The Action System Model: A Typology of Spanish Homicides.

The Action System model offers a scientific foundation to the differentiation and classification of crimes, based on behavioral indicators, allowing the establishment of relationships between the actions carried out by the offender on the crime scene and their characteristics. Although it was originally developed for application to fires, its utility has been tested in distinct criminal typologies, with few studies having considered homicides. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness and validity of the Action System model to differentiate thematically between the structure of the homicides and to create a typology of simple homicides in Spain, based on the relationships between the modus operandi, characteristics of the victims and characteristics of the offenders. The sample consisted of 448 homicides. Four homicide typologies were identified: Expressive, Adaptive, Integrative and Conservative, which represent 87.5% of the studied cases. Expressive homicides are impulsive, with offenders having criminal records and previously knowing their victims. Adaptive homicides are linked to robberies and sexual aggressions, in which the victim and offender are strangers. Integrative homicides take place in the family environment, specifically female offenders and femicides. Conservative homicides are very well planned, highlighting the presence of post mortem actions. The findings of this work suggest that the Action System model is a useful theoretical framework for the identification of variations in criminal behavior and understanding of the psychological processes underlying the homicides. These results have practical implications in the academic setting, since they offer a global perspective as to how simple homicides in Spain may be differentiated, also within the framework of criminal profiling, specifically, suspect prioritization.

The relationship between Gender Norms and Alcohol Consumption: A Systematic Review. / Relación entre las normas de género y el consumo de alcohol: una revisión sistemática.

There are different profiles of alcohol consumption for men and women, and different courses and prognoses associated with problems caused by alcohol abuse. There is evidence of these differences by sex, but research on their links to differences associated with gender dimensions is scarcer. In order to know what has been researched on the subject, this article reviews the literature regarding the relationship between conformity with gender norms and alcohol use and/or abuse in adults. A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO and ScienceDirect. Twenty-four articles published in English or Spanish were included and analysed. The main findings were: 1) conformity to norms associated with traditional masculine role (dominance, womanising, aggressiveness, risk behaviours) is related to greater alcohol use; 2) conformity to norms associated with traditional feminine role (interest in home life and family care) is related with lower alcohol use. These findings provide evidence of the relationship between dimensions associated with gender and drinking. It is considered that the possibilities of modifying beliefs and gender patterns linked to risk behaviours is an aspect to be taken into account in the field of prevention, with the development of gender measures a necessary task to further deepen the study of these relationships.

El consumo de alcohol presenta perfiles diferenciales entre hombres y mujeres,  existiendo diferencias igualmente respecto al curso y pronóstico de los problemas derivados del abuso de alcohol. Existe evidencia acerca de estas diferencias en función del sexo, pero la investigación acerca de su relación con diferencias en función de dimensiones asociadas al género es más escasa. Con el objetivo de conocer qué es lo que se ha investigado sobre el tema, se revisa la literatura acerca de la relación entre la conformidad con las normas de género y consumo de alcohol en adultos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el tema en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO y ScienceDirect. Se incluyeron y analizaron 24 estudios publicados en inglés o español. Los resultados más importantes fueron: 1) la conformidad con normas asociadas al rol tradicional masculino (dominancia, donjuanismo, agresividad, conductas de riesgo) está relacionada, en general, con un mayor consumo de alcohol; 2) la conformidad con normas asociadas al rol tradicional femenino (interés en vida hogareña y cuidado de la familia) se asocia con menor consumo de alcohol. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia acerca de la relación entre dimensiones asociadas al género y el consumo de alcohol. Se considera que las posibilidades de modificación de las creencias y patrones de género vinculados con comportamientos de riesgo es un aspecto a considerar en el ámbito de la prevención, siendo el desarrollo de medidas de género una tarea necesaria para continuar profundizando en el estudio de estas relaciones.

