Swiss Pilot Low-Dose CT Lung Cancer Screening Study: First Baseline Screening Results.

This pilot study conducted in Switzerland aims to assess the implementation, execution, and performance of low-dose CT lung cancer screening (LDCT-LCS). With lung cancer being the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Switzerland, the study seeks to explore the potential impact of screening on reducing mortality rates. However, initiating a lung cancer screening program poses challenges and depends on country-specific factors. This prospective study, initiated in October 2018, enrolled participants meeting the National Lung Cancer Study criteria or a lung cancer risk above 1.5% according to the PLCOm2012 lung cancer risk-model. LDCT scans were assessed using Lung-RADS. Enrollment and follow-up are ongoing. To date, we included 112 participants, with a median age of 62 years (IQR 57-67); 42% were female. The median number of packs smoked each year was 45 (IQR 38-57), and 24% had stopped smoking before enrollment. The mean PLCOm2012 was 3.7% (±2.5%). We diagnosed lung cancer in 3.6% of participants (95%, CI:1.0-12.1%), with various stages, all treated with curative intent. The recall rate for intermediate results (Lung-RADS 3,4a) was 15%. LDCT-LCS in Switzerland, using modified inclusion criteria, is feasible. Further analysis will inform the potential implementation of a comprehensive lung cancer screening program in Switzerland.

Prognostic implication of PD-L1 in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective single-centre study.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with localised and locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer has not been fully elucidated. This information could help to better interpret recent and upcoming results of phase III adjuvant or neoadjuvant anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy studies. METHODS: In a cohort of 146 patients with early or locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with curative intent (by surgery or radiotherapy), we investigated the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression and its correlation with other biological and clinical features. PD-L1 expression was stratified by quartiles. Primary endpoints were overall and disease-free survival. We also analysed the prognostic impact of the presence of actionable mutations, implemented treatment modality and completion of the treatment plan. Neither type of patient received neoadjuvant or adjuvant immunotherapy or target therapy. RESULTS: Of the 146 selected patients, 32 (21.9%) presented disease progression and 15 died (10.3%) at a median follow-up of 20 months. In a univariable analysis, PD-L1 expression ≥25% was associated with significantly lower disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR]) 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-3.9, p = 0.049). PD-L1 expression ≥50% did not lead to disease-free survival or overall survival benefits (HR 1.2 and 1.1, respectively; 95% CI 0.6-2.6 and 0.3-3.4, respectively; pnot significant). In a multivariate analysis, a stage >I (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6, p = 0.012) and having an inoperable tumour (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.4-7.4, p = 0.005) were associated with lower disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: The population of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and PD-L1 expression ≥25% who were treated with curative intent during the pre-immunotherapy era exhibited a worse prognosis. This finding provides justification for the utilisation of adjuvant immunotherapy in this subgroup of patients, based on the current evidence derived from disease-free survival outcomes. However, for patients with PD-L1 expression <25%, opting to wait for the availability of the overall survival results may be a prudent choice.

Resection of thymic carcinoma after induction therapy and reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract with pulmonary homograft.

Treatment of malignant epithelial thymic tumours, including thymoma and thymic carcinoma, is based on surgical resection, whenever possible. Mainstay of surgical treatment is complete resection with clear margins. This may require resection of adjacent structures, even major vessels. We describe a case of resection of the main pulmonary artery trunk and reconstruction with cadaveric homograft after induction chemo-radiotherapy for a locally advanced thymic carcinoma. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient.

A Risk Model to Predict the Delivery of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Following Lung Resection in Patients With Pathologically Positive Lymph Nodes.

