Tramadol and M1 Bioavailability Induced by Metamizole Co-Administration in Donkeys (Equus asinus).

Our objective was to assess the pharmacokinetic characteristics of metamizole when administered together with tramadol in a single intravenous dose to donkeys. Ten male animals received 10 mg∙kg-1 of dipyrone associated with 2 mg∙kg-1 of tramadol (T2M10) and 25 mg∙kg-1 of dipyrone with 2 mg∙kg-1 of tramadol (T2M25). Venous blood samples were taken from groups to determine the pharmacokinetics after drug administration, using initial brief intervals that were followed by extended periods until 48 h. Restlessness and ataxia were observed in two animals in the T2M25 group. Analysis revealed prolonged detectability of tramadol, 4-methylamine antipyrine, 4-aminoantipyrine (up to 24 h), and O-desmethyltramadol (up to 12 h) after administration. Although metamizole and its metabolites showed no significant pharmacokinetic changes, tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol exhibited altered profiles, likely because of competition for the active sites of CYP450 enzymes. Importantly, the co-administration of metamizole increased the bioavailability of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting their potential interactions and emphasizing the need for further dose optimization in donkey analgesic therapies. In conclusion, metamizole co-administered with tramadol interferes with metabolism and this interference can change the frequency of drug administration and its analgesic efficacy.

Pharmacokinetic properties of metamizole active metabolites in Northeastern Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus).

Metamizole (MT), also known as dipyrone, is an analgesic and antipyretic drug labeled for use in humans and domestic animals in some countries. As with other drugs, the administration of MT in donkeys is based on studies carried out with horses. In the present report, we aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of the two main metamizole active metabolites (N-methyl-4-aminoantipyrine [MAA] and 4-aminoantipyrine [AA]) following 10 (M10 ) and 25 mg/kg (M25 ) IV metamizole doses in Northeast Brazilian donkeys (n = 10). Blood was collected at predetermined times within over 48 h; MAA and AA plasma concentrations were determined by a validated LC-MS/MS method. The metabolites were quantifiable in the M10 until 12 h and M25 until 24 h after drug administration. As expected, AUC0→t , AUC0→∞, and Cmax demonstrated significant differences increases in metamizole metabolites profiles when groups were compared. No adverse effects were observed. This study indicates the need for an extremely sensitive analytical method to adequately characterize the pharmacokinetics of active metabolites of MT, MAA, and AA. In conclusion, the method developed in this research was able to measure the active metabolites of metamizole and with that it was possible to establish their pharmacokinetic profile. Furthermore, after projection of the minimum MAA concentrations, it is possible to infer that the dose of 10 mg/kg will be used on donkeys at 6 h intervals, while the M25 group at 12 h intervals. However, clinical studies are needed to assess this hypothesis.

Impact of blood storage duration on hematologic, blood gas, biochemical, and oxidative stress variables in sheep undergoing allogeneic blood transfusions.

BACKGROUND: Hemotherapy in ruminants is limited to whole blood transfusions, sometimes with stored blood for up to 42 days, but little attention has been given to the effect of blood storage times and recipient responses after transfusions. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the hematologic and serum biochemical effects after allogeneic blood transfusion with either fresh or stored blood in sheep. We also sought to examine hematologic and biochemical analyte changes in the store blood. METHODS: Eighteen sheep underwent a single phlebotomy to remove 40% of their blood volume. The sheep were divided into three experimental groups, G0, G15, and G35, which included six animals, each receiving 20 mL/kg of either fresh blood or blood stored in citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine (CPDA-1) bags for 15 and 35 days, respectively. Biochemical, hematologic, coagulation, blood gas, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress test evaluations were performed using the blood samples gathered at T0 (before transfusion), 30 minutes (T30m), 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours (T6h-T96h), 8 days (T8d), and 16 days (T16d) after transfusions. RESULTS: Sheep exhibited increases in packed cell volumes, red blood cell counts, and total hemoglobin concentrations at T30m (P < .05). G35 animals had greater plasma hemoglobin concentrations at T12h and decreased blood pH values at T6h, characterized by slight metabolic acidemia. Regarding oxidative stress, G35 animals had decreased catalase activities from T0 at T30m, T6h, T12h, and T24h, indicating that hemolysis had occurred, which was supported by concomitant increases in bilirubin. CONCLUSIONS: Sheep transfused with 35-day stored blood exhibited greater hematologic, blood gas, biochemical, and oxidative alterations; however, anemic animals without comorbidities effectively reversed those alterations.

