Approach to coping in colombian elite athletes: gender, age and sport / Aproximación al afrontamiento en deportistas de élite colombianos: sexo, edad y deporte

The aim of the study was to analyse, using the Spanish version of the ACSQ-1, the use of coping strategies considering gender, age, type of sport and sport modality, as well as the correlations themselves. The sample consisted of 334 Colombian elite athletes (156 men and 178 women) with a mean age of 27 years (M = 27.10, SD = 6.57). The most commonly used strategies were emotional calming and cognitive restructuring, with mental withdrawal being the least used. Men had higher values than women for emotional calm and cognitive restructuring. Younger athletes had higher values than older athletes for mental withdrawal and seeking social support. Paralympic athletes showed higher values than Olympic athletes in emotional calmness and cognitive restructuring, and nodifferences were found depending on the sport modality. Significant correlations were found between most strategies (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar, empleando la versión española del ACSQ-1, el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento considerando sexo, edad, tipo dedeporte y modalidad deportiva, así como las propias correlaciones. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 334 deportistas de élite colombianos (156 hombres y 178 mujeres) con una media de edad de 27 años (M = 27,10, DE = 6,57). Las estrategias más empleadas fueron la calma emocional y la reestructuración cognitiva, siendo la menos usada el retraimiento mental. Los hombres presentaron mayores valores que las mujeres en calma emocional y reestructuración cognitiva. Los deportistas de menos edad presentaron mayores valores que los de más en retraimiento mental y búsqueda de apoyo social. Los deportistas de modalidades paralímpicas mostraron mayores valores que los de olímpicas en calma emocional y reestructuración cognitiva, no encontrándose diferencias en función de la modalidad deportiva. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la mayor parte de estrategias (AU)

New application of hyperspectral imaging to steady-state plasma observations.

A new application of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) to steady-state plasma emission observations is proposed because of its prominent feature: an HSI camera records a two-dimensional image, and each spatial pixel contains spectral data typically with more than a hundred bands, while conventional digital cameras have only three bands. The characterization of an HSI camera (Specim IQ) has been performed during steady-state plasma-material interaction experiments using the linear plasma device PISCES-A. By easily subtracting the background/continuum emission in contrast to conventional filter cameras, two-dimensional images of multiple emission lines at different wavelengths are simultaneously obtained during a single measurement, demonstrating the advantage in plasma emission observations.

Initial clinical experience with high-pitch dual-source CT as a rapid technique for thoraco-abdominal evaluation in awake infants and young children.

AIM: To evaluate dual-source high-pitch computed tomography (HPCT) imaging of the chest and abdomen as a rapid scanning technique to obtain diagnostic-quality imaging evaluation of infants and young children without sedation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-three paediatric patients (age 24.1±2 months) who underwent chest or abdomen HPCT (≥1.5) and standard pitch CT (SPCT, <1.5) on a dual-source 128-row multidetector CT system were included in the study. Image quality assessment was performed by two paediatric radiologists for diagnostic confidence, image artefacts, and image noise. Objective image noise was measured. RESULTS: Most of the CT examinations were performed in children who were >1 year old (n=15 and n=20) followed by ≤1 year old (n=8 and n=10) in SPCT and HPCT, respectively. The mean radiation dose (SSDE) from HPCT was 1.96±1 mGy compared to 2.2±1 mGy for SPCT (p=0.3). No major artefacts were reported and overall image quality of all HPCT examinations was acceptable diagnostically. In addition, objective image noise values were not significantly different between HPCT compared with SPCT (11±3 versus 11±5, p=0.7). CONCLUSION: Ultra-fast, HPCT can be performed without the need for sedation as a potential alternative to anaesthetised magnetic resonance imaging in infants and young children.

Development of a LIBS system for in situ surface measurements during plasma exposure in PISCES-A.

A laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system has been developed with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (wavelength = 1064 nm and pulse width ∼5 ns) to conduct in situ surface measurements during plasma exposure in the PISCES-A linear divertor plasma simulator. The LIBS signal enhancement is obtained with both the magnetic field normal to the surface of a target and steady-state background plasma. Migration of sputtered Ta impurities onto the neighboring Cr surface is identified during He plasma exposure, only when cone structures are formed on the Cr surface. D retention in W during D plasma exposure is observed to decrease with increasing the sample temperature. The temporal evolution of D outgassing from W is measured in a time range of ∼10-420 s right after D plasma exposure. A power law fit, t -α , yields α ∼ 0.34 ± 0.09, which is nearly consistent with calculated and measured values.

