Association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of habitual physical activity in eutrophic and overweight/obese preschoolers: multivariate analysis of a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although it is well known that obesity is frequently associated with reduced levels of habitual physical activity (HPA), which contributes to determining severe oxidative stress and inflammatory state, this association is however unknown in preschoolers so far. This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of redox status and cytokines with different patterns of HPA according to the adiposity of preschoolers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 preschoolers (25 overweight/obese, OW/OB and 25 eutrophic, EU), matched for age, sex, economic level, and maternal education. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFRs), and leptin levels were evaluated. HPA levels were evaluated by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer). Correlation, multiple linear regression, and partial least squares regression analysis were used to determine the association between redox status biomarkers and cytokines with different patterns of HPA (HPA level, bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity [MVPA], and multivariate pattern of HPA) in EU and OW/OB preschoolers. RESULTS: OW/OB preschoolers had lower CAT activity, higher levels of TAC, TBARS, and cytokines, and similar levels of HPA to EU preschoolers. In EU preschoolers, SOD activity exhibited a stronger negative association with moderate intensity ranges of HPA (R2 = 0.18), and negative correlation with sTNFRs (r = -0.40 to -0.46). TBARS had a stronger positive association with ranges of light intensity in the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.10). In OW/OB preschoolers, the HPA multivariate associative pattern was predominantly from vigorous intensity ranges. Thus, SOD activity had a positive association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.38) and MVPA bouts (ß [95% CI] = 0.457 [0.0026. 0.0576]). TAC had a negative association with the multivariate pattern of HPA (R2 = 0.38) and MVPA bouts (ß [95% CI] = -0.718 [-0.0025. -0.0003]). Additionally, leptin levels were lower in OW/OB preschoolers engaged in vigorous physical activity (VPA) (8000-9999 counts/min) for longer periods of time. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that OW/OB preschoolers have higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to EU preschoolers. Moreover, VPA may exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in OW/OB preschoolers.

LED phototherapy in tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with diabetes: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify scientific evidence of LED photobiomodulation in the treatment and tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with Diabetes Mellitus, types I and II. METHOD: Systematic review conducted from September/2021 to April/2022 in PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE and Web of Science. Randomized and observational clinical trials using LED in wound healing in diabetics, published between 2015 and 2022 were included. Data were descriptively analyzed with title/abstract screening, full text articles reading and definitive selection after meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: Fromthe total of 840 references, eight articles were selected, that evaluated the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in wounds of diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: LED light proved to be beneficial in tissue repair, with increased production in collagen and fibroblasts, angiogenesis, reduction of inflammation and, consequently, a decrease in lesion size.

Inflammatory biomarkers at different stages of Sarcopenia in older women.

In recent years, studies have found that Sarcopenia alters inflammatory biomarkers. However, the behavior of inflammatory biomarkers at different stages of Sarcopenia is not well understood. This study aimed to compare a broad panel of inflammatory biomarkers in older women at different stages of Sarcopenia. The study included 71 Brazilian community-dwelling older women. Muscle Strength was assessed by using handgrip strength (Jamar dynamometer). The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was performed to assess the physical performance, and body composition was assessed by DEXA. Sarcopenia was diagnosed and classified according to the EWGSOP2 criteria. Blood was drawn, and inflammatory biomarkers associated with Sarcopenia (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, BDNF, sTNFr-1 and sTNFr-2) was analysed. After diagnosis and classification of sarcopenia, 45% of women did not present Sarcopenia (NS, N = 32), 23.9% were diagnosed with Sarcopenia Probable (SP, N = 17), 19,7% with Sarcopenia Confirmed (SC, N = 14), and 11.3% with Severe Sarcopenia (SS, N = 8). The analysis of inflammatory biomarkers revealed that the more advanced the stage of Sarcopenia, the higher the levels of BDNF, IL-8, sTNFr-1, and sTNFr-2. The assessment of BDNF, IL-8, sTNFr-1, and sTNFr-2 levels may be an adjuvant tool in diagnosis and severity classification of Sarcopenia in older Brazilian women.

Factors Associated with Motor Competence in Preschoolers from a Brazilian Urban Area.

