Behavioral and electrophysiological study in Colossoma macropomum treated with different concentrations of Nepeta cataria oil in an immersion bath revealed a therapeutic window for anesthesia.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the activity of essential oils from Nepeta Cataria (EON) at concentrations of 125 µ L  L-1, 150 µ L  L-1, 175 µ L  L-1, and 200 µ L  L-1 on the behavior of loss of the posture reflex and recovery of the posture reflex and electrocardiographic activity and recording of the opercular beat of Colossoma macropomum during immersion bathing for a period of 5 min, in order to obtain a window for safe use during anesthesia. The fish (23.38 ± 3.5 g) were assigned to the following experiments: experiment 1 (latency to loss and recovery of the posture reflex): (a) 125 µ L  L-1, (b) 150 µ L  L-1, (c) 175 µ L  L-1, and (d) 200 µ L  L-1 (n = 9) per group. Experiment 2 (electrocardiographic and heartbeat recordings): (a) control group; (b) vehicle control group (2 ml of alcohol per liter of water), (c) 125 µ L  L-1, (d) 150 µ L  L-1, (e) 175 µ L  L-1, and (f) 200 µ L  L-1 (n = 9), per group. All the concentrations used showed efficacy in inducing loss of the posture reflex and reversibility with recovery of the posture reflex, but the electrocardiographic recordings indicated morphographic changes such as bradycardia during induction and p wave apiculation during recovery at the highest concentrations tested. In this way, we suggest a safe use window for short-term anesthesia with EON in the concentration range of 125 to 150 µ L  L-1 for juvenile Colossoma macropomum.

Potentiation of the depressant effect of alcohol by flunitrazepam in rats: an electrocorticographic, respiratory and electrocardiographic study.

Alcohol, a widely commercialized psychotropic drug, and the benzodiazepine Flunitrazepam, an anxiolytic widely prescribed for patients with anxiety and insomnia problems, are well known drugs and both act on the central nervous system. The misuse and the association of these two drugs are public health concerns in several countries and could cause momentary, long-lasting and even lethal neurophysiological problems due to the potentiation of their adverse effects in synergy. The present study observed the result of the association of these drugs on electrophysiological responses in the brain, heart, and respiratory rate in Wistar rats. 8 experimental groups were determined: control, one alcohol group (20% at a dose of 1 ml/100 g VO), three Flunitrazepam groups (doses 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg) and three alcohol-Flunitrazepam groups (20% at a dose of 1 ml/100 g VO of alcohol, combined with 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg of Flunitrazepam, respectively). The results showed that there was a more pronounced reduction in alpha and theta wave power in the alcohol-Flunitrazepam groups, a decrease in the power of beta oscillations and greater sedation. There was a progressive decrease in respiratory rate linked to the increase of Flunitrazepam dose in the alcohol-Flunitrazepam associated administration. It was observed alteration in heart rate and Q-T interval in high doses of Flunitrazepam. Therefore, we conclude that the association alcohol-Flunitrazepam presented deepening of depressant synergistic effects according to the increase in the dose of the benzodiazepine, and this could cause alterations in low frequency brain oscillations, breathing, and hemodynamics of the patient.

Establishing a safe anesthesia concentration window for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Linnaeus 1758) by monitoring cardiac activity in eugenol immersion baths.

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, is the most cultivated fish species in the world, due to its low cost, high growth rate, environmental adaptability, and resistance to disease and stress. Anesthetics for fish become necessary in management because they minimize mortality during transport and maintenance of ponds, one of the most used anesthetics is clove oil, which has eugenol as the major substance, representing 90-95 % of clove oil. The present study evaluates the effect of eugenol on cardiac activity in Oreochromis niloticus specimens and relates it to behavioral data to determine a concentration window for safe anesthesia. For the comportamental analysis, was used five treatments (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 µL·L-1) were evaluated and for the eletrocardiographic test was used seven groups (Control, Vehicle, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 µL·L-1), n = 9/treatment, totaling 108 animals. Behavioral and electrocardiographic tests were performed on all treatments during induction and recovery. The results of the behavioral tests demonstrated the reversibility of the effects with recovery of the posture reflex, varying according to the concentration. The ECG results showed a slow recovery because, at concentrations above 100 µL·L-1, there was no full reversibility of the cardiac effects in the observed experiment time, which could cause greater changes in the tilapia hemodynamics, which led us to identify a window for safe anesthesia. Eugenol is an effective anesthetic in Nile tilapia juveniles when used in concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 µL·L-1, if there is a need for anesthetic deepening, doses above 100 µL·L-1, however, the animals must be monitored due to hemodynamic changes.

First Records of Heartbeats via ECG in a Stingless Bee, Melipona flavolineata (Apidae, Meliponini), during Contention Stress Using Isoflurane as an Anesthetic.