Vertebromedullary Topography of the Red-Rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758).

The agouti is a wild rodent located almost throughout the Brazilian territory, with great scientific importance and high reproductive potential when farmed. In the clinical routine, clinical and surgical procedures are performed on the nervous system of these animals, such as epidural anesthesia and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection; however, data available are limited in literature on the main points of these procedures in this species. In this aspect, the objective was to describe the vertebromedullary topography of the agouti in order to identify and quantify it, with the intention of expanding the information regarding the clinical-surgical procedures in this system. Ten animals were incised longitudinally in the dorsal median line, removing the skin, the musculature, and dorsal fascia of the vertebral column; then, removed the vertebral arches and consequent exposure of the spinal cord and meninges. The morphometry of the animals was done by obtaining the total length, body length, and crown-rump length, as well as the total length of the spinal cord and its segments. The cervical intumescence in the agouti is located between C4-T1 and measures 2.45 cm. The lumbar intumescence is between L5-L7 and is 2.52 cm long. The cauda equina arises from S2 and the filum terminale from S3. As for the medullary cone, it is located between L7-S1 and is 2.52 cm long. The suggested localization for epidural anesthesia or CSF puncture for laboratory tests in agoutis is the lumbosacral space, with the insertion of the needle to be carried out at angle of 90° in the sphinx position. Anat Rec, 303:1472-1477, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Single injection of eCG/hCG leads to successful estrous synchronization in the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758).

The establishment of protocols for the control of the ovarian function of collared peccaries is recommended for the development of assisted reproductive techniques. The goals were to (1) compare a gonadotropin combination with prostaglandin analogue to synchronize timing of onset of estrus among animals, and (2) elucidate the effects of the most desirable protocol for performing an artificial insemination study and macroscopic evaluation of the ovaries. Three of five females treated with a double administration of 120 µg prostaglandin (cloprostenol) at a 9-day interval expressed symptoms of estrus 9 days after the second injection. One female presented estrus after 6 days, whereas other did not respond to the treatment. All females (5/5) treated with a single dose containing 400 IU eCG and 200 IU hCG manifested estrus 6 days after the hormone injection. In a second experiment, ten females that were estrous synchronized using eCG/hCG, were artificially inseminated with fresh semen and monitored for pregnancy every 30 days. Although there was no detection of fetuses by ultrasonic examination, seven females (7/10) had greater than basal progesterone values for 60 days after the treatments were imposed. Ovaries from two females treated with eCG/hCG were collected 6 days post-injection. There was confirmation of an ovarian stimulation as a result of the presence of 88 and 25 antral follicles, as well as three and eight hemorrhagic structures in ovaries of each female, respectively. It, therefore, is proposed that eCG/hCG can be used as an effective treatment for estrous synchronization in collared peccaries.

Addition of Equex STM to Extender Improves Post-Thawing Longevity of Collared Peccaries' Sperm.