Background: Preschool is a crucial period for developing motor skills. Objective: This study evaluated factors associated with motor competence in preschoolers from a Brazilian urban area. Methods: A total of 211 preschoolers (51.2% girls and 48.8% boys) were evaluated. Body mass index was calculated; the Brazilian Economic Research Criterion, the Mini-Mental Scale (MMC) and the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale®, Revised (ECERS-R™) were applied; the Habitual Physical Activity time was recorded; the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) was performed. Univariate analysis was performed using simple linear regression for the independent variables, considering the motor test subscales as dependent variables. Variables with p < 0.20 in the univariate analysis were considered for the multiple linear regression model and were entered into the stepwise method. Results: The independent variables remaining in the Standard Score Locomotor model were BMI, presence of park at school, and MMC (R2 = 0.16). The independent variables remaining in the Standard Object Control score were MMC and gender (R2 = 0.03). The variables associated with the highest scores of Gross Motor Quotient were MMC, body mass index, and presence of a park at school, respectively (R2 = 0.11). Conclusion: Male eutrophic preschoolers who are physically active and attend schools with parks or courtyards in a Brazilian urban area have the highest scores for global cognitive function and motor competence.

LED phototherapy in tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with diabetes: a systematic review / Fototerapia LED en la reparación de tejidos de heridas crónicas en personas con diabetes: una revisión sistemática / Fototerapia com LED no reparo tecidual de feridas crônicas em pessoas com diabetes: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify scientific evidence of LED photobiomodulation in the treatment and tissue repair of chronic wounds in people with Diabetes Mellitus, types I and II. Method: Systematic review conducted from September/2021 to April/2022 in PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE and Web of Science. Randomized and observational clinical trials using LED in wound healing in diabetics, published between 2015 and 2022 were included. Data were descriptively analyzed with title/abstract screening, full text articles reading and definitive selection after meeting the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Fromthe total of 840 references, eight articles were selected, that evaluated the effectiveness of LED phototherapy in wounds of diabetic patients. Conclusion: LED light proved to be beneficial in tissue repair, with increased production in collagen and fibroblasts, angiogenesis, reduction of inflammation and, consequently, a decrease in lesion size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar evidencias científicas de fotobiomodulación con LED en el tratamiento y reparación de tejidos de heridas crónicas en personas con Diabetes Mellitus, tipos I y II. Método: Revisión sistemática realizada de septiembre/2021 a abril/2022 en PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE y Web of Science. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y observacionales con uso de LED en la cicatrización de heridas en diabéticos, publicados entre 2015 y 2022. Los datos fueron analizados descriptivamente con selección de título/resumen, lectura de artículos a texto completo y selección definitiva después de cumplir con la inclusión e inclusiones ex - predefinidas. Resultados: Del total de 840 referencias encontradas, se seleccionaron ocho artículos que evaluaron la efectividad de la fototerapia LED en heridas de pacientes diabéticos. Conclusión: La luz LED demostró ser beneficiosa en la reparación de tejidos, con aumento de la producción de colágeno y fibroblastos, angiogénesis, reducción de la inflamación y, en consecuencia, disminución del tamaño de la lesión.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas da fotobiomodulação com LED no tratamento e reparo tecidual em feridas crônicas de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus, tipo I e II. Método: Revisão sistemática realizada de setembro/2021 a abril/2022 na PubMed, LILACS, SCIELO, COHRANE, EMBASE e Web of Science. Incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados e observacionais utilizando LED na cicatrização de feridas em diabéticos, publicados entre 2015 a 2022. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente com triagem de título/resumo, leitura dos artigos em texto completo e seleção definitiva após atender aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão pré-definidos. Resultados: Do total de 840 referências encontradas, foram selecionados oito artigos que avaliaram a eficácia da fototerapia LED em feridas de pacientes diabéticos. Conclusão: A luz LED mostrou-se benéfica no reparo tecidual, com aumento na produção de colágeno e fibroblastos, angiogênese, redução da inflamação e consequentemente, diminuição no tamanho da lesão.