The hemodynamic activity of Melipona flavolineata workers was evaluated during restraint stress for a period of 30 min. The observed parameters were power variation in the elapsed time, and subsequently, six periods of one second were divided and called A, B, C, D, E and F; in each period, the electrocardiographic parameters were evaluated: spike frequency, amplitude, spike intervals and spike duration. The experiment was carried out with eight worker bees of M. flavolineata, for which electrodes of a nickel-chromium alloy were made. The bees were previously anesthetized with isoflurane and properly contained and fixed in a base for stereotaxis in which the electrode was implanted. All these procedures were performed inside a Faraday cage. The results showed power oscillations during the recording, with the highest energy level being between 300 and 600 s. Spike frequency, spike amplitude, interval between spikes and spike duration parameters underwent changes during the restraint stress period. Thus, the cardiac activity of M. flavolineata can be used as a biomarker and can be used to clarify physiological issues or alterations caused by toxic agents and indicate risk factors for these animals.

Post-COVID-19 functional status scale: Cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version.

BACKGROUND: The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status (PCFS) scale was created to assess the functional status of patients after hospital discharge due to COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To perform cross-cultural adaptation of the PCFS Scale and Manual into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its measurement properties in patients post-COVID-19. METHODS: For the cross-cultural adaptation, independent translations and back-translations were performed. This was followed by a pre-test, with analysis of the Content Validity Index (CVI), and preparation of the final version, after evaluating the measurement properties. Spearman's correlation between the PCFS and the WHO Disability Classification Scheme (WHODAS 2.0) was used for convergent validity. Weighted Kappa (wκ) was used for test-retest and interobserver reliability for PCFS scores and Kappa (κ) for PCFS items. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Only patients with post-discharge COVID-19 were evaluated through video-conferencing platforms. RESULTS: The CVI was 0.75-0.83 for comprehension and 0.83-0.84 for the language of the self-administered questionnaire and the structured interview version. For measurement properties, 63 patients were evaluated, 68% male, 51.50 (12.60) years, 12.28 (7.62) days of hospitalization. For the convergent validity, a strong correlation was found (r = 0.73; p<0.01). The test-retest (wκ=0.54) and interobserver (wκ=0.43) reliability was moderate and the item-by-item analyzes ranged from fair to substantial (κ=0.25-0.66) and weak to substantial (κ=0.07-0.79). Internal consistency was excellent (0.85). CONCLUSION: The final PCFS in Brazilian Portuguese showed adequate content validity, reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity for the functional assessment of patients after hospital discharge due to COVID-19.

Assessment of Passive Upper Limb Stiffness and Its Function in Post-Stroke Individuals Wearing an Inertial Sensor during the Pendulum Test.

This article proposes the evaluation of the passive movement of the affected elbow during the pendulum test in people with stroke and its correlation with the main clinical scales (Modified Ashworth Scale, Motor Activity Log, and Fulg Meyer). An inertial sensor was attached to the forearm of seven subjects, who then passively flexed and extended the elbow. Joint angles and variables that indicate viscoelastic properties, stiffness (K), damping (B), E1 amp, F1 amp, and relaxation indices were collected. The results show that the FM scale is significantly correlated with the natural frequency (p = 0.024). The MAL amount-of-use score correlates with the natural frequency (p = 0.024). The variables E1 amp, F1 amp, RI, and ERI are not correlated with the clinical scales, but they correlate with each other; the variable E1 amp correlates with F1 amp (p = 0.024) and RI (p = 0.024), while F1 amp correlates with ERI (p = 0.024). There was also a correlation between the natural frequency and K (r = 0.96, p = 0.003). Non-linear results were found for the properties of the elbow joint during the pendulum test, which may be due to the presence of neural and non-neural factors. These results may serve as a reference for future studies if alternative scales do not provide an accurate reflection.

Effects of mental practice on mobility of individuals in the early subacute post-stroke phase: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Only a small number of clinical trials were designed to investigate Mental Practice (MP)'s use for gait rehabilitation in individuals in the early subacute post-stroke phase. This trial aims to investigate the effect of mental practice on mobility rehabilitation in the early subacute phase after a stroke in comparison to a control group. METHODS: Randomized controlled clinical trial with 16 individuals diagnosed with a stroke between 50 and 80 years of age. Mobility was evaluated using Timed Up and Go and the Five-Minute Walk Test. In addition, lower extremity muscular strength, Timed Up and Go Assessment of Biomechanical Strategies, quality of life, and depression were evaluated. RESULTS: Before and after intervention (within-subjects), mental practice group showed improved mobility in Timed Up and Go (p = 0.01,r = 0.59), muscular strength for bending the right hip (p = 0.04, r = 0.50), for right knee bending (p = 0.03,r = 0.53), and in biomechanical performance of Timed Up and Go Assessment of Biomechanical Strategies(p = 0.01,r = 0.63). Control group showed improvement in neither mobility nor in muscular strength after intervention. Comparing the scores between the groups after intervention (between-subjects), no differences were found for any of the study's outcomes. In the analysis of deltas (gains), it was observed that mental practice group volunteers had a reduction in Timed Up and Go (p = 0.27,r = 0.29) and an increase in total Timed Up and Go Assessment of Biomechanical Strategies scores (p = 0.14,r = 0.36). CONCLUSION: Mental Practice was not associated with mobility, muscular strength, mental health, and quality of life improvement for patients in the early subacute post-stroke phase as compared to a control group.

Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System / Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Sunnybrook Facial Grading System

Abstract Introduction: The Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) is a scale to evaluate facial function in three domains, namely resting symmetry, voluntary move-ments, and synkinesis. It is commonly used in scientific research and clinical practice to assess and monitor people with facial paralysis. Objective: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the SFGS, develop a version for the Brazilian population (SFGS - Brazil) and analyze its psychometric properties, including validity, interrater reliability and responsiveness. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel translated and adapted the SFGS into Brazilian Portuguese, creating the SFGS-Brazil version. Next, content validation was carried out by a panel of four physical therapists with clinical experience in caring for people with facial paralysis, in addition to interrater reliability and scale responsiveness after physical therapy intervention. Results: For SFGD validation, committee agreement rate and the content validity index were greater than 90%. Agreement (interrater reliability) was excellent for most items and overall (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; p < 0.000) and the scale proved to be responsive, indicating post-intervention improvement (t = 10.66; p = 0.000). Conclusion: The domains and items of the SFGS-Brazil are conceptually equivalent to those of the original version, and the instrument displays adequate psychometric properties, including validity, agreement and responsiveness. The SFGS-Brazil is suitable for the Brazilian population and can be used in scientific studies and clinical practice.

Resumo Introdução: O Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (SFGS) é uma escala para avaliar a função facial em três domínios, incluindo simetria em repouso, movimentos voluntários e sincinesias. Essa escala é comumente utilizada em pesquisas científicas e na prática clínica para a avaliação e acompanhamento de pessoas com paralisia facial. Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o SFGS, elaborar a versão para a população brasileira (SFGS-Brasil) e analisar suas propriedades psicométricas, incluindo validade, confiabilidade interexaminadores e responsividade. Métodos: Um comitê multidisciplinar traduziu e adaptou o SFGS para o português do Brasil, gerando a versão SFGS-Brasil. Após esta fase, realizou-se a validação de conteúdo por um comitê de quatro fisioterapeutas com experiência clínica em atendimento de pessoas com paralisia facial, além da confiabilidade interexaminadores e a responsividade da escala após intervenção fisioterapêutica. Resultados: Para a validação do SFGS, a taxa de concordância do comitê total e o índice de validade do conteúdo mostraram-se maiores que 90%. A concordância (confiabilidade interexaminadores) mostrou-se excelente para maioria dos itens e para o total (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse = 0,99; p < 0,000), e o instrumento mostrou-se responsível, podendo-se identitificar melhora segundo o SFGS-Brasil após a intervenção (t = 10,66; p = 0,000). Conclusão: O SFGS-Brasil possui equivalência conceitual dos domínios e itens à versão original, possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas, incluindo validade, concordância e responsividade. O SFGS-Brasil é adequado para a população brasileira, podendo ser usado em estudos científicos e na prática clínica.

Effects of Resistance Training With Machines and Elastic Tubes on Functional Capacity and Muscle Strength in Community-Living Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of 12 weeks of resistance training with machines and elastic tubes on functional capacity and muscular strength in older women aged 60 years or over. The participants were randomized into two groups: a machine group (n = 23) and an elastic group (n = 20). They performed 12 weeks of progressive resistance training, twice a week, with similar exercises. Outcomes were assessed at three time points: baseline, postintervention, and 8 weeks after the end of the training. A significant intragroup effect was demonstrated for both groups at postintervention on functional tests and muscle strength. For the functional reach test and elbow flexion strength (180°/s), only the machine group demonstrated significant intragroup differences. No differences were observed between groups for any outcome. At the 8-week follow-up, functional capacity outcome values were maintained. The muscle strength outcome values decreased to baseline scores, without differences between groups.

The immediate effect of thumb orthoses on upper extremity's movement: A kinematic analysis of five unique devices.

BACKGROUND: Thumb orthoses are a standard treatment modality, with substantial evidence to support its usage for multiple conditions affecting the upper extremity. Despite commonly prescribed, little is known about the immediate impact of such devices on the upper extremity, including potential modifications on motor patterns. RESEARCH QUESTION: We aimed to determine the changes in the upper limb kinematics during the usage of thumb orthotics, comparing differences in orthotic design, length, and fabrication materials. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, subjects performed a standardized reaching task and the placing subtest of the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT) while wearing five unique thumb orthoses. Besides the active range of motion of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints, movement smoothness (Number of Movement Units-NMU), speed, and motion control strategies were analyzed through eight Qualisys Oqus 300 cameras (Qualisys AB, Göteborg, Sweden). FINDINGS: Ten non-disabled, university students participated in this study. Despite differences in fabrication materials, all orthotics reduced thumb's abduction (13.3° to 4.3°), and metacarpophalangeal flexion (11.5° to 4.2°). Although orthotics impacted movement smoothness and hand function during its usage, forearm-based devices further increased the NMUs and the time required for the MMDT performance (Control: NMU = 4.8, MMDT = 58.1; Long Orthotics: NMU = 6.6, MMDT = 78.2), while short, flexible orthoses provided thumb stabilization without significant impact on upper extremity movement strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: Although joint stabilization was similar among orthotics fabricated with rigid and flexible materials, the improved hand dexterity observed during the use of flexible devices suggests an advantage of flexible orthotics for enhanced stability and hand function. These results can assist healthcare professionals during the selection and prescription of thumb orthotics, providing information not only on the range of motion but other sensorimotor aspects involved in upper extremity movement patterns that may be affected by orthotics usage.