To investigate factors associated with the ability to receive adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with pathological N1 and N2 stage after anatomic lung resections for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multicenter retrospective analysis on 707 consecutive patients found pathologic N1 (pN1) or N2 (pN2) disease following anatomic lung resections for NSCLC (2014-2019). Multiple imputation logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with adjuvant chemotherapy and to develop a model to predict the probability of starting this treatment. The model was externally validated in a population of 253 patients. In the derivation set, 442 patients were pN1 and 265 pN2. 58% received at least 1 cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy. The variables significantly associated with the probability of starting chemotherapy after multivariable regression analysis were: younger age (p < 0.0001), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.031), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) (p = 0.037), better performance status (PS) (p < 0.0001), absence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (p = 0.016), resection lesser than pneumonectomy (p = 0.010). The logit of the prediction model was: 6.58 -0.112 x age +0.039 x BMI +0.009 x FEV1 -0.650 x PS -1.388 x CKD -0.550 x pneumonectomy. The predicted rate of adjuvant chemotherapy in the validation set was 59.2 and similar to the observed 1 (59%, p = 0.87) confirming the model performance in external setting. This study identified several factors associated with the probability of initiating adjuvant chemotherapy after lung resection in node-positive patients. This information can be used during preoperative multidisciplinary meetings and patients counseling to support decision-making process regarding the timing of systemic treatment.

Acute on Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Case Series and Review of Management.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a distinct form of precapillary pulmonary hypertension classified as group 4 by the World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (WSPH) and should be excluded during an episode of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Patients presenting to emergency departments with sudden onset of signs and symptoms of acute PE may already have a pre-existing CTEPH condition decompensated by the new PE episode. Identifying an underlying and undiagnosed CTEPH during acute PE, while challenging, is an important consideration as it will alter the patients' acute and long-term management. Differential diagnosis and evaluation require an interdisciplinary expert team. Analysis of the clinical condition, the CT angiogram, and the hemodynamic situation are important considerations; patients with CTEPH usually have significantly higher sPAP at the time of index PE, which is unusual and unattainable in the context of acute PE and a naïve right ventricle. The imaging may reveal signs of chronic disease such as right ventricle hypertrophy bronchial collaterals and atypical morphology of the thrombus. There is no standard for the management of acute on chronic CTEPH. Herein, we provide a diagnostic and management algorithm informed by several case descriptions and a review of the literature.

Dissemination of patient blood management practices in Swiss intensive care units: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Patient blood management (PBM) promotes the routine detection and treatment of anaemia before surgery, optimising the management of bleeding disorders, thus minimising iatrogenic blood loss and pre-empting allogeneic blood utilisation. PBM programmes have expanded from the elective surgical setting to nonsurgical patients, including those in intensive care units (ICUs), but their dissemination in a whole country is unknown. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional, anonymous survey (10 October 2018 to 13 March 2019) of all ordinary medical members of the Swiss Society of Intensive Care Medicine and the registered ICU nurses from the 77 certified adult Swiss ICUs. We analysed PBM-related interventions adopted in Swiss ICUs and related them to the spread of PBM in Swiss hospitals. We explored blood test ordering policies, blood-sparing strategies and red blood cell-related transfusion practices in ICUs. RESULTS: A total of 115 medical doctors and 624 nurses (response rates 27% and 30%, respectively) completed the surveys. Hospitals had implemented a PBM programme according to 42% of physicians, more commonly in Switzerland's German-speaking regions (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-9.35; p = 0.018) and in hospitals with more than 500 beds (OR 3.91, 95% CI 1.48-10.4; p = 0.006). The PBM programmes targeted the detection and correction of anaemia before surgery (79%), minimising perioperative blood loss (94%) and optimising anaemia tolerance (98%). Laboratory tests were ordered in 70.4% by the intensivist during morning rounds; the nurses performed arterial blood gas analyses autonomously in 48.4%. Blood-sparing techniques were used by only 42.1% of nurses (263 of 624, missing: 6) and 47.0% of physicians (54 of 115). Approximately 60% of respondents used an ICU-specific transfusion guideline. The reported haemoglobin threshold for the nonbleeding ICU population was 70 g/l and, therefore, was at the lower limit of current guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this survey, the estimated proportion of the intensivists working in hospitals with a PBM initiative is 42%, with significant variability between regions and hospitals of various sizes. The risk of iatrogenic anaemia is relevant due to liberal blood sample collection practices and the underuse of blood-sparing techniques. The reported transfusion threshold suggests excellent adherence to current international ICU-specific transfusion guidelines.