Determinants of High Fat Mass Index in Preschoolers Living in Brazilian Urban Areas.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the social, environmental, and personal factors associated with high fat mass index in preschoolers. DESIGN: A quantitative, exploratory, and cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one Brazilian preschoolers from public schools living in urban areas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The preschoolers' fat mass index was determined using dual-energy radiological absorptiometry. The quality of home and school environments were accessed using the Early Childhood Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment and Early Childhood Environment Rating Scales. The physical activity levels were recorded by accelerometers. The daily energy intake was recorded and sociodemographic data using the Brazilian Economic Classification criterion. Data on exposure time to screens and parental obesity were collected according to the parents' reports. ANALYSIS: Data analyses were performed using simple and multiple regressions models. RESULTS: Parental obesity (ß, 0.516; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.078-5.133), high quality of environmental stimulation of home (ß, 0.429; 95% CI, 1.294-4.023), and high exposure time to screens (ß, 0.256; 95% CI, 0.215-2.554) explained 43% of preschoolers' high fat mass index. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Identification of parental obesity, high quality of environmental stimulation of home, and high exposure time to screens as the most important determinants of the high fat mass index in preschoolers from Brazilian urban areas.

Moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training improve cognition, and BDNF levels of middle-aged overweight men.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide, which has been associated with poor cognitive outcomes. Participating in regular physical exercise may also improve cognition, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but the optimal exercise prescription remains to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study is to compare the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognition, and serum BDNF levels in middle-aged and overweight men. Twenty-five sedentary, overweight men participated in the 8-week training intervention. Subjects were randomized into MICT (n = 12) or HIIT (n = 13) and performed exercise sessions 3x/week for 8-weeks. Cognitive function, and serum BDNF levels were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Graph Pad Prism 7.0, and the level of significance was set at 5%. Significant improvements were observed in cognitive test scores, and BDNF levels in MICT and HIIT groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in cognitive function between MICT and HIIT. The present study implicates that 8 weeks of MICT or HIIT may be a very useful non-pharmacological treatment option to improve cognitive function, and BDNF levels in middle-aged overweight men.

Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (BP-OCS) using a large University Sample in Brazil.

We aimed to validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (BP-OCS) using a large sample of university students in Brazil (N = 1454). The scale showed solid psychometric characteristics in terms of internal consistency (α = .78), test-retest reliability (ICC = .86), factorial validity (PAF and CFA support), and construct validity. Additionally, BP-OCS scores were found to be higher among females, participants with diagnosed depression, anxiety, and self-reported anxiety. These findings suggest that the BP-OCS is a reliable and valid measure of persistent and disturbed thinking about COVID-19 for Brazilian university students.

Neurological consequences of exercise during prenatal Zika virus exposure to mice pups.

PURPOSE/AIM: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during the pregnancy period is related to microcephaly and neurobehavioral disorders at birth, while prenatal exercise is supposed to provide neuroprotection in newborns pups. The aim of this study was to investigate the neurological consequences of exercise during prenatal ZIKV exposure to mice pups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve weeks female mice were randomly assigned into three groups: Control group, intraperitoneally injected with saline (Control); untrained group, intraperitoneally injected with ZIKV (ZIKV); and trained group, intraperitoneally injected with ZIKV (ZIKV/swim). There was one familiarization week prior to the beginning of the swimming training. Dams swam for 60 min/session, 5 days/week, during 4 weeks. Mating occurred between the fifth and seventh day of the first week of the swimming training. ZIKV 106 plaque-forming units/100 µl (106 PFUs/100 µl) or an equal volume of saline was intraperitoneally injected in the pregnant mice at embryonic day 10.5. Pup's body mass and brain weight were measured at postnatal day 1 (P1). Behavioral tests were performed from P30 to P35. Thereafter, hippocampal levels of syntaxin-1, GFAP, IBA-1, and BDNF were measured. RESULTS: Exercise during prenatal ZIKV exposure prevented brain atrophy, development of depression, anxiety, and disruption of social behavior. Exercise during prenatal ZIKV exposure inhibited the overexpression of microglia (IBA-1) and astrocytes (GFAP), with reduction of BDNF levels in the hippocampi of female and male mice pups. No significant changes were seen in syntaxin-1 levels. CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal beneficial effects of exercise during pregnancy exposure to ZIKV in mice pups.

Does endurance training prior to ovariectomy protect against myocardial contractility dysfunction in rats?