Influência do uso de jogos do Microsoft Kinect® sobre o desempenho motor e funcional de criança com transtorno do desenvolvimento de coordenação / Influence of the Microsoft Kinect® games on the motor and functional performance of a child with developmental coordination disorder

Resumo: Introdução Boa coordenação motora é essencial para que crianças sejam capazes de desempenhar diversas atividades cotidianas na escola, em casa e em outros ambientes sociais. Algumas crianças, no entanto, apresentam Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC) o que dificulta tais atividades. Abordagens de realidade virtual (RV) vêm sendo utilizadas em diversos contextos da reabilitação, com destaque para o uso de jogos baseados no movimento. Objetivo Investigar a influência do uso de jogos do Microsoft Kinect® sobre o desempenho motor e funcional de uma criança de 8 anos, com TDC, com treinamento individual. Método Antes e após o treino, a coordenação motora, o condicionamento físico, o equilíbrio e o desempenho funcional nas atividades selecionadas foram avaliados com uso do Questionário de Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (DCDQ-Brasil), do Movement Assessment Battery for Children -2ª edição (MABC-2), do Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS), da Medida Canadense de Desempenho Ocupacional (COPM) e do teste de caminhada de 2 minutos. Resultados A criança obteve ganho clinicamente significativo nos resultados da COPM, aumento na pontuação nos itens relacionados à habilidades motora grossa no DCDQ-Brasil, bem como melhora no condicionamento físico durante a intervenção, que não foram mantidos na fase pós-intervenção, sugerindo que jogos do Microsoft Kinect® devem ser melhor explorados como estratégia terapêutica para crianças com TDC. Conclusão As limitações do estudo de caso são discutidas com vistas a subsidiar estudos futuros.

Abstract: Introduction A good motor coordination is essential to children to be able to perform daily activities at school, at home, and in other social environments. However, some children have Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), which makes it difficult to perform these activities. As a new approach, virtual reality is being used in different rehabilitation contexts, with an emphasis on the use of motion-based games. Objective The aim of this case study was to investigate the influence of the use of Microsoft Kinect® games on the motor and functional performance of an eight years old child with DCD, trained individually. Method Pre and post-assessment of motor coordination, physical fitness, balance, and functional performance in selected activities were conducted using the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-Brazil), the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (MABC-2), the Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting System (PEGS), the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and the 2-minute walk test. Results The child presented clinically significant gains in the COPM, increased scores on items related to gross motor skills in the DCDQ-Brazil, as well as improvement in physical conditioning during the intervention, which was not maintained in the post-intervention phase, suggesting that the use of Microsoft Kinect® games should be further explored as therapeutic strategy for children with DCD. Conclusion The limitations of the case study are discussed as a means to subsidize future studies.

Low level laser therapy for reducing pain in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: a systematic review / Terapia Laser de Baixa Intensidade para a redução da dor em artrite reumatoide e osteoatrite: uma revisão sistemática / Terapia con Láser de baja intensidad para reducir el dolor en la artritis reumatoide y la osteoartritis: una revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) can reduce, modulate inflammation, and reduce deformities. Low-Level Laser Therapy is a biomodulator and may aid in the clinical picture of these conditions. Objective: To analyze the parameters most frequently used to determine the responses of patients with RA and OA in controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials. Method: This is a systematic review with search of articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish in PUBMED, SCOPUS, LILACS and Web of SCIENCE, of articles published between 2006 and 2018. MeSH terms were used. Inclusion criteria: evaluation of LLLT in the evaluations, evaluation and evaluation of the period, controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials, full publications. The base date of the energy dosimetry and the analysis of mean, median and mode of energy per point and energy per treatment. Results: Three articles on RA and 16 on OA were included in this study. Regarding dosimetry, it was one of the most recent of the pain, being this one with a greater energy dose. In OA, most of the articles presented are of importance, with variability in the dosage applied. Conclusion: There are several reports for patient studies purposes, mainly with doses of 6 J per point and 48 J. In the joints affected with OA and AR, it would be important to publish more scientific articles with better methodological quality and description of dosimetry.