[Assessment of the severity scores in patients included in a sepsis code in an Emergency Departament]. / Valoración de escalas de gravedad en pacientes incluidos en un código sepsis en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to determine the usefulness of the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), quick SOFA (qSOFA), LODS (Logistic Organ Dysfunction System) and EWS (Early Warning Score) scores to predict in-hospital mortality among septic patients attended in the emergency department; to evaluate what factors are associated with mortality; and develop a predictive model of in-hospital mortality. METHODS: Retrospective study including patients over 14 years of age included in the sepsis code of an Emergency Department of a University Hospital between November 2013 and September 2015. Demographic variables, hemodynamic and analytical variables, and in-hospital mortality were collected to obtain qSOFA, SOFA, LODS, EWS scores. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for each score. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the probability of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 349 patients were analyzed, median age 72.7 (range 86), males: 54.4%. The in-hospital mortality was 21.8%. AUC obtained: LODS: 0.73 (IC 95% 0.67-0.80; p<0.001), EWS: 0.73 (IC 95% 0.65-0.81; p<0.001), SOFA: 0.72 (IC 95% 0.65- 0.78; p<0.001), qSOFA: 0.67 (IC 95% 0.58-0.76; p<0.001). After the multivariate analysis, these were the independent factors associated with in-hospital mortality: Oxygen saturation ≤92%, Glasgow coma score <14, lactate ≥2mmol/L (p<0.05). Two prognostic models were generated: MPRO1: age, oxygen saturation ≤92% and Glasgow coma score <14, AUC: 0.78 (IC 95% 0.72-0.84; p<0.001) and MPRO2 formed by the previous ones and lactate ≥2mmol/L, AUC: 0.82 (IC 95% 0.76-0.87; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SOFA score and the new developed scores could be useful in asses the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients included in the sepsis code.

Glucosensing capacity of rainbow trout telencephalon.

To assess the hypothesis of glucosensing systems present in fish telencephalon, we first demonstrated in rainbow trout, by in situ hybridisation, the presence of glucokinase (GK). Then, we assessed the response of glucosensing markers in rainbow trout telencephalon 6 hours after i.c.v. treatment with glucose or 2-deoxyglucose (inducing glucoprivation). We evaluated the response of parameters related to the mechanisms dependent on GK, liver X receptor (LXR), mitochondrial activity, sweet taste receptor and sodium-glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT-1). We also assessed mRNA abundance of neuropeptides involved in the metabolic control of food intake (agouti-related protein, neuropeptide Y, pro-opiomelanocortin, and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript), as well as the abundance and phosphorylation status of proteins possibly involved in linking glucosensing with neuropeptide expression, such as protein kinase B (AkT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The responses obtained support the presence in the telencephalon of a glucosensing mechanism based on GK and maybe one based on LXR, although they do not support the presence of mechanisms dependent on mitochondrial activity and SGLT-1. The mechanism based on sweet taste receptor responded to glucose but in a converse way to that characterised previously in the hypothalamus. In general, systems responded only to glucose but not to glucoprivation. Neuropeptides did not respond to glucose or glucoprivation. By contrast, the presence of glucose activates Akt and inhibits AMPK, CREB and forkhead box01. This is the first study in any vertebrate species in which the response to glucose of putative glucosensing mechanisms is demonstrated in the telencephalon. Their role might relate to processes other than homeostatic control of food intake, such as the hedonic and reward system.