Urban-Rural Disparities in the Lung Cancer Surgical Treatment Pathway: The Paradox of a Rich, Small Region.

Introduction: Rural populations in large countries often receive delayed or less effective diagnosis and treatment for lung cancer. Differences are related to population-based factors such as lower pro capita income or increased risk factors or to differences in access to facilities. Switzerland is a small, rich country with peculiar geographic and urban characteristics.We explored the relationship between lung cancer diagnostic-surgical pathway and urban-rural residency in our region. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 280 consecutive patients treated for primary non-small cell lung cancer at our institution (2017-2021). This is a regional tertiary center for diagnosis and treatment, and data were extracted from a prospectively collected clinical database. We included anatomical lung resection. Collected variables included patients and surgical characteristics, risk factors, comorbidities, histology and staging, symptoms (vs. incidental diagnosis), general practitioner (GP) involvement, health insurance, and suspected test-treatment interval. The exposure was rurality, defined by the 2009 rural-urban residency classification from the Department of Land. Results: A total of 150 patients (54%) lived in rural areas. Rural patients had a higher rate of smoking history (93% vs. 82%; p = 0.007). Symptomatic vs. incidental diagnosis did not differ as well as previous cancer rate, insurance, and pathological staging. In rural patients, there was a greater burden of comorbidities (mean Charlson Comorbidity Index Age-Adjusted 5.3 in rural population vs. 4.8 in urban population, p = 0.05), and GP was more involved in the diagnostic pathway (51% vs. 39%, p = 0.04). The interval between the first suspected test and treatment was significantly shorter (56 vs. 66.5 days, p = 0.03). Multiple linear regression with backward elimination was run. These variables statistically predicted the time from the first suspected test and surgical treatment [F(3, 270), p < .05, R 2 = 0.24]: rurality (p = 0.04), GP involvement (p = 0.04), and presence of lung cancer-related symptoms (p = 0.02). Conclusions: In our territory with inhomogeneous population distribution and geographic barriers, residency has an impact on the lung cancer pathway. It seems paradoxical that rural patients had a shorter route. The more constant involvement of GP might explain this finding, having suggested more tests for high-risk patients in the absence of symptoms or follow-ups. This did not change the staging of surgical patients, but it might be essential for the organization of an effective lung cancer screening program.

Quality of Life Is Not Deteriorated After Extrapleural Pneumonectomy vs. (Extended) Pleurectomy/Decortication in Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.

Background: Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is highly abandoned due to high morbidity and mortality rates and impaired quality of life (QoL). However, there are still rare indications for this intervention. The aim of this longitudinal prospective study was to monitor QoL and lung function in patients undergoing EPP and compare the outcomes with extended pleurectomy/decortication [(E)PD]. Methods: Between June 2013 and June 2017, 42 patients underwent induction chemotherapy followed by either EPP (n = 7) or (E)PD (n = 35). All patients filled out the EORTC QLC-C15-PAL, -LC13, and SF-36 self-rating questionnaires pre-operatively, 6 weeks and 4 months after the operation. Additionally, lung function was measured pre-operatively and 4 months post-operatively. Results: We observed no significant differences in all QoL categories (general global health, pain, and dyspnea) between both surgical procedures, over the whole observation period. Moreover, a general tendency toward restoration of the pre-operative QoL status was documented at 4 months after the both operations. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) showed a significant decrease after surgery in both the groups [EPP group p = 0.06 and (E)PD group p < 0.001]; also, the forced volume vital capacity (FVC) significantly decreased (EPP group p = 0.046 P/D group <0.001). Diffusion capacity did not show significant changes. Conclusion: According to these results, QoL is no longer severely impaired after EPP compared with EPD, and therefore should not be used as an argument against EPP in principle. However, indication has to be carefully evaluated for each patient.

