Bridging Old and New in Pain Medicine: An Historical Review.

Pain is both one of the oldest complaints known to medicine and a field for some of medicine's latest breakthroughs and innovations. Pharmacologic treatment of pain is one of the oldest remedies, and opioids have been used since ancient times as an effective pain reliever but with certain specific risks for abuse. Greater knowledge of opioids led to a more thorough understanding of the complexities of pain, which may have any number of mechanisms. A greater understanding of nerve fibers and pain signaling led to the development of more drugs and the more targeted delivery of analgesics using the hollow needle. The hollow needle changed pain treatment and led to percutaneous injections and what would later become interventional pain medicine with regional anesthesia and nerve blocks. Today, imaging can be combined with interventional techniques for more precise localization of nerves for diagnosis and treatment. The role of artificial intelligence in interventional pain medicine, especially in imaging for interventional procedures, remains unknown but will likely become extremely beneficial.

LuciA-15 - a real-world prospective study of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of patients with HER-2 negative metastatic breast cancer with germline and/or somatic mutation of BRCA genes or homologous recombination repair related genes.

Background: Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) improve progression free survival among patients with HER2 negative (HER2-ve) advanced breast cancer (ABC) and a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation compared to chemotherapy (CT). The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical benefit of PARPi treatment in terms of response, outcomes and survival by breast cancer type and treatment in a Latin-American population. Methods: From September 2019 to April 2023, we analyzed the data of patients with HER2-ve ABC with germline and/or somatic mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2, or in the homologous recombination repair genes, treated with olaparib or talazoparib in daily clinical practice by oncologist from Argentina and México. real-world objective response rate (rwORR), best response rate, real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) and real-world overall survival (rwOS) were analysed with R software and RStudio version 14.0. Results: After a median follow-up of 18.07 months (95% CI 10.53-30.07), 51 patients were treated with PARPi. Mean age at starting treatment was 47.08 years. 62.7% had ER + ve/HER2-ve and 35.3% had triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). 62.7% and 37.3% of patients received talazoparib and olaparib, respectively. BRCA 1 and 2 germline mutations were the most common alterations found in 96% of patients. 37.5% of patients received platinum-based CT in the (neo)adjuvant/metastatic setting. At the time to starting PARPi treatment, 57.5% had visceral metastasis, the median number of metastatic sites was 2 (range 1-4), the median number of lines was 2 (range 0-8), and 23.5% and 31.4% received PARPi in the 1st line and 2nd line, respectively.The rwORR was 47.0%, and the median real-world progression-free survival-1 (rwPFS1) was 7.77 months (95% CI 5.67-14.7). There was a tendency of better rwPFS1 in patients with versus without previous CT in the advance setting, 6.37 months (95% CI 5.03-8.73) and 14.30 months (95% CI 6.47-NR), respectively (p 0.084). The median rwOS was 26.97 months (95% CI 13.50-NR) and higher in the subgroup of patients naïve for CT versus previous exposure to CT in the advance setting, the median rwOS was 32.1 months (95% CI 27.0-NR) versus 13.0 (95% CI10.1-NR), respectively (p 0.022). The medium real-world progression-free survival-2 (next treatment after PARPi failure) was 4.00 months (95% CI 3.43-7.13). Treatment was discontinued due to adverse events in 4.0% of patients. Conclusion: This is the first evidence in a Latin-American population that replicates the data already published in randomised clinical trials and other scanty real-world evidence studies in this field, showing positive results in rwORR and rwPFS, and encouraging data in rwOS. Notably, there was a high proportion of patients with visceral progression even with visceral crisis and need for CT. Interestingly, there were similar rwOS results among subgroups (TNBC versus ER + ve/HER2-ve, talazoparib versus olaparib, etc).