Relación entre las normas de género y el consumo de alcohol: una revisión sistemática / The Relationship between Gender Norms and Alcohol Consumption: A Systematic Review

El consumo de alcohol presenta perfiles diferenciales entre hombres y mujeres,  existiendo diferencias igualmente respecto al curso y pronóstico de los problemas derivados del abuso de alcohol. Existe evidencia acerca de estas diferencias en función del sexo, pero la investigación acerca de su relación con diferencias en función de dimensiones asociadas al género es más escasa. Con el objetivo de conocer qué es lo que se ha investigado sobre el tema, se revisa la literatura acerca de la relación entre la conformidad con las normas de género y consumo de alcohol en adultos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el tema en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO y ScienceDirect. Se incluyeron y analizaron 24 estudios publicados en inglés o español. Los resultados más importantes fueron: 1) la conformidad con normas asociadas al rol tradicional masculino (dominancia, donjuanismo, agresividad, conductas de riesgo) está relacionada, en general, con un mayor consumo de alcohol; 2) la conformidad con normas asociadas al rol tradicional femenino (interés en vida hogareña y cuidado de la familia) se asocia con menor consumo de alcohol. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia acerca de la relación entre dimensiones asociadas al género y el consumo de alcohol. Se considera que las posibilidades de modificación de las creencias y patrones de género vinculados con comportamientos de riesgo es un aspecto a considerar en el ámbito de la prevención, siendo el desarrollo de medidas de género una tarea necesaria para continuar profundizando en el estudio de estas relaciones

There are different profiles of alcohol consumption for men and women, and different courses and prognoses associated with problems caused by alcohol abuse. There is evidence of these differences by sex, but research on their links to differences associated with gender dimensions is scarcer. In order to know what has been researched on the subject, this article reviews the literature regarding the relationship between conformity with gender norms and alcohol use and/or abuse in adults. A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO and ScienceDirect. Twenty-four articles published in English or Spanish were included and analysed. The main findings were: 1) conformity to norms associated with traditional masculine role (dominance, womanising, aggressiveness, risk behaviours) is related to greater alcohol use; 2) conformity to norms associated with traditional feminine role (interest in home life and family care) is related with lower alcohol use. These findings provide evidence of the relationship between dimensions associated with gender and drinking. It is considered that the possibilities of modifying beliefs and gender patterns linked to risk behaviours is an aspect to be taken into account in the field of prevention, with the development of gender measures a necessary task to further deepen the study of these relationships

Expressiveness and Instrumentality of Crime Scene Behavior in Spanish Homicides.

One of the current trends in the study of criminal profiling consists of developing theoretical and methodological typologies to offer information of operational use in police investigations. The objective of this work was to verify the validity of the instrumental/expressive model, so as to establish homicide typologies based on modus operandi relationships, characteristics of the victims, and characteristics of perpetrators. The sample consisted of 448 homicide cases registered in the database of the Homicide Revision Project of the Office of Coordination and Studies of the Spanish Secretary of State and Security. Through multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, three expressive homicide subtypes were identified (expressive-impulsive, expressive-distancing, and expressive-family), as well as two instrumental homicide subtypes (instrumental-opportunist and instrumental-gratification). The expressive homicide typologies accounted for almost 95% of all of the studied cases, and most of the homicides occurring in Spain were found to take place between individuals who know one another (friends, family members, intimate couples/ex-couples). The findings from this study suggest that the instrumental/expressive model may be a useful framework for understanding the psychological processes underlying homicides, based on the study of relationships between the crime and aggressor characteristics, which may be very helpful in the prioritization of suspects.

Homicide Profiles Based on Crime Scene and Victim Characteristics.

One of the current trends in homicide research includes developing works based on scientific study and empirical evidence, which offer conclusions that can be used in an operational manner during police investigations. The objective of this study was to identify homicide characteristics from behaviors carried out on the crime scene and victim characteristics associated with those of the perpetrators of these crimes in Spain. The sample consisted of 448 homicide cases from the database of the Homicide Revision Project led by the Office of Coordination and Studies of the Secretary of State and Security. After creating six classification tree models, it was found that the modus operandi of the aggressor and the victim characteristics may permit hypothesizing about the demographic characteristics of the perpetrator (gender, age, and country of origin), his/her criminal record, and the type of relationship with the victim. Furthermore, the importance of the study of victimology during a criminal investigation is highlighted, as it may indirectly offer information about the potential perpetrator. The findings of this study suggest that criminal profiling contributes notably to the decision-making process to establish more rigorous suspect prioritization, improve the management of human resources and materials, and increase the efficiency of criminal investigations.