The effect of Equex STM® paste supplementation on the Tris-extender for collared peccaries' semen cryopreservation was assessed. Semen from 12 mature individuals was obtained by electroejaculation and evaluated for morphology, membrane integrity, osmotic response, and sperm kinetic metrics. Samples were diluted in Tris plus 20% egg yolk and divided into three aliquots. The first aliquot was without any supplementation, the second and third contained 0.5 and 1.0% Equex STM, respectively. The samples were added with 3% glycerol, frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed, and assessed for the same parameters after a thermal resistance test (TRT) for 120 minutes. Similar values were detected for the different treatments immediately after thawing, except for the amplitude lateral head that was reduced in samples containing Equex (p < 0.05). During TRT, samples containing Equex were more efficient in preserving the sperm motility (at 0.5%: 25.5% ± 4.4%; at 1%: 33.3% ± 6.3%) at 30 minutes, in comparison with the control group (16.6% ± 6.0%), in which sperm motility decreased at 15 minutes (p < 0.05). Moreover, Equex, especially at 0.5% concentration, was able to maintain plasma membrane integrity and sperm motility in all the samples after incubation for 60 minutes. In conclusion, we recommend the addition of Equex STM at 0.5% to the Tris-extender to improve post-thawing sperm longevity in collared peccaries.

Imunolocalização de receptores de leptina no ovário de preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Immunolocalization of leptin receptor of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) ovary

A leptina, uma citocina produzida pelas células adiposas, é alvo da comunidade científica por acreditarem que ela apresente impacto sobre a reprodução dos animais promovendo a puberdade, foliculogênese e oogênese, ciclo estral e auxiliando na fecundação. A compreensão dos mecanismos que controlam a atividade reprodutiva de preás (Galea spixii) possui papel relevante para a preservação da espécie. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propôs analisar a imunolocalização dos receptores de leptina (Ob-R) no ovário de preás. Coletaram-se os ovários de 20 fêmeas adultas, não prenhes e saudáveis. As amostras foram fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% em tampão fosfato, incluídas em parafina e seccionadas para a realização de imunohistoquímica (IHC). As secções foram fotomicrografadas e avaliadas quanto à intensidade da reação. Observou-se forte imunorreação no oócito e nas células da teca, moderada nas células do estroma ovariano e nas células luteínicas grandes e fracamente coradas nas células da granulosa, endoteliais, perivasculares e células luteínicas pequenas. Quando comparado a expressão de receptores ao longo do desenvolvimento folicular foi observado que o oócito e as células da teca se mantiveram com expressão na mesma intensidade. Entretanto, as células da granulosa apresentaram forte marcação nos estádios pré-antrais enquanto que nos folículos antrais apresentou fraca intensidade. Concluímos que em ovários de Galea spixii existe a presença de Ob-R nas principais estruturas do ovário sugerindo que este hormônio desempenhe papel fundamental na reprodução desta espécie.

Leptin, a cytokine produced by adipose cells, is the target of the scientific community for believing that it has an impact on the reproduction of the animals promoting puberty, folliculogenesis and oogenesis, estrous cycle and aiding in fertilization. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling the reproductive activity of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii) plays a relevant role in the preservation of the species. Thus, the present study proposed to analyze the immunolocalization of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the ovary of cavies. Ovaries from 20 adult, non-pregnant, healthy females were collected. The samples were fixed in 4% phosphate buffered paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunohistochemistry. The sections were photomicrographs and intensity of the reaction was measured. Strong immunoreaction was observed in oocyte and theca cells, moderate in ovarian stromal cells and large luteal cells and weak stained in granulosa, endothelial, perivascular and small luteal cells. When compared to receptor expression along follicular development it was observed that the oocyte and the theca cells remained with expression at the same intensity. However, the granulosa cells presented strong stained in the preantral stages, whereas in the antral follicles it presented low intensity. We conclude that in the ovaries of Galea spixii there is the presence of Ob-R in the main structures of the ovary sugesting that this hormone plays a fundamental role in the reproduction of this species.

Effects of atipamezole and medetomidine administration on seminal variables and functions of erection and ejaculation of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) after electroejaculation.