Attenuation of obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice with heterozygous deletion of ROCK2.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic liver disease. Over-activation of the RhoA-Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway has been implicated in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, but the relative contribution of ROCK2 has not been elucidated. This was investigated in the present study. METHODS: Male ROCK2+/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls were fed normal chow or a high fat diet (HFD) for 18 weeks. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted 8 and 16 weeks after the start of feeding. At termination, isoform-specific ROCK activity and insulin signaling were evaluated in epididymal adipose tissue. Adipocyte size was assessed morphometrically, while adipose tissue production of PPARγ was determined by western blotting, and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The decrease in systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance produced by high fat feeding was attenuated in ROCK2+/- mice. There was no reduction in food intake, body weight or epididymal fat pad weight in HFD-ROCK2+/- mice. However, the increase in adipocyte size detected in HFD-WT mice was attenuated in HFD-ROCK2+/- mice. The increase in adipose tissue ROCK2 activity produced by high fat feeding in WT mice was also prevented in ROCK2+/- mice, and this was accompanied by improved insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt. The expression of both isoforms of PPARγ was increased in adipose tissue from HFD-ROCK2+/- mice, while adipocyte hypertrophy and production of inflammatory cytokines were reduced compared with HFD-WT mice. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that activation of ROCK2 in adipose tissue contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance. This may result in part from suppression of PPARγ expression, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy and an increase in inflammatory cytokine production. ROCK2 may be a suitable target to improve insulin sensitivity in obesity.

Effects of insulin treatment on the response to oleate and octanoate of food intake and fatty acid-sensing systems in rainbow trout.

We hypothesized that food intake and the response of fatty acid (FA)-sensing systems in hypothalamus, liver, and Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout to raised levels of oleate (OL) or octanoate (OCT) is modified by insulin treatment. To assess this hypothesis, 15 fish per group received intraperitoneally 10-mL/kg injection of saline solution alone (control), or containing insulin (2-mg bovine insulin/kg body mass), OL (300 µg/kg), OCT (300 µg/kg), insulin + OL, or insulin + OCT to be sampled 6 h later to assess parameters related to FA sensing. Our results suggest that the modulatory role of insulin on the responses of hypothalamic FA-sensing systems to changes in circulating levels of OL or OCT was of minor importance in contrast to the mammalian model. However, this is in contrast with the effects observed in another experiment assessing changes in food intake after similar treatments because insulin treatment enhanced the anorectic effects of FA alone, and the effect was especially relevant (P < 0.001) for OCT, in contrast with the mammalian model where this FA is not inducing an anorectic response. In liver and Brockmann bodies, insulin treatment enhanced the responses to OL or OCT treatment in parameters related to FA sensing. Therefore, we provide for the first time in fish, and in a non-mammalian vertebrate, evidence for the modulation of FA-sensing systems by insulin.

Effective qPCR methodology to quantify the expression of virulence genes in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.

AIMS: This study aimed to select and validate different methodological strategies to quantify the expression of the virulence genes ascC and ascV by qPCR in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (Aer. salmonicida). METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the geNorm, Normfinder and BestKeeper algorithms, reference genes for the qPCR were selected based on their in vitro expression stabilities in three Aer. salmonicida strains. Gene amplification efficiency was calculated by Real-time PCR Miner and LinReg PCR programmes, which have not been used previously in the analysis of bacterial gene expression. The expression of the ascC and ascV virulence genes in a virulent Aer. salmonicida strain was evaluated by three quantification models, including single (least or most stable) or three most stable reference genes, combined with constant or specific gene amplification efficiency. The most stable reference genes were gyrB, proC and rpoC, while rpoD and fabD were the least stable. Quantification models showed different expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal strategy to quantify mRNA expression was to use a combination of the three algorithms and the quantification model including the three most stable reference genes. Real-time PCR Miner or LinReg PCR were valuable tools to estimate amplification efficiency. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The methods used in this study gave more reliable expression data using qPCR than previously published methods. The quantification and expression dynamics of virulence genes will contribute to a better understanding of how Aer. salmonicida interacts with its host and the environment, and therefore to the prevention of epizootics due to this pathogen.

Gradation of the stress response in rainbow trout exposed to stressors of different severity: the role of brain serotonergic and dopaminergic systems.

