Validation of the newly developed Sleep Screening Questionnaire Children and Adolescents (SSQ-CA) with objective sleep measures.

OBJECTIVES: Objectively validated pediatric sleep questionnaires covering a broader age range and different sleep disturbances are lacking, therefore we developed the Sleep Screening Questionnaire Children and Adolescents (SSQ-CA) and compared it with objective sleep parameters. METHODS: This child-reported questionnaire was developed by a multidisciplinary panel and face validated. In a cross-sectional prospective design, participants aged 6-17, answered the questionnaire twice with 21-28 days in between, wore actigraphy (AG) and kept a sleep diary for seven nights and home-polysomnography (PSG) for one of these nights. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA), reliability and validity assessments were performed. RESULTS: Of the 139 participants, 128 (F:47.7%, AG: n = 128, PSG: n = 59), were included in the analyses. Mean age: 11.3 years (SD: 2.9). EFA revealed 11 factors and 40 items loading above r = 0.4. Subscale internal consistency: 0.54-0.92. Subscale test-retest reliability: r = 0.71-0.87. Total sleep time (TST) from SSQ-CA on weekdays correlated with PSG (r = 0.48, p = 0.001) and with AG (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). The subscale total score for "Sleep duration and latency" correlated with TST from AG (r = -0.19, p = 0.03) and sleep latency (r = 0.31, p < 0.001), but not for PSG variables. The subscale "Awakenings" showed no correlation with objective measures whereas "Circadian rhythm" correlated to AG-derived mid-sleep time (r = 0.34, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The SSQ-CA shows adequate reliability for the 6-17-year-olds and acceptable criterion validity for two subscales. It appears to be a useful tool for screening for sleep disturbances in combination with objective tools as the subjective and objective parameters seem to uncover different aspects of sleep.

Association of type 1 diabetes and educational achievement in 16-20-year-olds: A Danish nationwide register study.

AIMS: The objective of the study was to compare grade point averages (GPAs) on compulsory school exit exams (exam GPA) and educational attainment at age 16 and 20 for individuals with and without type 1 diabetes. METHODS: This study was a population-based retrospective cohort study, which included the 1991 to 1998 birth cohorts in Denmark. Follow-up was conducted at age 16 and 20 (follow-up period; 1 January, 2007 to 31 December, 2018). There were 2083 individuals with and 555,929 individuals without type 1 diabetes. Linear regression and generalized linear models compared outcomes with and without adjustments for socio-economic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 558,012 individuals (51% males) were followed to the age of 20. Having type 1 diabetes was associated with a lower exam GPA when adjusting for socio-economic status (difference: -0.05 (95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01), a higher relative risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 (1.37, 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.53)), and a higher relative risk of not completing or being enrolled in upper secondary education by age 20 (1.05, 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.10). Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <58 mmol/mol (7.5%), >7 BGM/day and insulin pump use were associated with better educational achievement. CONCLUSION: Type 1 diabetes was associated with a marginally lower exam GPA and a higher risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 and lower educational attainment by age 20. The findings were modified by HbA1c, BGM and insulin pump use.

Think central nervous system tuberculosis, also in low-risk children: a Danish nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) imposes a high risk of death and neurologic sequelae, particularly if the diagnosis is delayed. Children from non-TB endemic countries are particularly at risk of delayed or missed diagnosis. We aimed to investigate CNS TB in Denmark, a TB low-endemic country and where Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination is not a part of the vaccination schedule. METHODS: A nationwide retrospective case survey of all children with CNS TB in 2000-2015 identified through the National Danish TB Notification Register. We assessed epidemiology, clinical and paraclinical features, diagnostic criteria, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: Nine ethnic Danes and 12 children from TB-endemic countries with CNS TB were identified. Clinical features, C-reactive protein, chest X-ray and indirect TB screening assays all had low sensitivity (19-75%). All (18/18) patients had elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cells and 15 of 17 (88%) had a combination of at least two characteristic CSF findings (lymphocyte predominance, elevated protein and/or hypoglycorrhachia). Cerebral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were abnormal in 10 of 16 (63%) and 12 of 14 (86%), respectively. Treatment was initiated after a median of 3 days in children from TB-endemic countries, and after 10 days in ethnic Danish children. One patient died (5%): A native Danish girl who died before the diagnosis was established. CONCLUSIONS: Children from non-TB endemic countries may be at risk of delayed diagnosis and poorer prognosis compared to high-risk children. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and characteristic CSF findings had high diagnostic sensitivity.

[Rhabdomyolysis after isotretinoin treatment in a 17-year-old male].

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare, but known complication to treat-ment with systemic isotretinoin in patients with acne and can lead to severe kidney damage. In our case report a 17-year-old male, exercising moderately, developed rhab-domyolysis without kidney injury after two-month treatment with isotretinoin 20 mg daily. He complained of some muscle pain and was treated according to guidelines for rhabdomyolysis with no sequelae. Frequent monitoring of muscle complaints and control of serum creatine kinase in patients with affected liver and kidney function is essential.