academic articles, it achieves this. A broad number of useful tools and tactics are highlighted in this research, which offers an in-depth analysis of the intricate area of information and computational model deployment. Employing analysis of variance (ANOVA) as a robust statistical method, this analysis uncovers and scrutinizes the complex dynamics at play with the educational systems of developing nations amidst the unprecedented challenges brought by the global COVID-19 crisis. The COVID-19 epidemic has spurred rising countries to rethink and improve their education institutions, accelerating technology-driven education. The epidemic has underlined the need for inclusive and resilient learning infrastructures that respond to emergencies despite the digital device and access inequities.

Prevalence and Predictors of Abuse in Elderly Patients with Depression at a Tertiary Care Centre in Saurashtra, India.

CONTEXT: Elder abuse has devastating consequences such as poor quality of life, psychological distress and loss of property and security. Abuse of elderly patients with depression has not been adequately researched in India. AIMS: To explore the prevalence and predictors of abuse and its relation to various sociodemographic variables in elderly patients with depression. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional, observational study carried out at a tertiary care centre in Jamnagar. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In all, 100 elderly patients with depression, attending Out Patient Department of Psychiatry at Shree M. P. Shah Government Medical College and Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, Jamnagar, were selected using simple random sampling by lottery method. Actual Abuse Tool and Elder Abuse Suspicion Index were used to detect abuse. Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depression, and Mini Mental State Examination was used to rule out dementia. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of abuse was 24%. Among those who had experienced abuse, 50% had experienced psychological abuse, 17% had experienced neglect, 8% had experienced exploitation and 4% had experienced physical abuse. About 54% of patients with severe depression had experienced abuse. Daughters-in-law (54%) and sons (42%) were the most common perpetrators. Illiteracy and severe depression were found to be the predictors of abuse.

The relationship between the quality of prescribing and practice appointment rates with asthma management data in those admitted to hospital due to an acute exacerbation.

Specific targeting of patients with a previous asthma hospitalisation could be more focused if predictors could be identified. This study was an observational retrospective analysis using ridge and linear multivariate regression analysis. Patient asthma management data were extracted from the hospital and general practice notes of those that had been admitted with an acute exacerbation of their asthma over a 5-year period. From the prescribing data, the annual doses of preventer (P) and reliever (R) medication were converted to defined daily doses then divided to give a P:R ratio. Preliminary statistical analysis was used to identify any association between either the P:R ratio or for the number of general practitioner (GP) practice appointments (PA) and their asthma management data. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to the P:R ratio and to PA to determine a model between each of these and asthma management data/events. GPs gave consent to access the data of 115 (out of 440) asthmatics, age >5 years, admitted to a district general hospital for asthma exacerbations between 1994 and 1998. The multivariate analysis revealed that PA was associated with oral prednisolone rescue courses (PRCs) and age whilst the P:R ratio was associated to PRCs and more reliever usage but not preventers. Patients with low preventer usage with respect to their reliever medication should be targeted for medication review as these were the patients prescribed more prednisolone courses and their increased PAs reflect this. This could decrease visits to the doctor and acute exacerbations.

The effect of dietary supplements on the nPCR in stable hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether (1) dietary supplements raise the normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) and/or further improve the nutritional status of stable hemodialysis patients who have both a low nPCR and a low dietary protein intake, <1.2 g/kg body weight/day; and if (2) protein intake measured by nPCR reflects protein intake measured by estimated food diaries in stable patients. DESIGN: Prospective experimental study with a single intervention group. SETTING: Hospital outpatient hemodialysis unit. SUBJECTS: Seventeen stable chronic hemodialysis patients (10 men, 7 women) were studied over 8 months. INTERVENTION: Subjects with both a low nPCR and dietary protein intake <1.2 g/kg body weight/day received dietary supplements for the first 2 months. Measurements to assess protein intake and nutritional status were taken at baseline and repeated at the end of 2 months, and at 6 months postintervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: nPCR, dietary protein intake using 7-day estimated food diaries, serum urea, serum albumin, serum creatinine, serum bicarbonate, dialysis adequacy (Kt/V), and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Dietary supplements significantly increased both the nPCR and the total protein intake at 2 months (1.21 +/- 0.26, 1.10 +/- 0.12, respectively) compared with baseline (0.95 +/- 0.18, 0.75 +/- 0.19, respectively) and 8 months (0.99 +/- 0.12, 0.78 +/- 0.21, respectively), P <.0001, respectively. There was no change in the nutritional status of the subjects. There was a significant difference between the nPCR and the dietary protein intake at baseline, P <.004; at 2 months, P <.047; and at 8 months, P <.001. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplements can significantly increase the nPCR and dietary protein intake in stable hemodialysis patients with a low nPCR and dietary protein intake. Because a low nPCR is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate, it may be prudent to supplement such patients. The use of the nPCR to quantify dietary protein intake in stable hemodialysis patients should be used with caution.