After an intense acute stressor, fish develop a metabolic and behavioural response that usually lasts for several hours. Brain monoaminergic systems, particularly the serotonergic system, appear to play a key role in the central regulation of the stress response. However, the influence of stressor severity on brain monoaminergic systems and on the induced stress responses is yet poorly understood. We hypothesise that serotonergic system could have a direct role in the integration of sensory information during stressor exposure and in the organisation of the subsequent integrated stress response. According to our hypothesis, a low stressor intensity would induce a low response of brain serotonergic system and therefore stress responses of low magnitude and duration. To test this hypothesis, we exposed fish to handling disturbance for 5 s, 15 s or 3 min. We sampled fish at 0 (controls), 3, 15, 45 and 240 min after the start of the stress protocol. Brain levels of serotonin, dopamine and their respective main oxidative metabolites were quantified, along with plasma levels of stress markers (catecholamines, cortisol, glucose and lactate). Regarding stress markers, the 5-s and 15-s stress protocols induced similar and relatively low elevations in all parameters assessed. As expected, the 3-min protocol induced responses of a higher intensity and duration in all plasma parameters. Interestingly, the alterations of brain monoaminergic systems did not follow the same trend. The three stress protocols induced increases in the serotonergic activity in all brain regions analysed (hypothalamus, telencephalon and medulla oblongata), independently of the duration of the handling disturbance, whereas the effects on the dopaminergic system were minor and brain region-dependent. These data suggest that the brain serotonergic system, although likely involved in the recognition of the stressor stimuli, is not the only actor determining the magnitude and duration of the acute stress response in trout.

Everolimus-based immunosuppression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma at high risk of recurrence after liver transplantation: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation offers the most effective treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, transplant patients outside the Milan criteria have a high risk of tumor recurrence, which has been linked to standard immunosuppression regimens. Everolimus is a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor that has been used for immunosuppression, but its effect on recurrence and survival in HCC patients with a high risk of tumor recurrence has not been examined. We compared long-term survival and cumulative recurrence in high-risk patients receiving everolimus-based immunosuppression after liver transplantation for HCC with an historic control group. METHODS: The everolimus group comprised 21 patients receiving a liver transplant at our center from February 2005 to December 2010. The control group comprised 31 patients receiving a liver transplant from May 1994 to January 2005. All patients received cyclosporine or tacrolimus as initial post-transplant immunosuppression. Patients in the everolimus group switched to everolimus 2 weeks later. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two groups in number of rejection episodes or of infectious or surgical complications. Five-year survival was 60.2% in the everolimus group and 32.3% in the control group (P = .05). Five-year cumulative recurrence rate was 61.3% in the control group and 41.3% in the everolimus group. Treatment with everolimus was identified as an independent predictor of longer survival (hazard ratio = 0.34; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving liver transplantation for HCC with a high risk of tumor recurrence may well benefit from everolimus-based immunosuppression, with no added risks of rejection or other post-transplant complications.

Oral administration of melatonin counteracts several of the effects of chronic stress in rainbow trout.

To assess a possible antistress role of melatonin in fish, we orally administered melatonin to rainbow trout for 10 d and then kept the fish under normal or high stocking density conditions during the last 4 d. Food intake; biochemical parameters in plasma (cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations); liver (glucose and glycogen concentrations, and glycogen synthase activity); enzyme activities of amylase, lipase, and protease in foregut and midgut; and content of the hypothalamic neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, as well as their oxidized metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid, were evaluated under those conditions. High stocking density conditions alone induced changes indicative of stress conditions in plasma cortisol concentrations, liver glycogenolytic potential, the activities of some digestive enzymes, and the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid-to-dopamine and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid-to-serotonin ratios in the hypothalamus. Melatonin treatment in nonstressed fish induced an increase in liver glycogenolytic potential, increased the activity of some digestive enzymes, and enhanced serotoninergic and dopaminergic metabolism in hypothalamus. The presence of melatonin in stressed fish resulted in a significant interaction with cortisol concentrations in plasma, glycogen content, and glycogen synthase activity in liver and dopaminergic and serotoninergic metabolism in the hypothalamus. In general, the presence of melatonin mitigated several of the effects induced by stress, supporting an antistress role for melatonin in rainbow trout.

