A brief review on critical analytical aspects for quantification of ambroxol in biological samples.

Ambroxol (AMB) is a member of the expectorant class, widely used as a secreolytic agent in patients to break up secretions. AMB is rapidly and effectively distributed from blood to tissue. The lungs have the highest concentration of AMB; accumulation of AMB in human lung tissue was detected at concentrations 15- to 20-fold greater than those reported in the circulation. Because of its wide range of actions and therapeutic applications may be worth looking into, particularly for respiratory symptoms, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, influenza, and rhinovirus infections. Though several analytical methodologies have been established and confirmed for the AMB analysis in matrices of pharmaceutical and biological origins, novel sustainable, and economical methods are still to be choice of protocol to increase its sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability. Therefore, the present review offers an overview of critical analytical aspects regarding the HPLC, LC-MS/MS, HPTLC, capillary electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, and electrochemical methods for quantifying AMB in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Furthermore, this review will thoroughly discuss the physicochemical properties, stability, extraction conditions, instrumentation, and operational parameters of the targeted analyte. As a result, for the first time, this review complies with vital background information and an up-to-date interpretation of research undertaken by anticipated methodologies examined and implemented for the pharmaceutical analysis AMB.

Terahertz Spectroscopy: Encoding the Discovery, Instrumentation, and Applications toward Pharmaceutical Prospectives.

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is an emerging field for quality control of pharmaceuticals, which uses T-waves for detection. T-waves fall in between infrared and microwave radiations while possessing some of the characteristics of both. THz spectroscopy reveals its existence in between 0.1 and 10 THz. These radiations have the ability to penetrate a broad range of non-conductive materials and it is nonionizing. The first article stating the use of THz radiations was found in late 1960 for the generation of the astronomical images. This review essentially creates attention toward different forms and instrumentation of THz spectroscopy along with the updates for timely and upbeat pharmaceutical applications. The most frequently used technique is THz-TDS which has profoundly privileged applicability for the pharmaceuticals. The existing literature of THz spectroscopy further created albeit interest to explore the applications for future implementation in concern with the pharmaceuticals. The review critically outlines here all the pharmaceutical applications of THz spectroscopy including protein analyses, crystallinity studies, evaluating tablet films and coats, medicinal aging variations, and detection of illicit drugs, along with the advantages over traditional techniques. The other side of THz spectroscopy stating limitations is also studied and taken into the note to present here. This review is a genuine attempt to quote and crucially assess the possible as well as anticipated prospectives for the pharmaceuticals. The present article will further promote the awareness, opportunities, and scientific exploration of this exciting technology as THz spectroscopy.

Hydrotropic Solubilization in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Origin, Evolution, Cumulative Trend and Precise Applications.

The hydrotropy though existing as precisely used scientific approach assisting solubilization for all. It took 66 long years to use the concept in drug analysis since its inception in 1916 and first use for facilitation of drug solubility toward better pharmaceutical analysis in 1982. Considering the unending importance in pharmaceutical sciences and thereby in analysis, it's a necessity to comprehensively outlook the origin, evolution, cumulative trend and precise applications in pharmaceutical analysis. Achieved hereby with chronological and comparative assessment of the studies published pertaining to solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs with use of hydrotropic agents alone or in combination for assisting pharmaceutical analysis. The thorough literature searches resulted into 77 references over a span of about 38 years. This comprehensive review critically evaluates existing literature; to our surprise we found Ibuprofen sodium, Lignocaine, Niacinamide and Metformin HCl as atypical hydrotropic agents. We also compared herein mono and mixed approaches which indicated prevalence of mono - hydrotropy over mixed. The possible mechanisms behind solubilization are presented for an additional insight. An essential effort has been made to state arbitrary classification to assist in future applications. The obvious purpose of this study was to collectively evaluate the crucial role of hydrotropic agents in pharmaceutical analyses for better drug delivery. This comprehensive review covers all details since inception to the updates till date which will definitely act as appropriate guideline for pharmaceutical analyst's in need of hydrotropy to assist pharmaceutical analysis for therapies today and tomorrow.