BACKGROUND: Endurance training prevents cardiac dysfunction induced by menopause, but to date, no studies compared the effects of endurance training prior to menopause versus estrogen replacement therapy during menopause on heart function of rats. METHODS: Female Wistar rats aged three months were randomly assigned into three groups: Untrained ovariectomized rats (UN-OVX), untrained ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (UN-OVX-E2), and ovariectomized rats previously exercised (EX-OVX). The endurance training protocol consisted of running on a treadmill at 60-70% of maximal aerobic capacity, 60 min per day, five days per week, for eight weeks. Estradiol replacement therapy consisted of silastic capsules containing the hormone for twelve days. After euthanasia, hearts were harvested, weighed and cardiac function was evaluated by the Langendorff technique. RESULTS: Both cardiac contractility and relaxation indexes improved similarly in the EX-OVX and UN-OVX-E2 rats compared to UN-OVX. CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal similar beneficial effects between endurance training previously to menopause and estradiol replacement therapy during menopause on cardiac function of rats.

Physical exercise protocols in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.

Several animal studies have showed the beneficial effects of physical exercise (PE) on brain function and health. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by the presence of aggregated extracellular amyloid-beta (Aß) and neurofibrillary tangles, with progressive cognitive decline. Therapeutic approaches such as PE showed to be effective in halting AD progression. Here, we present a systematic review about PE and AD. The search was carried out using the PubMed and LILACS databases. The following keywords were used: Alzheimer; PE; animal model. All found studies adopted aerobic exercise training as the PE protocol (100%). We identified running on treadmill as the most commonly used PE routine (62.5%). The duration of each session, intensity, frequency, and period of training most used were 60 min/day (62.5%), moderate intensity (87.5%), 5 days/week (62.5%), and 4 (37.5%) or 12 (37.5%) weeks, respectively. The AD animal models most used were the Tg APP/PS1ΔE9 (25%), models based on i.c.v. infusion of AßOs (25%) and streptozotocin (25%). All protocols used rodents to their experiments (100%), but mice were the most common (62.5%). Finally, the main results presented in all studies were capable to reduce significantly AD consequences, such as reducing Aß or pro-inflammatory proteins levels (100%). The lack of resistance training protocols in animal models of AD indicates a huge gap that should be investigated in future studies. We suggest that PE protocols must be adapted according to the specie, lineage and life span of the animal.

Does calorie restriction improve cognition?

Calorie restriction (CR) has been considered the most effective non-pharmacological intervention to counteract aging-related diseases and improve longevity. This intervention has shown beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases and functional declines related to aging, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and neuroendocrine disorders. However, the effects of CR on cognition show controversial results since its effects vary according to intensity, duration, and the period of CR. This review focuses on the main studies published in the last ten years regarding the consequences of CR on cognition in different neurological diseases and conditions of experimental animals. Also, possible CR mimetics are discussed. These findings highlight the potential beneficial effects of CR of up to 40 % on cognition when started early in life in non human animals.

Post-exercise cold water immersion does not alter high intensity interval training-induced exercise performance and Hsp72 responses, but enhances mitochondrial markers.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of regular post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) on intramuscular markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis and exercise performance after 4 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Seventeen healthy subjects were allocated into two groups: control (CON, n = 9) or CWI (n = 8). Each HIIT session consisted of 8-12 cycling exercise stimuli (90-110 % of peak power) for 60 s followed by 75 s of active recovery three times per week, for 4 weeks (12 HIIT sessions). After each HIIT session, the CWI had their lower limbs immersed in cold water (10 °C) for 15 min and the CON recovered at room temperature. Exercise performance was evaluated before and after HIIT by a 15-km cycling time trial. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained pre and 72 h post training. Samples were analyzed for heat shock protein 72 kDa (Hsp72), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) assessed by western blot. In addition, the mRNA expression of heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2 (NRF1 and 2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2) and enzymes citrate synthase (CS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) were assessed by real-time PCR. Time to complete the 15-km cycling time trial was reduced with training (p < 0.001), but was not different between groups (p = 0.33). The Hsp72 (p = 0.01), p38 MAPK, and AMPK (p = 0.04) contents increased with training, but were not different between groups (p > 0.05). No differences were observed with training or condition for mRNA expression of PGC-1α (p = 0.31), CPT1 (p = 0.14), CS (p = 0.44), and NRF-2 (p = 0.82). However, HFS-1 (p = 0.007), PDK4 (p = 0.03), and Tfam (p = 0.03) mRNA were higher in CWI. NRF-1 decrease in both groups after training (p = 0.006). CaMK2 decreased with HIIT (p = 0.003) but it was not affected by CWI (p = 0.99). Cold water immersion does not alter HIIT-induced Hsp72, AMPK, p38 MAPK, and exercise performance but was able to increase some markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis.