Obstructive sleep apnoea in children: perioperative considerations.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has become a major public health concern as its incidence and severity have increased in tandem with the obesity epidemic. In children, OSA is now recognized as a common disorder and can be associated with significant morbidity. OSA belongs to a spectrum of diagnoses known as sleep-related breathing disorders in which the airway is completely (apnoea) or partially (hypopnoea) occluded during sleep despite continued respiratory efforts. This airway obstruction can cause abnormal gas exchange leading to hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, and their attendant physiological and behavioural consequences. The degrees of hypercapnia, hypoxaemia, and upper airway airflow reduction are the primary factors determining the severity of OSA. In young children, adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common anatomical abnormality associated with OSA, and adenotonsillectomy is, therefore, the most common surgical intervention. Perioperative complications associated with adenotonsillectomy are more common in children with severe OSA. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of OSA, careful and complete preoperative assessment, meticulous intraoperative and postoperative management, and early recognition of potential perioperative complications are essential to optimization of outcomes. The safe anaesthetic management of a child with OSA requires an anaesthetic technique tailored to the underlying aetiology and severity of OSA and the surgical procedure. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of OSA, and the state-of-the-art and future directions in the perioperative management of children with OSA.

Oligomerization of 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and methyl 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoate catalyzed by lipases.

The main monomer of tomato cuticle, 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (10,16-DHPA) and its methyl ester derivative (methyl-10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanote; methyl-10,16-DHHD), were used to study their oligomerization reactions catalyzed by five lipases: Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B), Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RM), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TL), Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). For 10,16-DHPA, optimum yields were obtained at 60 °C using toluene and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) as solvent, while for methyl-10,16-DHHD the bests yields were obtained in toluene and acetonitrile. Both reactions leaded to linear polyesters according to the NMR and FT-IR analysis, and there was no data indicating the presence of branched polymers. Using optimized conditions, poly(10,16-DHPA) and poly(methyl-10,16-DHHD) with Mw = 814 and Mn = 1,206 Da, and Mw = 982 and Mn = 860 Da, respectively, were formed according to their MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-MS data. The self-assembly of the polyesters obtained were analyzed by AFM.

Characterization and quantification of saponins and flavonoids in sprouts, seed coats and cotyledons of germinated black beans.

Saponins, flavonols and isoflavones were quantified in sprouts, cotyledons and seed coats of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to germination over five days. Sprouts had a higher concentration of saponins compared to cotyledons or seed coats (p<0.05). The saponins concentration in hilum increased 2.3-fold after soaking. After the first day of germination, the saponin concentration in sprouts and cotyledons increased 1.9 and 2.1-fold, respectively. Additional germination days decreased the amount of the most abundant soyasaponins in black bean sprouts. Flavonols and isoflavones were associated with seed coats and less than one third of the initial amount remained after the soaking process. The concentrations of flavonols were also reduced during germination process. Aglycones were detected only after soaking and their concentration remained unchanged during germination. Genistein was detected only after three days of germination. In general, one-day germinated black beans could be recommended for increasing the concentration of saponins and non-glycosylated flavonols in sprouts and seed coats, respectively.

Characterization of two different melatonin binding sites in peripheral tissues of the teleost Tinca tinca.

The aim of the present study was to localize and characterize 2-iodo-melatonin ([(125)I]Mel) binding sites in peripheral tissues of the teleost Tinca tinca. A wide distribution of [(125)I]Mel binding sites in peripheral locations of the tench is found, with highest densities being measured in the heart, gills and kidney, and low density of [(125)I]Mel binding sites in gastrointestinal tract, spleen, liver and gonads. Saturation, kinetics, and pharmacological approaches revealed the presence of, at least, two different [(125)I]Mel binding sites in the tench peripheral tissues. The unique characterized subtype in the heart fulfils all the criteria for a canonical melatonin receptor belonging to MT(1) family (the binding is saturable, reversible, and inhibited by GTP analogs), and gives support for the presence of a functional melatonin receptor in the heart of the tench. In contrast, kinetic and pharmacological studies in the kidney revealed the preponderance of a melatonin binding site belonging to the MT(3)-like receptor subtype. Moreover, the decrease of specific binding in both, heart and kidney membranes, and the decrease of affinity in the kidney, produced by the addition of a non-hydrolysable GTP analog, and sodium cations suggest the presence of G(i/o)-proteins (that mediate inhibition of cAMP formation) coupled to such melatonin binding sites. Our results also point to different G(i/o)-proteins involved in the underlying mechanism of melatonin binding sites activation in the kidney. Additionally, the kinetics of [(125)I]Mel binding in kidney membrane preparations is a highly thermosensitive process, being necessary to perform the assays at 4 °C since the equilibrium was not reached at 25 °C assay temperature. The time needed to complete association of [(125)I]Mel at such low temperature is only 15s, whereas 100s is required to displace [(125)I]Mel specific binding by the unlabeled melatonin in kidney membranes. Present results support previous reports on melatonin effects in the regulation of different physiological functions in teleost (as cardiovascular physiology and osmoregulation) acting through peripheral specific receptors.

