Seasonal variations in blood parameters among kyrgyz elite judo athletes / Variações sazonais de alguns parâmetros sanguíneos em atletas de judô de elite do quirguistão / Variaciones estacionales de algunos parámetros sanguíneos en atletas de judo de kirguistán

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evaluation of health status and physical condition of Kyrgyz Judo Athletes before the Olympic Games. Objective: To evaluate changes in hematological, biochemical and blood gas values of athletes during the training period. Methods: Eight elite athletes (n=8 men), participated to the study. Before and after the exercise periods (baseline, 3rd month and 6th month), blood samples were taken, to determine plasma red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), blood clot cell (PLT), granulocyte (NOTR) and agranulocyte (LNF) counts, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) values, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and venous blood pH, PO2, PCO2, SAT O2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, Cl values. In addition, serum glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, triglyceride (Trig), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Creat), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were measured. Results: Although, the athletes' WBC and LNF counts increased significantly (p<0.05) in post-exercise periods, no statistical significance (p>0.05) was found in the other hematological parameters. Blood pH, pCO2, HCO3 and BE values decreased (P<0.05) after the exercise periods. Conclusion: The effects of exercise on judo athletes were evaluated before the Olympics. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.

RESUMO Introdução: Avaliação do estado de saúde e condição física dos atletas de judô do Quirguistão antes dos Jogos Olímpicos. Objetivo: Avaliar a alteração dos valores hematológicos, bioquímicos e gasométricos de atletas durante o período de treinamento. Métodos: Oito atletas de elite (n = 8 homens) participaram do estudo. Antes e depois dos períodos de exercício (basal, 3° mês e 6° mês), foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinar as contagens de eritrócitos (RBC), leucócitos (WBC), plaquetas (PL), granulócitos (NOTR) e agranulócitos (LNF), hemoglobina (Hg) e hematócrito (Ht), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), valores de pH, PO2, pCO2, SatO2, HCO3, EB, Na, K e Cl. Além disso, foram medidas as concentrações de glicemia (Gli), proteína total (PT), colesterol total (CT), HDL colesterol, triglicérides (TG), nitrogênio ureico no sangue (BUN), creatinina (Cr), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e creatina fosfoquinase (CPK). Resultados: Embora a contagem de WBC e agranulócitos dos atletas tenham aumentado significativamente (p < 0,05) nos períodos pós-exercício, não foi encontrada significância estatística (p > 0,05) nos outros parâmetros hematológicos. Os valores de pH, pCO2, HCO3 e EB diminuíram (P < 0,05) depois dos períodos de exercício. Conclusões: Os efeitos do exercício em atletas de judô foram avaliados antes das Olimpíadas. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

RESUMEN Introducción: Evaluación del estado de salud y condición física de los atletas de judo de Kirguistán antes de los Juegos Olímpicos. Objetivo: Evaluar la alteración de los valores hematológicos, bioquímicos y gasométricos de atletas durante el período de entrenamiento. Métodos: Ocho atletas de élite (n = 8 hombres), participaron en el estudio. Antes y después de los períodos de ejercicio (basal, 3° mes y 6° mes), fueron colectadas muestras de sangre para determinar el conteo de eritrocitos (RBC), leucocitos (WBC), plaquetas (PLT), granulocitos (NOTR) y agranulocitos. (LNF), hemoglobina (Hg) y hematocrito (Ht), volumen corpuscular promedio (VCM), concentración de hemoglobina corpuscular promedio (CHCM), valores de pH, PO2, pCO2, SatO2, HCO3, EB, Na, K y Cl. Además, fueron medidas las concentraciones de glucemia (Gli), proteína total (PT), colesterol total (CT), HDL colesterol, triglicéridos (TG), nitrógeno ureico en la sangre (BUN), creatinina (Cr), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) y creatina fosfoquinasa (CPK). Resultados: Aunque el conteo de WBC y agranulocitos de los atletas hayan aumentaron significativamente (p <0,05) en los períodos post ejercicio, no fue encontrada significancia estadística (p> 0.05) en los otros parámetros hematológicos. Los valores de pH, pCO2, HCO3 y EB disminuyeron (P <0,05) después de los períodos de ejercicio. Conclusiones: Los efectos del ejercicio en atletas de judo fueron evaluados antes de las Olimpíadas. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-control.