BACKGROUND: Alpha adrenergic drugs are usually used in the treatment of erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction in humans. The influence of such drugs on the seminal characteristics of wild animals has not been verified; whereas their impact on the seminal characteristics and erectile and ejaculatory functions of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) has already been determined. This study aimed at investigating and comparing the effects of medetomidine and atipamezole on the seminal variables of collared peccaries undergoing electroejaculation as well as at determining whether these drugs affected the erectile and ejaculatory functions of this species. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in sperm concentration was observed between AP (100.0 ± 26.0 × 106 sperm/ml) and MP (220.2 ± 49.8 × 106 sperm/ml); however, both these treatments did not differ from P treatment (180.0 ± 50.7 × 106 sperm/ml). No statistically significant difference was observed among all treatments with regard to erectile function. With regard to ejaculation time, no significant difference was observed between the MP and AP treatments; however, when compared with the P treatment, AP exhibited a significantly higher difference. CONCLUSIONS: When collared peccaries were anesthetized with propofol, neither medetomidine nor atipamezole significantly affected the characteristics of the semen or the erectile function, despite the fact that the AP treatment increased ejaculation time. Therefore, the data indicate that using propofol alone is an effective anesthetic protocol for collecting semen in collared peccaries. Other non-injectable anesthetic drugs, such as inhaled anesthetics, may be used in future research to collect semen from peccaries.

Determinação da concentração alveolar mínima do isofluorano em catetos (Tayassu tajacu) / Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu)

A anestesia inalatória vem sendo amplamente difundida na medicina veterinária, no entanto seu uso em animais selvagens ainda é restrito, não sendo observado nenhum estudo referente à sua utilização na espécie Tayassu tajacu. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar a concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) do isofluorano em catetos e apresentar os efeitos desta administração sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas e respiratórias, como também a qualidade da recuperação anestésica. Utilizou-se 10 animais, machos, com idade variando de 1 a 3 anos oriundos do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brasil. Todos os animais tiveram anestesia induzida com 7mg.kg-1 de propofol e posteriormente foram conectados a circuito anestésico com isofluorano e oxigênio 100 por cento. O estímulo noceptivo supramáximo adotado foi pinçamento interdigital, o qual era realizado após 15 minutos de espera para cada concentração de isofluorano fornecida. Ao ser observada resposta negativa frente ao estímulo a concentração era reduzida em 20 por cento, quando verificada resposta positiva o estímulo era cessado, calculando-se a partir daí o valor da CAM. [...] A recuperação anestésica foi tranquila e rápida. Concluiu-se que a CAM do isofluorano para catetos foi maior que a observada em espécies afins. O isofluorano pode ser utilizado nesta espécie, sendo considerado seguro e eficaz. A recuperação dos animais após anestesia com isofluorano foi livre de excitação.

Inhalation anesthesia has been widespread in veterinary medicine. Nevertheless, its use in wild animals is still limited, having no studies on its use been observed in the species. The objective of the research was to determine the isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in peccaries and present the effects of its administration on the hemodynamic and respiratory variables, as well as data concerning the anesthesia recovery. The study used 10 male animals with age ranging from one to three years, from the Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil. All the animals had anesthesia induced with propofol 7mg.kg-¹, were intubated and connected to the anesthetic circuit with isoflurane and 100 percent oxygen. The supramaximal noxious stimulation used was the interdigital pinch, which was performed after 15 minutes of waiting for each provided isoflurane concentration. When negative response to the stimulus was observed, the concentration was reduced by 20 percent; when positive response was verified, the stimulus was stopped, being the CAM value calculated from that point. [...] Recovery was quiet and smooth. It was concluded that the isoflurane MAC for peccaries was greater than that observed in related species. Isoflurane can be used in this species, being considered safe and effective. The animals' recovery after anesthesia with isoflurane was free from excitement.