Resumo Introdução: Os tratamentos para artrite reumatoide (AR) e osteoartrite (OA) devem diminuir dor, modular inflamação e diminuir deformidades. O LLLT é um biomodulador e pode auxiliar no quadro clínico destas. Objetivo: Analisar os parâmetros mais comumente utilizados para a diminuição das respostas de dor em pacientes com AR e OA em ensaios clínicos controlados e não controlados. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática com busca de artigos em inglês, português e espanhol na: PUBMED, SCOPUS, LILACS e Web of SCIENCE, entre 2006 a 2018. Foram utilizados os descritores MESH. Critérios de inclusão: avaliação da eficácia do LLLT nestas populações, verificação da dor antes e depois do tratamento, ensaios clínicos controlados e não controlados, publicados integralmente. Foi realizado o cálculo da dosimetria do laser e análise de média, mediana e moda da energia por ponto e energia por tratamento. Resultados: Incluídos neste estudo 3 artigos de AR e 16 de OA. Em relação à dosimetria, apenas um AR apresentou redução da dor, sendo este com a maior dose de energia. Já na OA, a maioria dos artigos apresentou diminuição da dor, e com variabilidade na dosagem aplicada. Alguns tiveram poucos parâmetros apresentados, tornando impossível calcular a dosimetria. Conclusão: há evidências científicas para reduzir a dor relatada em pacientes com OA de joelho, principalmente com doses de 6 J por ponto e 48 J aplicadas no tratamento diário. Para as outras articulações afetadas com OA e AR, seria importante a publicação de mais artigos científicos com melhor qualidade metodológica e descrição da dosimetria.

Resumen Introducción: Los tratamientos para la artritis reumatoide (AR) y la osteoartritis (OA) pueden reducirse, modular, encender y disminuir las deformidades. El LLLT es un biomodulador y puede auxiliar en el cuadro clínico de éstas. Objetivo: Analizar los parámetros más frecuentemente utilizados para determinar las respuestas de pacientes con AR y OA en ensayos clínicos controlados y no controlados. Método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática y la búsqueda de artículos en Inglés, portugués y español en: PubMed, SCOPUS, se utilizaron LILACS y Web of Science, entre 2006 y 2018. Los descriptores de malla. Criterios de inclusión: evaluación de la LLLT en las evaluaciones, evaluación y evaluación del período, ensayos clínicos controlados y no controlados, íntegramente. La fecha base de la dosimetría de energía y el análisis de media, media y moda de la energía por punto y energía por tratamiento. Resultados: Incluido en este estudio 3 artículos de AR y 16 de OA. En cuanto a la dosimetría, fue uno de los más recientes del dolor, siendo éste con una dosis mayor de energía. En la OA, la mayoría de los artículos presentados son de importancia, con la variabilidad en la dosificación aplicada. Se han tenido pocos pocos parámetros parámetros parámetros presentados presentados. Conclusión: hay una serie de informes para fines de estudios con pacientes, principalmente con dosis de 6 J por punto y 48 J. Las articulaciones afectadas con OA y AR, sería importante la publicación de más artículos científicos con mejor calidad metodológica y descripción de dosimetría.

Proprioceptive activities to postural balance of the elderly - systematic review / Atividades proprioceptivas para o equilíbrio postural de idosos - revisão sistemática / Actividades propioceptivas para el equilibrio postural de las personas mayores - revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: Proprioceptive activities are commonly described for control of the postural balance of the elderly in order to avoid falls. But, there is no consensus on which ones can significantly improve balance or on intervention and assessment protocols. Objective: To investigate which proprioceptive activities are specific to static and dynamic postural balance of the elderly through a systematic review. Method: This is a systematic review based on PRISMA recommendation, by surveying PubMed, Medline, LILACS, Scielo and EBSCO databases. The period considered for the search was from 2006 to 2016, using the following descriptors - aged, proprioception, exercise therapy, and postural balance for articles in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials were included using the PEDro scale to analyze the methodological quality of the studies. Results: Eight articles were included with different protocols, without standardization of evaluation and intervention, but, which demonstrated improvement of functional abilities. Different kinds of walk, muscular strengthening exercises, stretching, postural oscillations and Yoga patterns for the improvement of functional abilities. Conclusion: The association of static and dynamic activities can contribute to the improvement of functional abilities, but it cannot be affirmed that they are specific for postural control, given the lack of standardization of exercise protocols and evaluation tools.

Resumo Introdução: Atividades proprioceptivas são comumente descritas para o controle do equilíbrio postural de idosos, no intuito de se evitar quedas. Mas não há um consenso acerca de quais podem melhorar significativamente o equilíbrio, bem como os protocolos de intervenção e avaliação. Objetivo: Investigar quais atividades proprioceptivas são específicas para o equilíbrio postural estático e dinâmico de idosos, por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática baseada na recomendação PRISMA, por meio das bases de dados PubMed, Medline, LILACS, Scielo e EBSCO. O período considerado para a busca foi de 2006 a 2016, utilizando-se os descritores idosos, propriocepção, treinamento físico, e equilíbrio postural para artigos nos idiomas em inglês, português ou espanhol. Foram incluídos os ensaios clínicos randomizados e não-randomizados, com a utilização da escala PEDro para a análise da qualidade metodológica dos estudos. Resultados: Foram elencados 8 artigos que abordaram diferentes protocolos, sem padronização de avaliação e intervenção, mas demonstraram a melhora de algumas habilidades funcionais. Destacam-se as diferentes caminhadas, exercícios de fortalecimento muscular, alongamento, oscilações posturais e padrões de Yoga para a melhora de habilidades funcionais. Conclusão: A associação de atividades estáticas e dinâmicas podem contribuir para a melhora de habilidades funcionais, mas não se pode afirmar que sejam específicos para o controle postural, diante da falta de padronização dos protocolos de exercícios e de instrumentos de avaliação.