Seasonal evaluation of skeletal muscle damage and hematological and biochemical parameters of Greco-Roman wrestlers from the Kyrgyzstan National Team before the 2016 Summer Olympic Games.

BACKGROUND: Regular exercise activities affect blood cells. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seasonal evaluation of some hematological and biochemical parameters of the Olympic Greco-Roman wrestlers. METHODS: A total of three measurements were performed on wrestlers: immediately before the training period, three months and six months after the training session. Hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed by taking sufficient blood samples from the athletes before and after exercise. RESULTS: The total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil values were found to be significantly higher (p< 0.05) in all three measures (beginning, 3rd and 6th months) in comparison with the values before exercise. When biochemical analyses were examined, blood glucose levels were significantly decreased after exercise in all three measures compared to before exercise. Post-exercise HDL cholesterol concentrations significantly increased (p< 0.05) while LDL cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: On all three measures fatigue exercise has significantly increased the total leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil values of wrestlers, while other, hematological parameters were not affected evenly. Fatigue exercise also significantly reduced blood glucose levels and LDL cholesterol concentrations, while HDL cholesterol concentrations were increased. The six-month period training did not have a significant effect on both hematologic and biochemical parameters in all three measurements.

Melatonin has a protective effect against lipid peroxidation in the bone tissue of diabetic rats subjected to acute swimming exercise.

Aim The present study aimed to examine the effects of melatonin supplementation on lipid peroxidation in the bone tissue of diabetic rats subjected to acute swimming exercise. Methods The study was conducted on 80 Sprague-Dawley type adult male rats which were equally allocated to eight groups: group 1, general control; group 2, melatonin-supplemented control; group 3, melatonin-supplemented diabetic control; group 4, swimming control; group 5, melatonin-supplemented swimming; group 6, melatonin-supplemented diabetic swimming; group 7, diabetic swimming; group 8, diabetic control. In order to induce diabetes, the animals were subcutaneously injected with 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). The animals were supplemented with 3 mg/kg/day melatonin intraperitoneally (IP) for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, the animals were decapitated to collect bone tissue samples which were examined to find out the malondialdehyde (MDA) (nmol/g/protein) and glutathione (GSH) (mg/dL/g protein) levels. Results The highest MDA values in the bone tissue were found in groups 7 and 8. MDA levels in the bone tissue in groups 3 and 6 were lower than the levels in groups 7 and 8, but higher than those in all other groups. Groups 3, 5 and 6 had the highest bone tissue GSH values. On the other hand, the lowest GSH level was established in groups 7 and 8. Conclusion The results of the present study indicated that the cell damage caused by acute swimming exercise and diabetes in the bone tissue could be prevented by melatonin supplementation.

Effect of Resveratrol Administration on the Element Metabolism in the Blood and Brain Tissues of Rats Subjected to Acute Swimming Exercise.

The aim of the present study is to examine how resveratrol administration affects the element metabolism in the blood and brain cortex tissues of rats subjected to an acute swimming exercise. The study was carried out on Wistar-Albino-type adult male rats supplied by the Center. Group 1 is the control group. Group 2 is the swimming control group. Group 3 is the resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) + swimming group. Group 4 is the resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) group. Blood and brain cortex tissues were analyzed for some elements. The acute swimming exercise led to increases in the rats' serum iron, selenium, lead, cobalt, and boron levels, while the resveratrol-swimming group has increases in copper, phosphorus, and calcium values. The brain cortex tissue of the resveratrol-swimming group had significantly higher molybdenum levels than others. The results obtained in the study indicate that acute swimming exercise altered the distribution of elements in the serum to a considerable extent; however, resveratrol's affect is limited. Especially, resveratrol supplementation may have a regulatory affect on serum iron and magnesium levels.