Uso do propofol na indução anestésica de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Propofol use during anesthetic induction of Rheas (Rhea americana americana)

O propofol é um anestésico injetável que promove indução e recuperação rápida, e toxicidade limitada. Apesar de suas vantagens, poucas pesquisas determinam a dose e os efeitos do propofol em emas. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o uso do propofol na indução da anestesia de emas, bem como determinar a dose de indução anestésica do fármaco para a espécie. Foram utilizados 20 emas, machos jovens, os quais foram anestesiados com propofol, administrado por via intravenosa. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), temperatura cloacal (TC) foram aferidas antes da administração do propofol e logo após a obtenção da anestesia. Nestes momentos, sangue venoso foi colhido para análise hemogasométrica. Para avaliação da anestesia, realizou-se pinçamento interdigital, sendo determinados, com base na resposta ao estímulo, o período de latência, período hábil e de recuperação anestésica. A dose capaz de promover anestesia nas emas foi de 5 mg.kg-1. As médias da FC, ƒ, TC basais foram 138 bpm, 35 rpm e 39,1ºC, respectivamente e, após a indução as médias foram 180 bpm, 25 rpm e 40,6ºC. A administração do propofol não resultou em alterações significativas nos valores de pressão parcial de oxigênio, excesso de base, bicarbonato, saturação de oxigênio, pH, pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono. As médias do tempo de indução, período hábil de anestesia e tempo de recuperação, em minutos, foram respectivamente 2,48; 2,98 e 7,85. A dose do propofol encontrada para emas foi compatível com as utilizadas para a indução em outras espécies de aves. O propofol, na dose de 5 mg.kg-1, mostrou-se um fármaco seguro para indução anestésica em emas, possibilitando recuperação rápida da anestesia além de promover poucas alterações cardiorrespiratórias e hemogasométricas na espécie.

Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent, which promotes rapid inductions and recovery as well, as limited toxicity. Despite its advantages, the dose and effects of such a drug on rheas has not been determined yet. This study aimed to evaluate the use of propofol in anesthesia induction of rheas, and to determine its dosage for the species. Twenty young male rheas were used, which were anesthetized with propofol administered intravenously. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), and cloacal temperature (TC) were measured before administration of propofol and soon after obtaining anesthesia. In those moments, venous blood was collected for hemogasimetric analysis. Interdigital pinch was held for evaluation of anesthesia, being determined, based on the response to the stimulus, the latency period as well as active period and anesthetic recovery. The dose able to induce anesthesia in rheas was 5mg.kg-1.The average HR, ƒ, TC levels were 138 bpm, 35rpm and 39.1ºC, respectively; and after inducing the averages were 180 bpm, 25rpm and 40.6ºC. Administration of propofol resulted in no significant changes in the values of oxygen partial pressure, base excess, bicarbonate, oxygen saturation, pH, and carbon dioxide partial pressure. The average induction time, active period of anesthesia and recovery time, in minutes, were respectively 2.48, 2.98 and 7.85. The dose of propofol found to rheas was compatible with those used for induction in other avian species. Propofol at a dose of 5 mg.kg-1 proved to be a safe drug for total intravenous anesthesia in rheas, enabling rapid induction and recovery from anesthesia in addition to promoting few changes in cardiorespiratory and blood gas in the species.