Resumen Introducción: Las actividades propioceptivas se conocen comúnmente para el control del equilibrio postural de los ancianos, con el fin de evitar caídas. Pero no hay consenso sobre cuáles pueden mejorar significativamente el equilibrio, así como los protocolos de intervención y evaluación. Objetivo: Investigar qué actividades propioceptivas son específicas para el equilibrio postural estático y dinámico de los ancianos, a través de una revisión sistemática. Método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática basada en la recomendación PRISMA, a través de las bases de datos PubMed, Medline, LILACS, Scielo y EBSCO. El período considerado para la búsqueda fue de 2006 a 2016, utilizando los descriptores ancianos, propiocepción, entrenamiento físico, y equilibrio postural para artículos en los idiomas en inglés, portugués o español. Se incluyeron los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados, con la utilización de la escala PEDro para el análisis de la calidad metodológica de los estudios. Resultados: Se destacan las diferentes caminatas, ejercicios de fortalecimiento muscular, estiramiento, oscilaciones posturales y patrones de Yoga para la mejora de habilidades funcionales. Conclusión: La asociación de actividades estáticas y dinámicas puede contribuir a la mejora de habilidades funcionales, pero no se puede afirmar que sean específicas para el control postural, ante la falta de estandarización de los protocolos de ejercicios y de instrumentos de evaluación.

Novas perspectivas de fisioterapia respiratória em lesão medular - uma revisão sistemática / New perspectives for chest physical therapy in spinal cord injury - a systematic review

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever e analisar parâmetros e efeitos da estimulação elétrica de superfície na função muscular respiratória de pessoas com lesão medular, sobretudo durante a tosse. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com base no Preferred Reporting items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, PEDro e LILACS, por meio dos seguintes descritores: "estimulação elétrica funcional", "eletroestimulação, estimulação elétrica", "tosse", "higiene brônquica", "quadriplegia", "lesão medular espinhal", "tetraplegia" e "sujeito com tetraplegia" - em espanhol, inglês e português, sem restrição quanto ao ano de publicação. Foram incluídos artigos com amostra de indivíduos com lesão medular assistidos por estimulação elétrica com desfecho relacionado ao sistema respiratório, e foram excluídos artigos com ensaios invasivos de estímulo a tosse. Resultados: Os 12 artigos incluídos revelam heterogeneidade nos protocolos de eletroestimulação da função expiratória, que podem incluir frequências de 30 a 50 Hz, com pulsos de 25 a 400 μs, aplicada por até oito eletrodos distribuídos pelos músculos expiratórios e acessórios. O tempo de aplicação também foi variável e a amplitude de corrente frequentemente estimada pela percepção do paciente, podendo chegar a valores superiores a 100mA. Conclusão: Apesar de não ser possível estabelecer parâmetros rigorosos de fisioterapia por meio da estimulação elétrica, pela escassez e qualidade de estudos que comparem sistematicamente parâmetros de estimulação em subgrupos, foram observadas alterações positivas nas variáveis de função muscular respiratória avaliadas, como o pico de fluxo expiratório e de tosse, em pessoas com lesão medular cervical e torácica.

Abstract Objective: To describe and analyze parameters and effects of surface electrical stimulation on the respiratory muscular function among individuals with spinal cord injuries, especially while coughing. Methods: A systematic literature review was developed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The search was conducted in the PubMed, PEDro, and LILACS databases, using the following descriptors: "functional electrical stimulation," "electrostimulation, electrical stimulation," "coughing," "bronchial hygiene," "quadriplegia," "spinal cord injury", "tetraplegia", and "individual with tetraplegia" - in Spanish, English and Portuguese, with no restrictions on year of publication. Inclusion criteria were: articles describing studies with samples of individuals with spinal cord injuries treated with electrical stimulation and outcomes related to the respiratory system. Articles containing studies with invasive cough stimulation trials were excluded. Results: The 12 selected articles revealed the heterogeneity of electrostimulation protocols for expiratory function, which can include frequencies ranging from 30 to 50 Hz; pulse from 25 to 400 μs; applied in up to eight electrodes distributed across the expiratory and accessory muscles. Time of administration also varied, and the current amplitude was usually estimated by the patient's perception, reaching values higher than 100mA. Conclusion: Even though the review did not find rigorous parameters for physical therapy using electrical stimulation, because of the shortage and low-quality of the studies that systematically compare stimulation parameters among subgroups, positive changes were observed in the assessed respiratory muscle function variables, such as peak expiratory and cough flow in individuals with cervical and thoracic spinal cord injury.