Computed tomography radiomics for the prediction of thymic epithelial tumor histology, TNM stage and myasthenia gravis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate CT-derived radiomics for machine learning-based classification of thymic epithelial tumor (TET) stage (TNM classification), histology (WHO classification) and the presence of myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: Patients with histologically confirmed TET in the years 2000-2018 were retrospectively included, excluding patients with incompatible imaging or other tumors. CT scans were reformatted uniformly, gray values were normalized and discretized. Tumors were segmented manually; 15 scans were re-segmented after 2 weeks by two readers. 1316 radiomic features were calculated (pyRadiomics). Features with low intra-/inter-reader agreement (ICC<0.75) were excluded. Repeated nested cross-validation was used for feature selection (Boruta algorithm), model training, and evaluation (out-of-fold predictions). Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) values were calculated to assess feature importance. RESULTS: 105 patients undergoing surgery for TET were identified. After applying exclusion criteria, 62 patients (28 female; mean age, 57±14 years; range, 22-82 years) with 34 low-risk TET (LRT; WHO types A/AB/B1), 28 high-risk TET (HRT; WHO B2/B3/C) in early stage (49, TNM stage I-II) or advanced stage (13, TNM III-IV) were included. 14(23%) of the patients had MG. 334(25%) features were excluded after intra-/inter-reader analysis. Discriminatory performance of the random forest classifiers was good for histology(AUC, 87.6%; 95% confidence interval, 76.3-94.3) and TNM stage(AUC, 83.8%; 95%CI, 66.9-93.4) but poor for the prediction of MG (AUC, 63.9%; 95%CI, 44.8-79.5). CONCLUSIONS: CT-derived radiomic features may be a useful imaging biomarker for TET histology and TNM stage.

Tracking the outcomes of surgical treatment of Stage 2 and 3 empyema: introduction and consolidation of minimally invasive approach.

BACKGROUND: We described the results of surgical treatment of empyema, tracing outcomes throughout the passage from the open thoracotomy (OT) approach to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in a single institute. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 88 consecutive patients treated for Stage 2 and 3 empyema (2010-2019). We divided the study period into three groups: OT period (2010-2013), early VATS (2014-2017, from the introduction of VATS program, until acme of learning curve), and late VATS (2018-2019). Groups were compared to investigate the outcomes evolution. RESULTS: Most relevant findings of the study were significant variation in postoperative length of stay (median [interquartile range]: 9 days [7.5-10], 10 [7.5-17.5], and 7 [5-10] for OT period, early VATS, and late VATS, respectively, p = 0.005), hospital admission referral to thoracic surgery interval (7.5 days [4.5-11], 6.5 [3-9], and 2.5 [1.5-5.5], p = 0.003), chest tube duration (5.5 days [5-7.5], 6 [4-6], 4 [3-5], p = 0.003), and proportion of operation performed by residents (3 [15%], 6 [16.7%], 14 [43.6%], p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings pictured the trajectory evolution of outcomes during introduction and consolidation of VATS treatment of empyema. During the early phase, we observed a decline in some indicators that improved significantly in the late VATS period. After a learning curve, all outcomes showed better results and we entered into a teaching phase.

Implementing CT tumor volume and CT pleural thickness into future staging systems for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