Dinâmica da inversão do saco vitelino em preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Dynamics of yolk sac inversion in galea (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o período de inversão do saco vitelino bem como a dinâmica resultante deste processo na gestação inicial em preás, utilizando-se microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. No décimo segundo dia de gestação observou-se o desenvolvimento dos endodermas parietal e visceral delimitando a cavidade do saco vitelino. O endoderma parietal foi evidenciado revestindo a superfície fetal da placenta corioalantoidea bem como contornando o espaço delimitado pela decídua capsular. Estes endodermas apresentaram formato prismático e encontraram-se separados do trofoblasto por uma desenvolvida membrana de Reichert. Já o endoderma visceral continha vasos vitelínicos e possuía vilosidades apenas em determinadas áreas. No décimo quarto dia de gestação verificou-se a inversão do saco vitelino, caracterizada pela degeneração do endoderma parietal e trofoblasto mural, associado ao desaparecimento gradual da membrana de Reichert. Como consequência deste fenômeno, o endoderma visceral passou a constituir uma interface com o epitélio uterino. Após a inversão, o endoderma parietal que permaneceu íntegro foi aquele que se apoiava na superfície da placenta corioalantóidea, apresentando células em formato colunar alto e característica de epitélio pseudoestratificado. O endoderma visceral apresentou numerosas vilosidades apicais principalmente em regiões próximas a placenta corioalantóidea. Com o contínuo desenvolvimento do embrião e placenta corioalantóidea, observou-se o surgimento de importante área de aposição entre os endodermas visceral e parietal. A inversão do saco vitelino representou uma disposição anatômica favorável ao desenvolvimento embrionário, além de ser uma característica evolutiva nesta espécie de roedor.

The aim of this study was to study the time of yolk sac inversion as well as the dynamics resulting from this process in galea throughout pregnancy. For this, conventional histological techniques, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used. Parietal and visceral endoderm delimiting the yolk sac cavity was observed at 12 days of pregnancy. The parietal endoderm was coating the fetal surface of the chorioallantoic placenta as well as delimiting the decidua capsularis area. This endoderm had prismatic format and were apart from the trophoblast by an enlarged Reichert's membrane. The visceral endoderm had vitelline vessels and there were villi only in certain areas. At 14 days of pregnancy the yolk sac inversion was characterized by the degeneration of parietal endoderm and mural trophoblast, and also the gradual disappearance of the Reichert's membrane. So it made the visceral endoderm establish an interface with the uterine epithelium. After the inversion, the parietal endoderm which remained intact was the one that rested on the chorioallantoic placenta surface. It presented cells with high columnar format and pseudostratified epithelium featured. The visceral endoderm presented many apical villi, especially in areas close to the chorioallantoic placenta. The continued development of the embryo and chorioallantoic placenta evidenced the emergence of an important apposition area between visceral and parietal endoderm. The yolk sac inversion represented an anatomical arrangement in favor of the embryo development as well as an evolutionary trait in this rodent species.

Aspectos hematológicos de caprinos (Capra hircus) da raça Canindé criados no Rio Grande do Norte / Hematological aspects of Canindé goats (Capra hircus) raised in Rio Grande do Norte

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar o perfil hematológico de caprinos (Capra hircus) da raça Canindé, criados no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, como também a busca de valores de referência que se adequem à nossa região. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas de 58 animais clinicamente sadios, distribuídos em 4 grupos (machos acima de 5 meses, fêmeas gestantes, fêmeas não gestantes e filhotes até 4 meses de idade). A partir de única amostra de sangue de cada animal foram realizados o eritrograma (contagem de hemácias, hematócrito, hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média) e o leucograma (contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos). Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do teste de Tukey para variáveis paramétricas e Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Dunn para não paramétricos em nível de significância de (p<0.05). Os resultados apontam para existência de maiores quantidades de He nos machos adultos e fêmeas não gestantes, diferente do que ocorre com o VCM; já com relação ao leucograma temos que os eosinófilos mostram-se mais elevados nas fêmeas adultas e os monócitos se elevam quando na presença da gestação. Os valores deste trabalho podem servir de referência para raça Canindé, tornando possível futuras interpretações para os parâmetros verificados, além de subsidiar novos estudos em animais hígidos ou doentes. Mostra a necessidade de pesquisas que evidenciem as condições semiáridas de manejo e alimentação, bem como a avaliação dos fatores de variação, sobre constituintes do sangue, que levem em conta o sexo, a idade e estado fisiológico dos animais.(AU)