Influence of functional task-oriented mental practice on the gait of transtibial amputees: a randomized, clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Mental practice (MP) through motor imagery is a cognitive training strategy used to improve locomotor skills during rehabilitation programs. Recent works have used MP tasks to investigate the neurophysiology of human gait; however, its effect on functional performance has not been evaluated. In the present study, the influence of gait-oriented MP tasks on the rehabilitation process of gait in transtibial amputees was investigated by assessing the vertical (V), anterior-posterior (AP), and medio-lateral (ML) ground reaction forces (GRFs) and the time duration of the support phase of the prosthetic limb. METHODS: Unilateral transtibial amputees, who were capable of performing motor imagination tasks (MIQ-RS score ≥4), were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (n = 10), who performed functional gait-oriented MP combined with gait training, and Group B (n = 5), who performed non-motor task MP. The MP intervention was performed in the first-person perspective for 40 min, 3 times/week, for 4 weeks. The GRF outcome measures were recorded by a force platform to evaluate gait performance during 4 distinct stages: at baseline (BL), 1 month before the MP session; Pre-MP, 1-3 days before the MP session; Post-MP, 1-3 days after the MP session; and follow-up (FU), 1 month after MP session. The gait variables were compared inter- and intra-group by applying the Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: All volunteers exhibited a homogenous gait pattern prior to MP intervention, with no gait improvement during the BL and Pre-MP stages. Only Group A showed significant improvements in gait performance after the intervention, with enhanced impact absorption, as indicated by decreased first V and AP peaks; propulsion capacity, indicated by increasing second V and AP peaks; and balance control of the prosthetic limb, indicated by decreasing ML peaks and increasing duration of support. This gait pattern persisted until the FU stage. CONCLUSIONS: MP combined with gait training allowed transtibial amputees to reestablish independent locomotion. Since the effects of MP were preserved after 1 month, the improvement is considered related to the specificity of the MP tasks. Therefore, MP may improve the clinical aspect of gait rehabilitation when included in a training program.

Study of the kinematic variables of unilateral and habitual mastication of healthy individuals. / Estudo das variáveis cinemáticas da mastigação unilateral e habitual de indivíduos saudáveis.

PURPOSE: To describe and compare the temporal-spatial kinematic variables of mandibular movement during deliberate unilateral and habitual mastication in healthy young-adult individuals. METHODS: The study sample was composed of eight male healthy volunteers aged 19 to 24 years. The kinematic data were obtained using a motion analysis system - Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) ProReflex MCU. Recordings were performed during deliberate unilateral mastication (UM) and habitual mastication (HM) of firm-consistency gummy candy. The following variables were analyzed: (1) masticatory sequence: duration, number of masticatory cycles, and chewing rate; (2) masticatory cycle: duration, vertical and medial-lateral mandibular range of motion in relation to the skull, and maximum velocity during the opening and closing phases. Data of the variables were compared during UM and HM by the paired t test, and the effect sizes ('d' Cohen) were calculated. RESULTS: Regarding the variables of the masticatory sequence, smaller chewing rate was observed for UM compared with that for HM (1.19±0.21Hz and 1.29±0.16Hz, respectively, p=0.004, d=0.53). Smaller values of maximum velocity during the opening (MU=67.4 mm/s and MH=80.02, p=0.053, d=0.80) and closing (MU=71.77±9.35mm/s and MH=3.51±7mm/s, p=0.014, d=0.79) phases of the masticatory cycle were observed in deliberate unilateral mastication compared with those in habitual mastication. CONCLUSION: Kinematic variables associated with the sequence and cycle of mastication are influenced by the chewing pattern adopted - deliberate unilateral or habitual.

SIDRE: Symptomatic Improvement of Dry Eye Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lifitegrast 5% ophthalmic solution in reducing the symptoms of eye dryness using Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. METHODS: A single-center study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Fourteen subjects (12 female and 2 male) with symptoms of dry eye and a positive history of recent use of artificial tears were included in the study. OSDI questionnaire scores on the severity of symptoms, visual functionality, and quality of life related to the condition were recorded pre- and post-therapy. Subsequently, score data were analyzed for statistical significance. RESULTS: The mean age of the 14 subjects was 44.86 (standard deviation [SD] ±3.08) years, with a range of 23-62 years. Mean duration of the evaluation was 28.79 days with a range of 25-34 days. Baseline OSDI mean score was 49.40 (SD ±1.28), and post-therapy mean score was 42.26 (SD ±0.99). Data analysis revealed that the scores were statistically significantly improved post-lifitegrast therapy in comparison to baseline (p=0.00041). CONCLUSION: Lifitegrast 5% ophthalmic solution may be a beneficial therapeutic option in the management of symptoms associated with dry eye disease.

