Nano-encapsulation of coenzyme Q10 using octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch.

Octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (OSA-ST) was used to encapsulate coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). CoQ10 was dissolved in rice bran oil and incorporated into an aqueous OSA-ST solution. High pressure homogenisation of the mixture was conducted at 170 MPa for 56 cycles. The resulting emulsion had a particle size range of 200-300 nm and the absolute zeta potential varied between 8.4 and 10.6 mV. CoQ10 retention of the emulsion and freeze dried products, determined by a hexane rinse, was 98.2%. Reconstitution of the freeze dried product in Mcllvaine citrate-phosphate buffers with pH values of 3-5 and temperatures at 4 and 25 °C had very little effect on the range and distribution of the nanoparticles' size. The inflection point of the zeta potential and pH plot occurred at the first pKa of succinic acid (pH 4.2), indicating succinate as the main influence over zeta potential.

Nutritionally important starch fractions of rice cultivars grown in southern United States.

Dietary starches can be classified into 3 major fractions according to in vitro digestibility as rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS). Literature indicates that SDS and/or RS have significant implications on human health, particularly glucose metabolism, diabetes management, colon cancer prevention, mental performance, and satiety. In this study, the nutritionally important starch fractions (RDS, SDS, and RS) in cooked rice were assayed in vitro, making use of 16 cultivars grown in 5 southern U.S. rice growing locations (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas). RDS, SDS, and RS were 52.4% to 69.4%, 10.3% to 26.6%, and 1.2% to 9.0%, respectively, of cooked rice dry weight. Cultivar, location, and cultivar-by-location interaction contributed to the variations in RDS, SDS, and RS contents. Means pooled across locations indicated that SDS was higher for the Louisiana samples than those from Texas, whereas RS was higher for the Texas samples than those from Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Some cultivars were identified to possess high levels of RS (for example, Bowman and Rondo) or SDS (for example, Dixiebelle and Tesanai-2) and were also stable across growing locations. Apparent amylose content correlated positively with RS (n = 80, r = 0.54, P 0.05). RS and SDS were not collinear (n = 80, r =or-0.18, P > 0.05); it does not follow that a cultivar high in RS will also be high in SDS, and vice versa. The observed differences in RDS, SDS, and RS among the samples are indicative of wide genetic diversity in rice.