The objective of this paper was to study the hematological profile of Canindé breed goats (Capra hircus) raised in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, as well as the acquirement of reference values appropriate to our region. Blood samples were collected from 58 clinically healthy animals, distributed in 4 groups (males, over 5-month-old, pregnant and not pregnant females and young goats, up to 4 months of age). From a single blood sample from each animal, it was possible to perform the red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and the white blood cell (WBC) count and differential). The obtained data was statically evaluated by the Tukey test for parametric variables and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for nonparametric-level significance (p<0.05). The results of this study can be used as a reference for this breed of goats, making future interpretations possible from the evaluated parameters, and can support further studies in healthy or diseased animals. It shows the need for further research that demonstrates the semiarid conditions of handling and feeding, as well as assessment of variation factors on the constituents of blood taking into account sex, age and the physiological state of animals.(AU)

Blood-gas and electrolyte values for Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)

The aim was to provide reference data for blood gas/acid-base status and electrolytes for non-anesthetized Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Thirty-five adult parrots from Tietê ecologic park were utilized. Arterial blood (0.3ml) samples were anaerobically collected from the superficial ulnar artery in heparinized (sodium heparin) 1-ml plastic syringes. The samples were immediately analyzed through a portable analyzer (i-STAT*, Abbot, Illinois, USA) with cartridges (EG7+). These data were grouped in such a way as to present both mean and standard deviation: body weight (360±37g), respiratory rate (82±33 b/m), temperature (41.8±0.6ºC), hydrogen potential (7.452±0.048), carbon dioxide partial pressure (22.1±4.0mmHg), oxygen partial pressure (98.1±7.6mmHg), base excess (-7.9±3.1), plasma concentration of bicarbonate ions (14.8±2.8mmol/L), oxygen saturation (96.2±1.1 percent), plasma concentration of sodium (147.4±2.2mmol/L), plasma concentration of potassium (3.5±0.53mmol/L), plasma concentration of calcium (0.8±0.28mmol/L), hematocrit (38.7±6.2 percent) and concentration of hemoglobin (13.2±2.1g/dl). This study led us to conclude that, although the results obtained showed hypocapnia and low values of bicarbonate and base excess, when compared to other avian species, these data are very similar. Besides, in spite of the equipment being approved only for human beings, it was considered simple and very useful in the analysis of avian blood samples. By using this equipment we were able to provide references data for non-anaesthetized Amazon parrots.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer dados de referência do equilíbrio ácido-básico e eletrólitos de papagaios (Amazonas aestiva) não anestesiados. Foram utilizados trinta e cinco papagaios oriundos do Parque ecológico do Tietê. Amostras de sangue (0,3ml) da artéria superficial ulnar foram coletadas em seringas plásticas (1ml) heparinizadas. As amostras foram analisadas imediatamente, usando um analisador portátil (i-stat*, Abbott, Illinois, USA) com cartuchos (i-stat EG7+). Os resultados foram demonstrados em média e desvio padrão: peso corpóreo (360±37g), freqüência respiratória (82±33mpm), temperatura (41,8±0,6ºC), potencial hidrogeniônico (7,452±0,05), pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (22,1±4,0mmHg), pressão parcial de oxigênio (98,1±7,6mmHg), excesso de base (-7,45±3,1), saturação da hemoglobina (96,2±1,1 por cento), concentração plasmática de sódio (147,4±2,2mmol/L), concentração plasmática de potássio (3,5±0,53mmol/L), concentração plasmática de cálcio (0,8±0,28mmol/L), hematócrito (38,7±6,2 por cento) e concentração de hemoglobina (13,2±2,1g/dl). Este estudo nos levou a concluir que embora os animais apresentassem hipocapnia e valores baixos de bicarbonato e excesso de bases, quando comparamos aos das outras espécies aviárias, os dados são similares. Embora o equipamento seja aprovado somente para espécie humana, foi considerado prático e útil na análise do sangue de aves. Utilizando este equipamento, fomos capazes de estabelecer dados de referência do status ácido-básico e eletrólitos de papagaios não anestesiados.