Differences in orthotic design for thumb osteoarthritis and its impact on functional outcomes: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Orthoses are a well-known intervention for the treatment of thumb osteoarthritis; however, there is a multitude of orthotic designs and not enough evidence to support the efficacy of specific models. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of different orthoses on pain, hand strength, and hand function of patients with thumb osteoarthritis. STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. METHODS: A scoping literature review of 14 publications reporting orthotic interventions for patients with thumb osteoarthritis was conducted. Functional outcomes and measures were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 12 studies reported improvements in pain and hand strength after the use of thumb orthoses. Comparisons between different orthotic designs were inconclusive. CONCLUSION: The use of orthoses can decrease pain and improve hand function of patients with thumb osteoarthritis; however, the effectiveness of different orthoses still needs support through adequate evidence. Clinical relevance Multiple orthoses for thumb osteoarthritis are available. Although current studies support their use to improve pain and hand function, there is no evidence to support the efficacy of specific orthotic designs. Improved functional outcomes can be achieved through the use of short orthoses, providing thumb stabilization without immobilizing adjacent joints.

Estudo das variáveis cinemáticas da mastigação unilateral e habitual de indivíduos saudáveis / Study of the kinematic variables of unilateral and habitual mastication of healthy individuals

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e comparar as variáveis cinemáticas temporoespaciais do movimento mandibular durante a mastigação unilateral deliberada e habitual de indivíduos saudáveis. Método Participaram do estudo 8 voluntários saudáveis, do gênero masculino, com faixa etária entre 19 e 24 anos. Os dados cinemáticos foram obtidos através do sistema de análise de movimento Qualysis (QTM - Qualisys Track Manager). Foram realizados registros de mastigação unilateral direita (MU) e habitual (MH) de bala de goma de gelatina de consistência firme. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas à (1) sequência mastigatória (duração, número de ciclos e frequência mastigatória); (2) ciclo mastigatório: duração do ciclo mastigatório, amplitude de movimento mandibular vertical e médio-lateral durante o ciclo mastigatório, velocidade máxima durante as fases de abertura e fechamento. A comparação das variáveis durante a MU e MH foi realizada por meio do teste t pareado (p<0,05) e os tamanhos de efeito (‘d’ de Cohen) foram calculados. Resultados Em relação à sequência mastigatória, observou-se menor frequência mastigatória durante MU comparada à MH (1,19±0,21 e 1,29±0,16Hz, respectivamente, p=0,004, d=0,53) e menores velocidades máximas de abertura (MU=67,4 mm/s e MH=80,02; p=0,053; d=0,80) e fechamento (MU=71,77±9,35mm/s e MH=83,51±17 mm/s, p=0,014, d=0,79) do ciclo mastigatório. Conclusão As variáveis cinemáticas relacionadas à sequência e ao ciclo mastigatório foram influenciadas pelo padrão mastigatório adotado – unilateral ou habitual.

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe and compare the temporal-spatial kinematic variables of mandibular movement during deliberate unilateral and habitual mastication in healthy young-adult individuals. Methods The study sample was composed of eight male healthy volunteers aged 19 to 24 years. The kinematic data were obtained using a motion analysis system - Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) ProReflex MCU. Recordings were performed during deliberate unilateral mastication (UM) and habitual mastication (HM) of firm-consistency gummy candy. The following variables were analyzed: (1) masticatory sequence: duration, number of masticatory cycles, and chewing rate; (2) masticatory cycle: duration, vertical and medial-lateral mandibular range of motion in relation to the skull, and maximum velocity during the opening and closing phases. Data of the variables were compared during UM and HM by the paired t test, and the effect sizes ('d' Cohen) were calculated. Results Regarding the variables of the masticatory sequence, smaller chewing rate was observed for UM compared with that for HM (1.19±0.21Hz and 1.29±0.16Hz, respectively, p=0.004, d=0.53). Smaller values of maximum velocity during the opening (MU=67.4 mm/s and MH=80.02, p=0.053, d=0.80) and closing (MU=71.77±9.35mm/s and MH=3.51±7mm/s, p=0.014, d=0.79) phases of the masticatory cycle were observed in deliberate unilateral mastication compared with those in habitual mastication. Conclusion Kinematic variables associated with the sequence and cycle of mastication are influenced by the chewing pattern adopted - deliberate unilateral or habitual.

Towards Parameters and Protocols to Recommend FES-Cycling in Cases of Paraplegia: A Preliminary Report.

Functional Electrical Stimulation assisted cycling (FES-Cycling) is increasingly becoming an alternative option recommended to people with spinal cord injury struggling with paraplegia and interested in practicing sports. In order to propose preconditions to guide FES-Cycling recommendation, we aimed to investigate some features and their potential relationships with responsiveness to Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES). Fourteen volunteers attended a public recruitment forum to be assessed about their responsiveness through the 16-sessions of NMES. Volunteers were separated in two groups (responsive and non-responsive to NMES) which were investigated in the light of some personal, clinical, structural and functional features. Fifty seven percent of the initial sample responded to electrical stimulation with a visual contraction. This responsive group was predominantly composed by subjects presenting traumatic spinal cord injuries above T12 vertebral level. Only two subjects became responsive at the 3rd and 16th sessions. Among the observed features, the etiology and level of injuries seems to be more associated to responsiveness. Our observations seem to indicate that subjects with traumatic spinal cord injury above T12 level were the best potential candidates for FES-cycling.