Linolenic Acid Plus Ethanol Exacerbates Cell Death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Promoting Lipid Peroxidation, Cardiolipin Loss, and Necrosis.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hypersensitize yeast to oxidative stress. Ethanol accumulation during fermentation is another factor that induces oxidative stress via mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS overproduction. Since this microorganism has raised growing interest as a PUFA factory, we have studied if the combination of PUFA plus ethanol enhances yeast death. Respiration, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial cardiolipin content, and cell death were assessed in yeast grown in the presence of 10% ethanol (ETOH) or linolenic acid (C18:3), or ethanol plus C18:3 (ETOH+C18:3). Lipid peroxidation and cardiolipin loss were several-fold higher in cells with ETOH+C18:3 than with C18:3. On the contrary, ETOH tended to increase cardiolipin content without inducing changes in lipid peroxidation. This was consistent with a remarkable diminution of cell growth and an exacerbated propidium iodide staining in cells with only ETOH+C18:3. The respiration rate decreased with all the treatments to a similar degree, and this was paralleled with similar increments in ROS between all the treatments. These results indicate that PUFA plus ethanol hypersensitize yeast to necrotic cell death by exacerbating membrane damage and mitochondrial cardiolipin loss, independent of mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation. The implications of these observations for some biotechnological applications in yeast and its physiology are discussed.

Dysphagia, melanosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and a germinal mutation of the KIT gene in an Argentine family.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymatous neoplasms of the human digestive tract. They locate preferentially in stomach, duodenum or small bowel. Usually sporadic, familial cases unrelated to neurofibromatosis may be due to germline mutations in KIT or PDGFRA. We describe the first Argentine family with GIST in which we found, diffuse cutaneous melanosis, lentiginosis, and dysphagia. Dysphagia was not observed in the four families previously described with the same mutation. Histopathology resulted consistent with GIST, and tumor immunohistochemistry was likewise positive for DOG-1, CD117 (KIT) and CD34. The search for germline mutations identified the KIT c.1697T > C (p.559V > A) substitution in exon 11. Treatment with imatinib is furnishing positive results.

Conservación de piezas cadavéricas del sistema nervioso central con resina poliester / Cadaveric peces preservation of nervous central system with polyester resin

El estudio del cuerpo humano es una prioridad para la adquisición de conocimiento sobre su funcionamiento y enfermedades, por lo que las piezas cadavéricas son consideradas la mejor manera para su estudio, y es con ciencia que se desarrolla técnicas que las conserven intactas en el tiempo, y sean de cómoda manipulación. En la Universidad Nuestra Señora de La Paz (UNSLP) se ha llegado a utilizar la resina de poliéster como técnica experimental, siendo esta fácil de reproducción y de un costo moderado en relación a las otras técnicas con resinas sintéticas. Se realizaron trabajos de inclusión en resina poliéster de cortes de los hemisferios cerebrales tallo encefálico, cerebelo y medula espinal de especímenes humanos. Se utiliza resina de poliéster ortoftálica, acelerador, catalizador, desmoldante PVA para resina, moldes de vidrio y silicona para la inclusión de las piezas. Se realiza el procedimiento de plastificación en 20 cortes, y 4 estructuras completas logrando preservar la anatomía macroscópica desde hace más de 9 meses. Con esta técnica, la conservación de piezas anatómicas es sencilla, de gran durabilidad y bajo costo. Esta forma de preservación genera que, los alumnos tengan un número significativamente mayor de preparados anatómicos disponibles para estudio e investigación. El plastificado con resina de poliéster utilizado en piezas cadavéricas de Sistema Nervioso Central en la UNSLP, demuestra ser un procedimiento económico y útil que logra preservar las piezas, sin alterar su estructura, con lo cual se beneficia al estudiante de medicina, proporcionándole piezas cadavéricas tridimensionales fáciles de manipular.

Through human history, study of the human body is a priority for the acquisition of knowledge about their functioning and disease, so cadavers have been considered the best way to study, and with the evolution of science techniques have been developed to preserve its structure, so as to maintain intact over time, and of comfortable handling. At the University Nuestra Señora de La Paz (UNSLP) has come to use the polyester resin as experimental technique, with this easy to play and moderate cost relative to the other techniques with synthetic resins. Works were performed including polyester resin cuts brainstem cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and spinal cord of human specimens. Was used orthophthalic polyester resin, accelerator, catalyst, release agent PVA resin, glass and silicone molds for the inclusion of parts. It performs the lamination procedure 20 cuts, and obtaining complete structures preserve 4 gross anatomy for over 9 months. The use of this technique in preserving anatomical specimens is simple, high durability and low cost. This form of preservation generates, in addition to traditional dissections, students have a significantly higher number of anatomical preparations available for study and research. The polyester resin plasticized cadavers used in Central Nervous System at the UNSLP, has proven to be an economical and useful technique that can preserve the pieces without altering their morphological patterns, which benefits the student medicine, providing dimensional cadavers easily manipulated.