The effect of dietary intervention on weight gains after renal transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of early intensive dietary intervention and follow-up on weight gains in newly transplanted renal patients. To provide appropriate dietary advice posttransplant that included advice to reduce weight gains. DESIGN: Group A was studied prospectively and group B was studied retrospectively over a period of 1 year posttransplant. SETTING: Hospital transplant unit: inpatient ward and outpatient clinic. PATIENTS: Thirty-three transplant patients were studied: Group A consisted of 11 patients (9 men, 2 women) transplanted consecutively over 2 months, with a mean age of 39 years. Group B consisted of 22 patients (14 men, 8 women) who had been transplanted consecutively 4 years before the study, with a mean age of 40 years. Both groups had functioning grafts (serum creatinine <200 micromol/L [2.2 mg/dL]) over the study period, and similar triple immunosuppressive therapy (prednisolone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine). INTERVENTION: Group A received intensive, individualized dietary advice in stages, with regular follow-up for the first 4 months posttransplant. Thereafter group A did not receive any dietary advice or follow-up for the 8 months leading up to 1 year posttransplant. Group B had not received any dietary advice or follow-up posttransplant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Weight gained and body mass index (BMI) at 4 months and at 1 year posttransplant. RESULTS: The mean weight (BMI) for group A at baseline, 4 months and at 1 year posttransplant was 67 +/- 13 kgs (24.1 +/- 3.9 kg/m2), 69 +/- 12 kgs (24.6 +/- 3.5 kg/m2), and 73 +/- 12 kgs (26.1 +/- 3.4 kg/m2), respectively. The mean weight (BMI) for group B at baseline, 4 months and at 1 year posttransplant were 67 +/- 11 kgs (23.7 +/- 3.4 kg/m2), 74 +/- 9 kgs (26.3 +/- 3.3 kg/m2), and 79 +/- 12 kgs (27.9 +/- 4 kg/m2), respectively. Analysis of group A showed no significant difference in weight gained and BMI with dietary advice and follow-up at 4 months posttransplant compared with baseline. There was a significant difference in weight gain and BMI at 1 year posttransplant compared with 4 months posttransplant (P = .002, P = .002, respectively). Analysis between groups showed a significantly lower weight gain in group A compared with group B both at 4 months and at 1 year posttransplant (P = .01, P = .01 respectively). Group A had a significantly lower BMI than group B at 4 months and at 1 year posttransplant (P = .003, .006, respectively). At 1 year posttransplant, group A had a mean weight gain of 5.5 kg per patient compared with a mean of 11.8 kg per patient in group B. CONCLUSION: Early intensive dietary advice and follow-up is effective in controlling weight gains in the first year posttransplant. Dietary advice should be an important part of posttransplant treatment.

A novel macrolactam-trisaccharide antifungal antibiotic. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties, structure elucidation and biological activity.

A novel secondary metabolite SCH 42282 (1), with antifungal activity was isolated from the fermentation broth of a soil actinomycete identified as a Microtetraspora sp. The active compound was separated from the fermentation broth by butanol extraction and purified on a silica gel column and by multi-coil counter current chromatography. The compound was identified as a novel macrolactam trisaccharide related to SCH 38518 (4). The structure was established by hydrolysis of the parent compound and spectroscopic studies of the acetate derivative. The compound is active against Candida spp. (Geometric Mean MIC's. 18 micrograms/ml) but less active SCH 42729 (3). the disaccharide (Geometric Mean MIC's, > or = 10.7 micrograms/ml and SCH 38518 (4), the monosaccharide (Geometric Mean Mic's, 3.8 micrograms/ml.

A family of novel macrocyclic lactones, the saccharocarcins produced by Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes subsp. antibiotica. II. Physico-chemical properties and structure determination.

Six novel tetronic acid analogs were isolated from the fermentation broth of the actinomycete Saccharothrix aerocolongenes subsp. antibiotica SCC1886. The structures of these saccharocarcins were determined by their spectral data, and chemical degradation. All six compounds are derived from two modified tetronic acid homologs which differ from other tetronic acids by having an ethyl or propyl side chain at C-23 and a methyl group at C-16. They are all characterized by a novel sugar-amide at C-17.

Inhibition of c-fos proto-oncogene induction by Sch 52900 and Sch 52901, novel diketopiperazine produced by Gliocladium sp.

Sch 52900 (1) and Sch 52901 (2), two new inhibitors of c-fos proto-oncogene induction, have been isolated from the fermentation of broth of the fungal culture (SCF-1168), Gliocladium sp. Along with compounds 1 and 2, a known compound verticillin A (3) was also obtained from the culture. Structure elucidation of 1 and 2, accomplished by analysis of spectral data in comparison with the data of 3, revealed both 1 and 2 were found to be closely related to the verticillin family of diketopiperazines. All three compounds prevented serum-stimulated transcription of the human c-fos promoter, using a fos/lac Z reporter gene assay, with IC50 values of 1.5, 18 and 0.5 microM of 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Northern analysis revealed the exposure of cells to compound 3 causes inhibition of both phorbol ester-induced c-fos induction of serum-induced JE induction in the absence of inhibiting RNA synthesis, as measured by [3H]uridine incorporation. There results suggest that this class of compounds exerts antitumor activity by blocking a signal transduction pathway that is common to and necessary for the induction of at least a subset of immediate early genes involved in cell proliferation.

Phospholipase D inhibitors from a Myrsine species.

The phospholipase D-inhibitory activity of a methanol extract from the leaves of a New Zealand plant, Myrsine australis, has been attributed to two new saponins 1 and 2. Compound 1 was assigned as 3-0-[-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)- -[0-beta-D -glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-alpha-L-arabinosyl]-16alpha-hydroxy-+ ++13beta,28-epoxyoleanane and 2 as 3beta-0-[-beta-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-0-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ 0-beta-D-glucopranosyl]-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl]-16alpha -hydroxy-13beta, 28-epoxyleanane. Compounds 1 and 2 showed IC50 values of 3 and 2 microM, respectively, versus phorbol 12-myrisate-13-acetate-stimulated phosphlipase D in human promyelocytic leukemic (HL-60) cells. Compounds 1 and 2 also inhibited fMLP (formyl-Met-Leu-Phe) stimulated phospholipase D with IC50 values of 8 and 24 microM, respectively.