Effect of Sarcopenia on Swallowing in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Sarcopenia, characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass, is associated with poorer oncologic outcomes in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. The effect of sarcopenia on swallowing following HNC treatment is unknown. This study aims to investigate the association of sarcopenia and swallowing dysfunction in patients treated for HNC. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic medical center. METHODS: Pretreatment sarcopenia was assessed using the skeletal muscle index calculated from cross-sectional imaging at the third cervical vertebra. Feeding tube dependence, patient-reported dysphagia, and swallowing safety were assessed before and after treatment with the Functional Oral Intake Scale, Eating Assessment Tool-10, and Penetration Aspiration Scale, respectively. The association between sarcopenia and swallowing dysfunction was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients were included, 84 males (75%) and 28 females (25%). A total of 69 (61.6%) had sarcopenia prior to initiating HNC therapy. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with an elevated risk of patient-reported dysphagia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.71 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.12-6.79]; P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that sarcopenia (OR = 15.18 [95% CI, 1.50-453.53]; P < .05) is an independent predictor for aspiration following treatment for HNC. CONCLUSION: Patients with pretreatment sarcopenia had higher rates of dysphagia before treatment and were more likely to develop aspiration after completion of HNC therapy. Sarcopenia is readily measured using cross-sectional imaging and may be useful for identifying patients at risk of swallowing dysfunction and those most likely to benefit from prehabilitation efforts.

CT predictors of sub-centimeter occult lymph node metastases in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: For patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) without evidence of nodal metastasis (cN0) on pre-operative evaluation, there are no clear guidelines who should undergo elective neck dissection (END) versus clinical surveillance. OBJECTIVE: To identify CT imaging characteristics of sub-centimeter lymph nodes that would help predict the likelihood of nodal metastases on pathology. METHODS: Retrospective review of cN0 OCSCC patients at a tertiary academic medical center was performed. Inclusion criteria included elective neck dissection, pre-operative CT imaging and presence of metastatic disease within lymph nodes. Control group consisted of patients without nodal metastases on pathology. CT features that were evaluated included asymmetric size, disrupted fatty hilum, asymmetric number, presence of cortical nodule, cortical nodule size, and round/oval shape. We evaluated the associations between CT LN features and the presence of metastases using multi-level mixed-effects logistic regression models. Model evaluation was performed using 5-fold cross-validation. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: 26 patients in each study and control groups were included. Three-level mixed-effects logistic regression models indicated round/oval shape (OR = 1.39, p = .01), asymmetric number (OR = 7.20, p = .005), and disrupted fatty hilum (OR = 3.31, p = .04) to be independently predictive in a 3-variable model with sensitivity = 38.0%, specificity = 92.0%, and PPV = 93.8%. CONCLUSIONS: In cN0 OCSCC patients undergoing END, round/oval shape, asymmetric number, and disrupted fatty hilum of lymph nodes on pre-operative CT imaging are novel and highly predictive of occult nodal disease.

Factors Associated With Neuroradiologic Diagnostic Errors at a Large Tertiary-Care Academic Medical Center: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND. Numerous studies have explored factors associated with diagnostic errors in neuroradiology; however, large-scale multivariable analyses are lacking. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations of interpretation time, shift volume, care setting, day of week, and trainee participation with diagnostic errors by neuroradiologists at a large academic medical center. METHODS. This retrospective case-control study using a large tertiary-care academic medical center's neuroradiology quality assurance database evaluated CT and MRI examinations for which neuroradiologists had assigned RADPEER scores. The database was searched from January 2014 through March 2020 for examinations without (RADPEER score of 1) or with (RADPEER scores of 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, or 4) diagnostic error. For each examination with error, two examinations without error were randomly selected (unless only one examination could be identified) and matched by interpreting radiologist and examination type to form case and control groups. Marginal mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess associations of diagnostic error with interpretation time (number of minutes since the immediately preceding report's completion), shift volume (number of examinations interpreted during the shift), emergency/inpatient setting, weekend interpretation, and trainee participation in interpretation. RESULTS. The case group included 564 examinations in 564 patients (mean age, 50.0 ± 25.0 [SD] years; 309 men, 255 women); the control group included 1019 examinations in 1019 patients (mean age, 52.5 ± 23.2 years; 540 men, 479 women). In the case versus control group, mean interpretation time was 16.3 ± 17.2 [SD] minutes versus 14.8 ± 16.7 minutes; mean shift volume was 50.0 ± 22.1 [SD] examinations versus 45.4 ± 22.9 examinations. In univariable models, diagnostic error was associated with shift volume (OR = 1.22, p < .001) and weekend interpretation (OR = 1.60, p < .001) but not interpretation time, emergency/inpatient setting, or trainee participation (p > .05). However, in multivariable models, diagnostic error was independently associated with interpretation time (OR = 1.18, p = .003), shift volume (OR = 1.27, p < .001), and weekend interpretation (OR = 1.69, p = .02). In subanalysis, diagnostic error showed independent associations on weekdays with interpretation time (OR = 1.18, p = .003) and shift volume (OR = 1.27, p < .001); such associations were not observed on weekends (interpretation time: p = .62; shift volume: p = .58). CONCLUSION. Diagnostic errors in neuroradiology were associated with longer interpretation times, higher shift volumes, and weekend interpretation. CLINICAL IMPACT. These findings should be considered when designing work-flow-related interventions seeking to reduce neuroradiology interpretation errors.

Impact of Shift Volume on Neuroradiology Diagnostic Errors at a Large Tertiary Academic Center.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Medical errors can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The goal of our study is to evaluate correlation between shift volume and errors made by attending neuroradiologists at an academic medical center, using a large data set. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT and MRI reports from our Neuroradiology Quality Assurance database (years 2014 - 2020) were searched for attending physician errors. Data were collected on shift volume, category of missed findings, error type, interpretation setting, exam type, clinical significance. RESULTS: 654 reports contained diagnostic error. There was a significant difference between mean volume of interpreted studies on shifts when an error was made compared with shifts in which no error was documented (46.58 (SD=22.37) vs 34.09 (SD=18.60), p<0.00001); and between shifts when perceptual error was made compared with shifts when interpretive errors were made (49.50 (SD=21.9) vs 43.26 (SD=21.75), p=0.0094). 59.6% of errors occurred in the emergency/inpatient setting, 84% were perceptual and 91.1% clinically significant. Categorical distribution of errors was: vascular 25.8%, brain 23.4%, skull base 13.8%, spine 12.4%, head/neck 11.3%, fractures 10.2%, other 3.1%. Errors were detected most often on brain MRI (25.4%), head CT (18.7%), head/neck CTA (13.8%), spine MRI (13.7%). CONCLUSION: Errors were associated with higher volume shifts, were primarily perceptual and clinically significant. We need National guidelines establishing a range of what is a safe number of interpreted cross-sectional studies per day.

Autoimmune disease of head and neck, imaging, and clinical review.

Autoimmune disease of the head and neck (H&N) could be primary or secondary to systemic diseases, medications, or malignancies. Immune-mediated diseases of the H&N are not common in daily practice of radiologists; the diagnosis is frequently delayed because of the non-specific initial presentation and lack of familiarity with some of the specific imaging and clinical features. In this review, we aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach based on the specific radiological findings for each disease. We hope that our review will help radiologists expand their understanding of the spectrum of the discussed disease entities, help them narrow the differential diagnosis, and avoid unnecessary tissue biopsy when appropriate based on the specific clinical scenarios.