Dysphagia, melanosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and a germinal mutation of the KIT gene in an Argentine family / Dysphagia, melanosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and a germinal mutation of the KIT gene in an Argentine family.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymatous neoplasms of the human digestive tract. They locate preferentially in stomach, duodenum or small bowel. Usually sporadic, familial cases unrelated to neurofibromatosis may be due to germline mutations in KIT or PDGFRA. We describe the first Argentine family with GIST in which we found, diffuse cutaneous melanosis, lentiginosis, and dysphagia. Dysphagia was not observed in the four families previously described with the same mutation. Histopathology resulted consistent with GIST, and tumor immunohistochemistry was likewise positive for DOG-1, CD117 (KIT) and CD34. The search for germline mutations identified the KIT c.1697T > C (p.559V > A) substitution in exon 11. Treatment with imatinib is furnishing positive results.

Dysphagia, melanosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and a germinal mutation of the KIT gene in an Argentine family. / Dysphagia, melanosis, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and a germinal mutation of the KIT gene in an Argentine family.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymatous neoplasms of the human digestive tract. They locate preferentially in stomach, duodenum or small bowel. Usually sporadic, familial cases unrelated to neurofibromatosis may be due to germline mutations in KIT or PDGFRA. We describe the first Argentine family with GIST in which we found, diffuse cutaneous melanosis, lentiginosis, and dysphagia. Dysphagia was not observed in the four families previously described with the same mutation. Histopathology resulted consistent with GIST, and tumor immunohistochemistry was likewise positive for DOG-1, CD117 (KIT) and CD34. The search for germline mutations identified the KIT c.1697T > C (p.559V > A) substitution in exon 11. Treatment with imatinib is furnishing positive results.

Antinociceptive synergy between diclofenac and morphine after local injection into the inflamed site.

BACKGROUND: Combinations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with opioids are frequently used to reduce opioid doses required in the clinical management of acute pain. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible antinociceptive interaction between morphine and diclofenac at peripheral level in male rats. METHODS: Drugs were chosen based on their efficacy in the treatment of this kind of pain and as representative drugs of their respective analgesic groups. For the formalin test, 50 µ of 1% formalin solution was injected subcutaneously into the right hind paw. The interaction between morphine and diclofenac was evaluated by using isobolographic analysis and interaction index. Drug interaction was examined by administering fixed-ratio combinations of morphine-diclofenac (1 : 1 and 3 : 1) of their respective ED30 fractions. RESULTS: Diclofenac and morphine reduced flinching behavior in a dose-dependent manner during phase 2 but not phase 1 of the formalin test. Isobolographic analysis showed a synergistic interaction for the combination of morphine and diclofenac after local peripheral administration. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that the combination of morphine with diclofenac at the site of injury is synergistic and could be useful in the treatment of wounds, bruises, rheumatisms and other painful peripheral conditions associated with an inflammatory process.

Genes con islas CpG amplificados con la mezcla formamida, albúmina sérica bovina y dimetilsulfóxido / CG-rich genes amplified with the formamide, bovine seric albumin y dimethylsulfoxide mix / Genes com Ilhas CpG amplificados com a mistura formamida, albumina sérica bovina, e dimetilsulfóxido

Diversos aditivos químicos han sido utilizados para garantizar la polimerización de genes con islas CpG. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar una mezcla potenciadora de PCR para amplificar genes con islas CpG. Con ese fin se analizaron fragmentos de los genes IRS2 y HNF1a con el programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Los iniciadores se diseñaron con el programa Primer 3 y se analizaron con el programa e-PCR. Se usaron tres aditivos químicos: Albúmina sérica bovina (0,1µg/µL), dimetilsulfóxido (5%) y formamida (5%) para 5 ensayos de PCR: dos usando un solo aditivo, dos combinando dos aditivos y uno combinando tres aditivos. Las amplificaciones con las mezclas se realizaron con las enzimas Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante y Taq Platinum. La calidad de los amplicones se probó por secuenciación. Fragmentos sin islas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaron con las tres enzimas, sin el uso de los aditivos pero presentaron problemas de pureza en la secuenciación. Los fragmentos del gen IRS2 con islas CpG amplificaron sólo con la combinación de tres aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albúmina sérica bovina y formamida, independientemente de la enzima usada, las secuencias fueron limpias. Se concluye que la mezcla de tres aditivos es una solución que permite obtener amplicones de alta calidad en genes con islas CpG, con cromatogramas limpios en la secuenciación.