COMPARAÇÃO DA MODULAÇÃO AUTONÔMICA CARDÍACA DURANTE ESFORÇO DE FUMANTES E NÃO FUMANTES / COMPARISON OF CARDIAC AUTONOMIC MODULATION DURING EFFORT OF SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS / COMPARACIÓN DE LA MODULACIÓN AUTONÓMICA CARDÍACA DURANTE ESFUERZO DE LOS FUMADORES Y LOS NO FUMADORES

Introdução O tabagismo é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Indivíduos fumantes têm risco aumentado de desenvolver disfunção autonômica, a qual pode ser avaliada tanto pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) como pela frequência cardíaca de recuperação (FCRec). A maioria dos estudos envolvendo esta análise é realizada em adultos de idade avançada e na condição de repouso. Objetivos Comparar a atividade autonômica cardíaca em repouso e esforço, em homens jovens, fumantes e não fumantes. Métodos Trinta e dois jovens voluntários, (idade 22,0 ± 2,8 anos) foram distribuídos em dois grupos: o grupo fumante (GF; n=15) e o não fumante (GNF; n=17). Realizou-se o teste de Cooper, com análise da VFC pelo cardiofrequencímetro Polar(r)s810i, em repouso e durante o esforço e FCRec. Resultados No GF, 73% foram classificados com nível de dependência nicotínica "muito baixa" segundo questionário de Fargeström. A classificação de ativos e muito ativos pelo questionário IPAQ correspondeu a mais de 50% da amostra em ambos os grupos. Não se observou diferenças significativas entre os grupos na VFC, tanto no repouso quanto no esforço. Entretanto, em cada grupo, notou-se diferença na maioria dos índices de VFC do repouso para o esforço. No teste de Cooper não foram observadas diferenças significativas na FCmédia, FCpico e de FCRec entre os grupos, mas notou-se uma melhor capacidade funcional no GNF pela distância caminhada (2050,2 ± 300,0 vs. 1780,3 ± 390,4 m, p=0,036). Conclusão O GF apresentou menor capacidade funcional e ativação parassimpática durante o esforço, além de menores índices de VFC durante repouso, o que pode sugerir um comprometimento precoce na modulação autonômica cardíaca.

Introduction Smoking is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Smokers have an increased risk of developing autonomic dysfunction, which can be evaluated by both heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRRec). Most studies involving this analysis is performed on adults of advanced age and in condition of rest. Objectives To compare the cardiac autonomic activity, at rest and during exercise in young men, smokers and non-smokers. Methods Thirty-two young volunteers (aged 22.0 ± 2.8 years) were divided into two groups: the smoking group (SG, n = 15) and non-smokers (NSG, n = 17). We carried out the Cooper test and HRV analysis by heart rate monitor Polar(r)s810i, at rest and during exercise and HRRec. Results In SG, 73% were classified as having a "very low" level of nicotine dependence according to the Fargeström's questionnaire. Classification of active and very active by the IPAQ questionnaire accounted for over 50% of sample in both groups. There were no significant differences between groups in HRV, both at rest and during exercise. However, in each group, difference has been noted in most HRV indexes from rest to exercise. During Cooper test there were no significant differences in mean HR, HRpeak and HRRec between groups, but a better functional capacity was noted in NSG in the distance walked (2050.2 ± 300.0 vs. 1780.3 ± 390.4m, p = 0.036). Conclusion The SG showed lower functional capacity and parasympathetic activation during exercise, besides lower HRV indexes during rest, suggesting an early impairment in cardiac autonomic modulation.