Effects of diurnal and nocturnal strenuous exercise on serum melatonin levels / Efeitos do exercício extenuante diurno e noturno sobre os níveis séricos de melatonina / Efectos del ejercicio extenuante diurno y nocturno en los niveles séricos de la melatonina

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are reports of a possible relationship between melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, and exercise. Objective: The present study aims to investigate how diurnal and nocturnal strenuous exercise affects melatonin levels. Methods: The study enrolled 10 healthy sedentary males who did not actively exercise. The subjects had a mean age of 22.20±0.24 years, a mean height of 174.60±2.33 cm, and a mean weight of 69.70±2.42 kg. Two blood samples were collected from the subjects, one at rest, at 10:00 am, and the other immediately after strenuous exercise. Likewise, blood samples were taken from the same group of subjects after 48 hours: at 24:00 hours at rest and immediately after strenuous exercise. Samples were analyzed using the ELISA method to determine the serum melatonin levels (pg/ml). Results: By comparing the values at rest and after exercise, it was found that serum melatonin values remained unchanged with exercise. Serum melatonin values at rest or post-exercise measured at night were higher when compared with those measured during the day (p<0.05). Conclusions: Higher levels of melatonin found in the study appear to result from the increased release of melatonin at night, and not from exercise. The results of this study indicate that strenuous exercise carried out day or night, did not significantly influence serum melatonin levels.

RESUMO Introdução: Há relatos de uma possível relação entre a melatonina, hormônio secretado pela glândula pineal, e exercício. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar como o exercício extenuante diurno e noturno afeta os níveis de melatonina. Métodos: O estudo inscreveu 10 homens sedentários saudáveis que não se exercitavam ativamente. Os sujeitos tinham média de idade de 22,20 ± 0,24 anos, estatura média de 174,60 ± 2,33 cm e peso médio de 69,70 ± 2,42 kg. Duas amostras de sangue foram coletadas dos sujeitos, uma em repouso, às 10h00 da manhã e a outra imediatamente após exercício extenuante. Da mesma forma, foram coletadas amostras de sangue do mesmo grupo de sujeitos depois de 48 horas: às 24h00 em repouso e imediatamente após exercício extenuante. As amostras foram analisadas pelo método ELISA para determinar os níveis séricos de melatonina (pg/ml). Resultados: Ao serem comparados os valores de repouso e depois do exercício, verificou-se que os valores séricos de melatonina permaneceram inalterados após exercício. Os valores séricos de melatonina em repouso e pós-exercício, medidos à noite foram mais elevados em comparação com os valores medidos durante o dia (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Os níveis elevados de melatonina encontrados no estudo parecem resultar do aumento da liberação de melatonina à noite, e não do exercício. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o exercício extenuante realizado durante o dia ou à noite, não influenciou significativamente os níveis séricos de melatonina.

RESUMEN Introducción: Hay reportes de una posible relación entre la melatonina, una hormona secretada por la glándula pineal, y el ejercicio. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar cómo el ejercicio extenuante diurno y nocturno afecta a los niveles de melatonina. Métodos: En el estudio participaron 10 hombres sanos sedentarios que no hacían ejercicio de forma activa. Los sujetos tenían una edad promedio de 22,20 ± 0,24 años, altura promedio de 174,60 ± 2,33 cm, y peso promedio de 69,70 ± 2,42 kg. Dos muestras de sangre se obtuvieron de los sujetos, una en reposo, a las 10:00 horas de la mañana y la otra inmediatamente después del ejercicio vigoroso. Igualmente, las muestras de sangre se recogieron del mismo grupo de sujetos después de 48 horas: a las 24:00 horas en reposo e inmediatamente después del ejercicio extenuante. Las muestras se analizaron usando el método ELISA para determinar los niveles de melatonina en suero (pg/ml). Resultados: Mediante la comparación de los valores en reposo y después del ejercicio, se encontró que los valores séricos de melatonina se mantuvieron sin cambios después del ejercicio. Ambos valores de melatonina en reposo y después del ejercicio, medidos por la noche fueron más altos en comparación con los medidos durante el día (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Los altos niveles de melatonina encontrados en el estudio parecen ser el resultado del aumento de la liberación de melatonina en la noche, y no del ejercicio. Los resultados de este estudio indican que el ejercicio extenuante realizado durante el día o por la noche, no afectó significativamente los niveles de melatonina en suero.

Effect of vitamin A administration on free radicals and lactate levels in individuals exercised to exhaustion.