Several chemical additives have been used to assure polymerization in CpG islands.The aim of the present work was to design a PCR enhancer mixture in order to amplify GC-rich genes. Fragments of IRS2 and HNF1a genes were analyzed using EMBOSS CpG Report Software. Primers were designed with the Primer3 Software and were tested with ePCR Software. Three additives were used: BSA (0.1µg/µL), DMSO (5%) and formamide (5%), in five PCR assays, two using one additive, two combining two additives and one with all additives. DNA sequences were amplified with the following enzymes: Native Taq, recombinant Taq and platinum Taq DNA polymerase. Amplicon quality was examined by sequencing. HNF1a gene was amplified without additives; however, the sequences were not amplified and showed purity problems in sequencing. The gene fragments IRS2 with CpG islands were amplified with additives DMSO, BSA and Formamida mixture, notwithstanding the enzyme used. These sequences were clean. DMSO-BSA-Formamide mixture can be a solution to obtain GC-rich DNA amplicons with such a high quality that it generates neat chromatograms during sequencing.

Diversos aditivos químicos têm sido utilizados para garantir a polimerização de genes com ilhas CpG. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenhar uma mistura que potencie PCR para amplificar genes com ilhas CpG. Para esta finalidade foram analisados fragmentos dos genes IRS2 e HNF1a com o programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Os iniciadores foram desenhados com o programa Primer 3 e se analisaram com o programa e-PCR. Foram utilizados três aditivos químicos: Albumina sérica bovina (0,1µg/µlL, Dimetilsulfóxido (5%) e formamida (5%) para 5 ensaios de PCR: dois usando um único aditivo, dois combinando dois aditivos e um combinando três aditivos. As amplificações com as misturas se realizaram com as enzimas, Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante e Taq Platinum. A qualidade das ampliações foi provada por sequenciação. Fragmentos sem ilhas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaram com as três enzimas, sem o uso dos aditivos porém apresentaram problemas de pureza na sequenciação. Os fragmentos do gene IRS2 com ilhas CpG ampli­ficaram apenas com a combinação de três aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albumina sérica bovina e formamida, independentemente da enzima usada, as sequências foram limpas. A conclusão que a mistura de três aditivos é uma solução que permite obter ampliações de alta qualidade em genes com ilhas CpG, com cromatogramas limpos na secuenciação.

Genes con islas CpG amplificados con la mezcla formamida, albúmina sérica bovina y dimetilsulfóxido / CG-rich genes amplified with the formamide, bovine seric albumin y dimethylsulfoxide mix / Genes com Ilhas CpG amplificados com a mistura formamida, albumina sérica bovina, e dimetilsulfóxido

Diversos aditivos químicos han sido utilizados para garantizar la polimerización de genes con islas CpG. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar una mezcla potenciadora de PCR para amplificar genes con islas CpG. Con ese fin se analizaron fragmentos de los genes IRS2 y HNF1a con el programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Los iniciadores se diseñaron con el programa Primer 3 y se analizaron con el programa e-PCR. Se usaron tres aditivos químicos: Albúmina sérica bovina (0,1Ag/AL), dimetilsulfóxido (5%) y formamida (5%) para 5 ensayos de PCR: dos usando un solo aditivo, dos combinando dos aditivos y uno combinando tres aditivos. Las amplificaciones con las mezclas se realizaron con las enzimas Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante y Taq Platinum. La calidad de los amplicones se probó por secuenciación. Fragmentos sin islas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaron con las tres enzimas, sin el uso de los aditivos pero presentaron problemas de pureza en la secuenciación. Los fragmentos del gen IRS2 con islas CpG amplificaron sólo con la combinación de tres aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albúmina sérica bovina y formamida, independientemente de la enzima usada, las secuencias fueron limpias. Se concluye que la mezcla de tres aditivos es una solución que permite obtener amplicones de alta calidad en genes con islas CpG, con cromatogramas limpios en la secuenciación.(AU)