Introducción El consumo de cigarrillos es una de las más importantes causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo. Los individuos fumadores tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar disfunción autonómica, que puede ser evaluada tanto por la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco (VRC) como por la frecuencia cardiaca de recuperación (FCrec). La mayoría de los estudios con estos análisis se lleva a cabo en las personas más viejas y en situación de reposo. Objetivos Comparar la actividad autonómica cardiaca, en momento de reposo y durante ejercicios, en hombres jóvenes, fumadores y no fumadores. Métodos Treinta y dos voluntarios jóvenes (edad 22,0 ± 2,8 años) fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo de fumadores (GF; n = 15) y no fumadores (GNF; n = 17). Se realizó la prueba de Cooper con el análisis de la VRC por pulsómetro Polar(r)s810i, durante reposo y ejercicio y FCrec. Resultados En el GF, el 73% fueron clasificados con niveles de dependencia por la nicotina "muy bajo", según cuestionario Fargeström. La clasificación de activos y muy activos, mediante cuestionario IPAQ, correspondió a más de 50% de la amuestra en ambos los grupos. No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en la VRC, tanto en reposo cuanto en ejercicio. Sin embargo, en cada grupo, observamos una diferencia en la mayoría de los índices de VRC del reposo para el ejercicio. En la prueba de Cooper no se observó diferencias significativas en las FC media, FCpico y FCrec, pero se verificó una mejor capacidad funcional en el GNF por la distancia caminada (2050.2 ± 300.0 vs. 1780,3 ± 390,4 m, p = 0,036). Conclusión El GF mostró una capacidad funcional y una activación parasimpática más baja durante el ejercicio, así como tasas más bajas de VRC en reposo, lo que puede sugerir un deterioro temprano en la modulación autonómica cardíaca.

Confiabilidade do limiar de lactato identificada pelo método visual / Reliability of identifying lactate threshold by use of visual method

O limiar de lactato (LL) é utilizado como um marcador da acidose metabólica e representa o momento durante o exercício em que o lactato sanguíneo começa aumentar de forma exponencial. Este LL tem sido utilizado como medidor de condicionamento físico, indicador sensível do estado do treinamento aeróbico em sujeitos saudáveis e doentes, além disso, auxilia na identificação do estímulo de treinamento ideal e na prescrição da intensidade de treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores das medidas do LL obtidas através do método de detecção visual. Para isso, 31 voluntárias do sexo feminino (67,50 ± 4,41 anos; 1,52 ± 0,07 m; 64,55 ± 11,46 kg), aparentemente saudáveis e no período pós-menopausa, participaram do estudo. O LL foi determinado a partir de um teste realizado na esteira ergométrica até a fadiga, que consistiu de estágios com carga progressiva (variação da velocidade e/ou inclinação). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas por meio de uma punção na polpa digital do dedo médio a cada 3 minutos durante o teste. Em seguida, foram construídos os gráficos do método de detecção visual (software Prisma5) a partir da concentração de lactato sanguíneo coletado a cada estágio do exercício (intervalo de 3 minutos) em função da taxa de trabalho correspondente ao consumo de oxigênio (VO2) estimado durante o teste na esteira. A análise estatística foi realizada através do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). A confiabilidade intraexaminador foi excelente (0,950 - 0,952) e a confiabilidade interexaminadores foi boa (0,789 - 0,770). Dessa forma,sugere-se que o método de detecção visual é uma forma segura e confiável para detectar o LL na prática clínica e em pesquisas.

The lactate threshold (LT) is used as a marker for metabolic acidosis and represents the time during the exercise in which blood lactate begins to increase exponentially. LT has been used as a measurer of physical capacity,a sensitive indicator of the state of aerobic training in healthy and sickpatients, in addition, assists in identifying the optimal training stimulus and the prescription of training intensity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability, intra and interrater, of the LT obtained by a visual detection method. For this, 31 female volunteers (67.50 ± 4.41 years, 1.52± 0.07 m, 64.55 ± 11.46 kg), apparently healthy and postmenopausal, participated in the study. The LT was determined from a test performed on a treadmill, which consisted of stages with progressive workload(variation of speed and/or incline), until the patient experienced fatigue. Blood samples were collected from a finger prick of the middle finger every 3 minutes during the test. Next, the visual detection method graphics were constructed (software Prisma5) from the blood lactate concentration collected at each stage of exercise (3 minute intervals) depending on the work rate corresponding to oxygen consumption (VO2) estimated during the treadmill test. Statistical analysis was performed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Intrarater reliability was excellent (0.950- 0.952) and interrater reliability was good (0.789 - 0.770). Thus, it has been determined that the visual detection method is a safe and reliable way to detect the LT in clinical practice and research.