OBJECTIVES: Tumor thickness and tumor volume measured by computed tomography (CT) were suggested as valuable prognosticator for patients' survival diagnosed with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). The purpose was to assess the accuracy of CT scan based preoperatively measured tumor volume and thickness compared to actual tumor weight of resected MPM specimen and pathologically assessed tumor thickness, as well as an analysis of their impact on overall survival (OS). METHODS: Between 09/2013-08/2018, 74 patients were treated with induction chemotherapy followed by (extended) pleurectomy/decortication ((E)PD). In 53 patients, correlations were made between CT-measured volume and -tumor thickness (cTV and cTT) and actual tumor weight (pTW) based on the available values. Further cTV and pT/IMIG stage were correlated using Pearson correlation. Overall survival (OS) was calculated with Kaplan Meier analysis and tested with log rank test. For correlation with OS Kaplan-Meier curves were made and log rank test was performed for all measurements dichotomized at the median. RESULTS: Median pathological tumor volume (pTV) and pTW were 530 ml [130 ml - 1000 ml] and 485 mg [95 g - 982 g] respectively. Median (IQR) cTV was 77.2 ml (35.0-238.0), median cTT was 9.0 mm (6.2-13.7). Significant association was found between cTV and pTV (R = 0.47, p < 0.001) and between cTT and IMIG stage (p = 0,001) at univariate analysis. Multivariate regression analysis revealed, that only cTV correlates with pTV. Median follow-up time was 36.3 months with 30 patients dead at the time of the analysis. Median OS was 23.7 months. 1-year and 3-year survival were 90 and 26% respectively and only the cTV remained statistically associated with OS. CONCLUSION: Preoperatively assessed CT tumor volume and actual tumor volume showed a significant correlation. CT tumor volume may predict pathological tumor volume as a reflection of tumor burden, which supports the integration of CT tumor volume into future staging systems.

Thymomectomy plus total thymectomy versus simple thymomectomy for early-stage thymoma without myasthenia gravis: a European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Thymic Working Group Study.

OBJECTIVES: Resection of thymic tumours including the removal of both the tumour and the thymus gland (thymothymectomy; TT) is the procedure of choice and is recommended in most relevant articles in the literature. Nevertheless, in recent years, some authors have suggested that resection of the tumour (simple thymomectomy; ST) may suffice from an oncological standpoint in patients with early-stage thymoma who do not have myasthenia gravis (MG) (non-MG). The goal of our study was to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of ST versus TT in non-MG early-stage thymomas using the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons thymic database. METHODS: A total of 498 non-MG patients with pathological stage I thymoma were included in the study. TT was performed in 466 (93.6%) of 498 patients who had surgery with curative intent; ST was done in 32 (6.4%). The completeness of resection, the rate of complications, the 30-day mortality, the overall recurrence and the freedom from recurrence were compared. We performed crude and propensity score-adjusted comparisons by surgical approach (ST vs TT). RESULTS: TT showed the same rate of postoperative complications, 30-day mortality and postoperative length of stay as ST. The 5-year overall survival rate was 89% in the TT group and 55% in the ST group. The 5-year freedom from recurrence was 96% in the TT group and 79% in the ST group. CONCLUSION: Patients with early-stage thymoma without MG who have a TT show significantly better freedom from recurrence than those who have an ST, without an increase in postoperative morbidity rate.

European Society of Thoracic Surgeons electronic quality of life application after lung resection: field testing in a clinical setting.

OBJECTIVES: Technology has the potential to assist healthcare professionals in improving patient-doctor communication during the surgical journey. Our aims were to assess the acceptability of a quality of life (QoL) application (App) in a cohort of cancer patients undergoing lung resections and to depict the early perioperative trajectory of QoL. METHODS: This multicentre (Italy, UK, Spain, Canada and Switzerland) prospective longitudinal study with repeated measures used 12 lung surgery-related validated questions from the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Item Bank. Patients filled out the questionnaire preoperatively and 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after surgery using an App preinstalled in a tablet. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was run to determine if there were differences in QoL over time. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients consented to participate in the study (83 who had lobectomies, 17 who had segmentectomies and 3 who had pneumonectomies). Eighty-three operations were performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Compliance rates were 88%, 90%, 88%, 82%, 71% and 56% at each time point, respectively. The results showed that the operation elicited statistically significant worsening in the following symptoms: shortness of breath (SOB) rest (P = 0.018), SOB walk (P < 0.001), SOB stairs (P = 0.015), worry (P = 0.003), wound sensitivity (P < 0.001), use of arm and shoulder (P < 0.001), pain in the chest (P < 0.001), decrease in physical capability (P < 0.001) and scar interference on daily activity (P < 0.001) during the first postoperative month. SOB worsened immediately after the operation and remained low at the different time points. Worry improved following surgery. Surgical access and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) are the factors that most strongly affected the evolution of the symptoms in the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS: We observed good early compliance of patients operated on for lung cancer with the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons QoL App. We determined the evolution of surgery-related QoL in the immediate postoperative period. Monitoring these symptoms remotely may reduce hospital appointments and help to establish early patient-support programmes.