Several chemical additives have been used to assure polymerization in CpG islands.The aim of the present work was to design a PCR enhancer mixture in order to amplify GC-rich genes. Fragments of IRS2 and HNF1a genes were analyzed using EMBOSS CpG Report Software. Primers were designed with the Primer3 Software and were tested with ePCR Software. Three additives were used: BSA (0.1Ag/AL), DMSO (5%) and formamide (5%), in five PCR assays, two using one additive, two combining two additives and one with all additives. DNA sequences were amplified with the following enzymes: Native Taq, recombinant Taq and platinum Taq DNA polymerase. Amplicon quality was examined by sequencing. HNF1a gene was amplified without additives; however, the sequences were not amplified and showed purity problems in sequencing. The gene fragments IRS2 with CpG islands were amplified with additives DMSO, BSA and Formamida mixture, notwithstanding the enzyme used. These sequences were clean. DMSO-BSA-Formamide mixture can be a solution to obtain GC-rich DNA amplicons with such a high quality that it generates neat chromatograms during sequencing.(AU)

Diversos aditivos químicos tÛm sido utilizados para garantir a polimerizaþÒo de genes com ilhas CpG. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenhar uma mistura que potencie PCR para amplificar genes com ilhas CpG. Para esta finalidade foram analisados fragmentos dos genes IRS2 e HNF1a com o programa EMBOSS CpG Report. Os iniciadores foram desenhados com o programa Primer 3 e se analisaram com o programa e-PCR. Foram utilizados trÛs aditivos químicos: Albumina sérica bovina (0,1Ag/AlL, Dimetilsulfóxido (5%) e formamida (5%) para 5 ensaios de PCR: dois usando um único aditivo, dois combinando dois aditivos e um combinando trÛs aditivos. As amplificaþ§es com as misturas se realizaram com as enzimas, Taq Nativa, taq Recombinante e Taq Platinum. A qualidade das ampliaþ§es foi provada por sequenciaþÒo. Fragmentos sem ilhas CpG (HNF-1a) amplificaram com as trÛs enzimas, sem o uso dos aditivos porém apresentaram problemas de pureza na sequenciaþÒo. Os fragmentos do gene IRS2 com ilhas CpG ampli¡ficaram apenas com a combinaþÒo de trÛs aditivos dimetilsulfóxido, albumina sérica bovina e formamida, independentemente da enzima usada, as sequÛncias foram limpas. A conclusÒo que a mistura de trÛs aditivos é uma soluþÒo que permite obter ampliaþ§es de alta qualidade em genes com ilhas CpG, com cromatogramas limpos na secuenciaþÒo.(AU)

Gold-silver alloy nanoshells: a new candidate for nanotherapeutics and diagnostics.

We have developed novel gold-silver alloy nanoshells as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dual T1 (positive) and T2 (negative) contrast agents as an alternative to typical gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents. Specifically, we have doped iron oxide nanoparticles with Gd ions and sequestered the ions within the core by coating the nanoparticles with an alloy of gold and silver. Thus, these nanoparticles are very innovative and have the potential to overcome toxicities related to renal clearance of contrast agents such as nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. The morphology of the attained nanoparticles was characterized by XRD which demonstrated the successful incorporation of Gd(III) ions into the structure of the magnetite, with no major alterations of the spinel structure, as well as the growth of the gold-silver alloy shells. This was supported by TEM, ICP-AES, and SEM/EDS data. The nanoshells showed a saturation magnetization of 38 emu/g because of the presence of Gd ions within the crystalline structure with r1 and r2 values of 0.0119 and 0.9229 mL mg-1 s-1, respectively (Au:Ag alloy = 1:1). T1- and T2-weighted images of the nanoshells showed that these agents can both increase the surrounding water proton signals in the T1-weighted image and reduce the signal in T2-weighted images. The as-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited strong absorption in the range of 600-800 nm, their optical properties being strongly dependent upon the thickness of the gold-silver alloy shell. Thus, these nanoshells have the potential to be utilized for tumor cell ablation because of their absorption as well as an imaging agent.