[Pulmonary granulomatous necrotizing vasculitis: an extra-intestinal manifestation of ulcerative colitis or Wegener's granulomatosis?]. / Vasculite granulomateuse nécrosante pulmonaire : une manifestation extra-intestinale de la rectocolite ulcéro-hémorragique ou une maladie de Wegener isolé ?

Respiratory symptoms are rare manifestations of ulcerative colitis as well as intestinal manifestations in Wegener granulomatosis. We report the case of a 17-year old man previously diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis who presented with diffuse thoracic pain. Hypermetabolic pulmonary nodules were discovered at the positron emission tomographic scan. Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis was demonstrated at lung biopsy. In this paper, we describe the association between pulmonary nodules and ulcerative colitis and we discuss the possibility of an overlap syndrome between ulcerative colitis and Wegener granulomatosis.

Localized malignant lymphohistiocytoid pleural mesothelioma.

We report a case of a 42-year-old man with a right pleural mesothelioma. This neoplasm has 3 rare features. Firstly, it was a localized form: suspected by imaging, visualized by video-assisted thoracoscopy, at the time of the curative-thoracotomy and confirmed by the pathological analysis. The second characteristic is its histological type: "malignant lymphohistiocytoid mesothelioma". This rare subtype has been reported in only 4 papers. Third, after pleuro-pneumonectomy, our patient is alive after 6 years and 5 months postoperatively without any sign of recurrence. Only one case with a long follow-up has been reported but with recurrence at 5 years postoperatively.

Analysis of eating disorders among 12-17 year-old adolescents in the island of Gran Canaria.

A clinical pathology characterized by disturbances in eating behaviour has been often associated to socio-cultural factors that influence the psychopathology of these disorders. The alarming increase in the number of teenagers with eating disorders underscores the need to promote research on the underlying causes, and to identify high-risk subpopulations in need of effective targeted treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of eating disorders among an adolescent population of both sexes on the island of Gran Canaria. The sample was composed of adolescent boys and girls aged 12 to 17 years old (N=1364) who resided in different municipalities of Gran Canaria. The EAT-40 questionnaire was administered (cut-off point at 30), and body mass index measurements were assessed. The mean BMI for the 1364 subjects was 21.8 Kg/m²; 15% were underweight, and of these at least 1% obtained BMI values below 15 Kg/m². Thus, 13.4% of adolescents were potentially at risk of eating disorders according to the EAT-40 questionnaire. Moreover, the BMI was not significantly correlated to the EAT-40 and was not considered a sufficient parameter to establish the incidence of eating disorders.

[Endonasal tubes as cause of pressure ulcers in the critical patient]. / Sondas endonasales como causa de las úlceras por presión en el paciente crítico.

INTRODUCTION: One of the risks of using endonasal tubes (ET) is the appearance of pressure ulcers (PU). OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the proportion of patients with nasal PU, study the risk factors of appearance, and find predictive variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A six-month prospective, observational study of intensive care unit patients with ET. VARIABLES: Variable response: "the appearance of pu as a result of the use of ET". Explanatory variables: age, duration of stay, length of time with ET, gender, sedation, norepinephrine perfusion, mechanical ventilation, anemia, nutritional state. ANALYSIS: multivariate statistical techniques (multiple logistical regression). Statistics program g-stat 2.0. Significance level p < 0.05. RESULTS: Sample of 48 patients. Proportion of patients with PU: 29.2%. Those patients with PU had similar ages, duration of stay and longer length of time with ET. Results of the Logistic Regression model: only the variable "time with ET" was statistically significant (p = 0.03; odds ratio: 1.047). CONCLUSIONS: The length of time the patient is using an ET influences the appearance of nasal PU (risk increases 1.047 for each day with ET). None of the variables dealt with could be used as a predictive factor in the appearance of PU.