This study was performed to explore the effect of vitamin A administration on Free Radicals production and antioxidant system activity and lactate levels in individuals exercised to exhaustion The study registered 10 healthy sedentary males their mean age was 22,85±0,26 years. The subjects were orally administrated with 300 mg vitamin A (retinol) for 4 weeks and engaged in strenuous exercise (using the Bruce protocol) once a week. Blood samples were collected from the subjects at four different times, before and after the supplementation and before and after exercise to analyze Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO), Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels using colorimetric ELISA test kits and plasma lactate levels using an autoanalyzer. Exhaustion exercise leaded to an increase in both MDA, NO, and lactate, and GSH, GSH-Px, CAT and SOD levels compared to resting levels both before and after supplementation (p<0.05). Increased NO levels found in pre-supplementation exhaustion showed a significant decrease after the supplementation of vitamin A (p<0.05), but the other parameters were not changed after vitamin A administration. The results of our study demonstrate that the increase caused by 4-week strenuous exercise in the levels of the free radical NO was offset by vitamin A supplementation. It can be suggested that supplementation of vitamin A at physiological doses has a limited effect on lipid peroxidation caused by strenuous exercise.

The effect of glycerol supplements on aerobic and anaerobic performance of athletes and sedentary subjects.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol supplementation on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in sedentary subjects and athletes. The glycerol supplement treatments were as follows: 40 volunteers were selected and divided into two groups, sedentary and exercise groups. These two groups were further subdivided into two groups. The first group, the placebo (S), only consumed water; the second group (GS) consumed glycerol followed by water. Neither of these groups did any exercise for 20 days. The third and fourth groups consisted of the exercise group subjects; they were required to perform a 20-m shuttle run test every day for 20 days. The third group's subjects, the placebo (E), only consumed water. The last group (GE) consumed glycerol followed by water. The Astrand Cycle Ergometer Test (ACET) was performed, and the Cosmed K4b(2) portable gas analysis system was used to determine the aerobic capacity, while the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAPT) was performed to determine the level of anaerobic power. The 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (20MSRT) was performed after glycerol supplementation throughout the 20 days, and the exercise periods and distances were recorded. The glycerol supplement was found to have an increasing effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance in GS, E and GE. A similar effect was found for the covered distances and time in the same groups. However, an adverse effect was found on body weight.

The effect of vitamin A supplementation on various elements in elite taekwondo players.

The present study aims to examine the effects of both physical activity and vitamin A supplementation on trace element metabolism in individuals engaged in taekwondo. The study registered seven healthy male national taekwondo players whose mean age was 21.86 ± 0.34 years and mean weight was 64.86 ± 2.72 kg. The subjects were supplemented with oral administration of 100 mg vitamin A (retinol) for 6 weeks, and concurrently, they were subjected to taekwondo training 5 days a week. Before starting the vitamin A supplementation, blood samples were taken from the subjects twice, once at rest and once after exhaustion. Similarly, at the end of the 6-week vitamin A supplementation, two blood samples were taken from the subjects, once at rest and once after exhaustion, in order to determine (by atomic emission) and compare serum cobalt, molybdenum, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, boron, and zinc (mg/L) levels. Values of boron and nickel dropped significantly after 6-week vitamin A supplementation (p < 0.001). Reduced levels of boron and nickel we obtained in the present study are believed to result from the antioxidant effect of long-term vitamin A supplementation.

Elements in sera of elite taekwondo athletes: effects of vitamin E supplementation.

Many researchers have emphasized the relation between nutrition and development and sustaining performance. Two methods are commonly employed to identify the interaction between physical activity and nutrition. The first consists of administering food with a variety of contents to people engaged in physical activity and observing their performance responses, and the other is concerned with determining the effects of physical activity on nutrition. Therefore, it can be said that there has been a growing interest in the explorations into the relation between exercise and vitamins, minerals, and elements. The present study reports the effects of 6 weeks administration of 300 mg/day vitamin E on the distribution of serum elements in elite taekwondo athletes. Seven male athletes, mean ages 22.1 ± 0.5 years weighing on average 66.4 ± 2.4 kg were included in the study. The athletes had been practicing taekwondo for 10-12 years. Resting blood samples were collected in duplicate before and after supplementation for determination of serum levels of cobalt, boron, cadmium, chromium, nickel, manganese, sulfur, copper, iron, zinc, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium. Supplementation resulted in significant increases of all elements relative to values before supplementation (p < 0.001), with the exception of boron and sulfur, which remained without change. The results of the present study demonstrate that vitamin E supplementation crucially influences the element and mineral metabolism in elite athletes.