Preeclampsia copplicada con síndrome de hellp y avc / Preeclampsia copplicated with hellp syndrome and avc

La craneotomía descompresiva es un procedimiento heroico en neurocirugía con el objetivo de disminuir la presión intracraneal (PIC). El síndrome de HELLP (hemólisis, aumento de enzimas hepáticas y disminución de las plaquetas) se presenta en pacientes con preeclampsia y sus complicaciones son: la falla renal, eclampsia, edema pulmonar, trastornos de la coagulación, y accidente vascular cerebral (AVC). La literatura reporta una mortalidad por síndrome de HELLP entre 0-24%. El siguiente caso presenta una paciente con síndrome de HELLP que se complicó con una hemorragia en hemisferio cerebral derecho. Fue sometida a craneotomía descompresiva y drenaje de hematoma cursando actualmente con evolución favorable. Mujer de 26 años cursando una gestación de 24,3 semanas que ingresa por emergencia con datos clínicos y laboratoriales compatibles con Síndrome HELLP. La paciente evoluciona de forma rápida en el mismo día de su internación con depresión de conciencia y síndrome de herniación uncal a derecha. Laboratorialmente presenta plaquetopenia, glucemia alta, hipermagnesima. La tomografía simple de cerebro muestra hemorragia importante en hemisferio derecho con efecto compresivo de estructuras vecinas. Paciente presenta síndrome de HELLP, con laboratorios que ratifican diagnóstico y además muestran compromiso de la función hepática y de coagulación importante. Debido a la crisis hipertensiva complicada con AVC se realizó un aborto terapéutico además de craniectomía descompresiva con drenaje de hematoma pese al riesgo importante de mortalidad.

Uso de estereotaxia en tuberculosis cerebral / Steeotactic use in cerebral tuberculosis

La Tuberculosis Cerebral es la presentación más inusual de tuberculosis extrapulmonar en países en vías de desarrollo, donde esta enfermedad tiene alta incidencia y prevalencia. La amplia presentación clínica y poca especificidad, dificultan el diagnóstico precoz, relacionándose directamente con mayor morbimortalidad en pacientes afectados. La estereotaxia es una técnica neuroquirúrgica mínimamente invasiva que permite la localización y acceso preciso a estructuras intracraneanas. Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 34 años con clínica de crisis epilépticas y cuya imagenología muestra lesión parietal quística cerebral profunda. Debido a los múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales, se realiza biopsia-aspiración estereotáxica, llegando al diagnóstico de tuberculosis cerebral. El tratamiento adecuado muestra resolución completa del cuadro a los 8 meses.

Cerebral Tuberculosis is the most unusual presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, in developing countries where this disease has high incidence and prevalence. The broad clinical presentation and poor specificity difficult early diagnosis, related directly with higher lethality in affected patients. Stereotactic is a modern neurosurgery minimally invasive that allows accurate localization and access to intracranial structures. Case of a 34 years-old woman with seizures and imagenology that present intraparietal cystic deep brain lesión. Due multiple differential diagnoses an aspiration-biopsy stereotactic is made, reaching the diagnostic of cerebral tuberculosis. Treatment after 8 months shows complete resolution.

Determinación y optimización del grado de precisión que se puede obtener en los trabajos de catastro a partir de fotografías aéreas y un sistema de posicionamiento global (GPS)

De la idea de utilizar una metodología más rápida y menos costosa en los trabajos de catastro, nace la curiosidad de cuan preciso puede llegar a ser dicha metodología. Esta metodología (levantamiento catastral a partir de fotografías aérea georreferenciadas con GPS), se fue comparando con diferentes tipos de levantamientos conocidos y usados, todos en función al levantamiento con teodolito (patron de comparación), que a partir del cual se van observando las desviaciones que se da en toda medición. Los datos obtenidos de campo y gabinete son analizados estadísticamente con diferentes tipos de estadísticos parámetros elementales, en cuyo resultado se cuantifican las variaciones propias de cada tipo de levantamiento que se ha utilizado. Para probar si las variaciones existentes entre los diferentes métodos de levantamiento parcelario son similares o no; se utiliza un estadístico no paramétrico de alta confiabilidad, como es el análisis de rangos de Wilcoxon, que se adecúa muy bien a los datos; de cuyo análisis da como resultado que, las variaciones sufridas a partir de las mediciones con teodolito (que es la medida de referencia), son iguales en las mensuras realizadas con cinta, GPS y de fotografías aéreas. Basados en los análisis estadísticos y los apuntes obtenidos en campo se proponen procesos y acciones que ayuden a disminuir el grado de error cometido.