Surgical treatment of pleural empyema in Coronavirus disease 19 patients: the Southern Switzerland experience.

We report the first surgical series of patients developing pleural empyema after severe bilateral interstitial lung disease in confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The empyema results in a complex medical challenge that requires combination of medical therapies, mechanical ventilation and surgery. The chest drainage approach was not successful to relieve the symptomatology and to drain the excess fluid. After multidisciplinary discussion, a surgical approach was recommended. Even though decortication and pleurectomy are high-risk procedures, they must be considered as an option for pleural effusion in Coronavirus disease-positive patients. This is a life-treating condition, which can worsen the coronavirus disease manifestation and should be treated immediately to improve patient's status and chance of recovery.

General patient satisfaction after elective and acute thoracic surgery is associated with postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND: Patient's satisfaction has been regarded as a subjective reflection of the quality of care received by patients during their hospital stay. However, which factors may influence patient satisfaction in different healthcare settings needs to be determined. METHODS: Cross-sectional investigation of satisfaction at the time of discharge in 52 consecutive patients admitted in a UK Referral Centre for Thoracic Surgery for either elective (41 patients) or acute (11 patients) procedures. We evaluated patients' satisfaction with the inpatient service through the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer IN-PATSAT32 standardised questionnaire. Major cardiopulmonary complications were defined according to the definition of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. We focused on the General Patient Satisfaction Scale of the questionnaire to explore its relationship with several demographic and clinical factors. Relationships were tested using univariate regression analyses. RESULTS: General inpatient satisfaction was lower in patients with complications rather than those without (P=0.006) and in males rather than females (P=0.04). Living area, sex, and complications explained 22% of the variation in general inpatient satisfaction (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the diagnosis, post-operative complications were associated with a lower patient satisfaction following thoracic surgery in our group of patients. This was particularly so for males and patients from rural areas. Research should focus on different clinical groups in our speciality to determine the specific strategies warranted to improve their quality of care and hence increase their satisfaction with inpatient services.

Prognostic factors of oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer following radical therapy: a multicentre analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may benefit from therapy with curative intent. Our goal was to identify prognostic factors related to better prognosis in a multicentre analysis of patients who underwent surgery of primary tumours in combination with radical treatment of all metastatic sites. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of oligometastatic patients who underwent resection of primary tumours at 4 centres (August 2001-February 2018). Oligometastasis was defined as ≤5 synchronous metastases in ≤2 organs. Radical metastatic treatment was surgery, radiotherapy or a combination. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for identification of prognostic factors on overall survival. RESULTS: We treated 124 patients; 72 (58%) were men, mean age 60 ± 9.8 years, with 87 (70%) adenocarcinoma. Sixty-seven (54%) patients had positive pathologic-N stage (pN). Brain metastases were most common (n = 76; 61%) followed by adrenal (n = 13; 10%) and bone (n = 12; 10%). Systemic therapy was administered in 101 (82%) patients. Median follow-up was 60 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 41-86]. Thirty- and 90-day mortality rates were 0 and 2.4%, respectively. One-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival were 80%, 58% and 36%, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that patients ≤60 years [hazard ratio (HR) 0.41, 95% CI 0.24, 0.69; P = 0.001] and patients with pN0 (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.69; P = 0.002) had a significant survival benefit. The presence of bone metastases negatively affected survival (HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.05-6.09; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with curative intent of selected oligometastatic NSCLC, including resection of the primary tumour, can be performed safely and with excellent 5-year survival rates, especially in younger patients with pN0 disease.